1、英漢語言對比,Instructor: JIANG Wenping,A Sketch of the Comparison,Indo-European印歐語系 Intonation language語調(diào)語言 alphabetic script表音文字,Sino-Tibetan漢藏語系 Tonal language聲調(diào)語言 ideograpic script表意文字,1）英語重形態(tài)；漢語輕形態(tài),英語中： 名詞有人稱、數(shù)、格的變化； 例：a pig/pigs/the pigs skin 動詞有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、情態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動詞變化 I am writing a letter. I wrote a le

2、tter yesterday. I should have written the letter. I can write an English letter. Writing a letter entails a true heart.,形容詞和副詞有級的變化； 例：幸福的/happier, happiest 代詞則有人稱和格的變化。 例：I, me, mine/ he, him, his,Practice:,他帶他學(xué)生去工廠參觀。 He took his students to the factory for a visit. 二十歲那年我逃出家，直到現(xiàn)在還是過著流浪的生活。 When I

3、 was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.,2）英語重形合；漢語重意合,Hypotaxis: clauses arranged with connectives; 注重顯性銜接（overt cohesion），用語法手段連接句子。 Parataxis: clauses without without connectives; （漢語注重隱性連貫（covert coherence) ， “以意統(tǒng)形”，強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)與意義關(guān)聯(lián)。,Example:,An Englishman who coul

4、d not speak Chinese was once traveling in China 一個(gè)英國人，他不會說中國話，有一次在中國旅行。 If otherwise? There was an EnglishmanHe could not speak ChineseHe was once traveling in China 一個(gè)不會說中國話的英國人有一次在中國旅行。,Practice,我常見許多青年的朋友, 聰明，用功, 成績優(yōu)異, 而語文程度不足以達(dá)意, 甚至寫一封信亦難得通順。 1)I have come across a great many young friends, 2)Th

5、ey are bright, 3)They are diligent, 4)They do exceedingly well in studies, 5)They are rather weak in Chinese, 6)They even cant write a smooth Chinese letter.,I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but they are too weak in Ch

6、inese to write a letter in correct Chinese.,3）英語繁復(fù)complex；漢語簡約simplex,The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses.英語結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，句中有句，“鏈”性結(jié)構(gòu) The Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following

7、 the other rather in a line.漢語結(jié)構(gòu)散亂，句式簡單，“線”性結(jié)構(gòu)；,Example,文章做到極處，無有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到極處，無有他異，只有本然。 洪應(yīng)明：菜根譚 When a piece of writing reaches the acme of perfection it is not because it contains some miraculous ingredient, but because it is written in exactly the right way. When a man refines his moral charact

8、er to the point of perfection he does so not with the aid of any magic formula but by letting his pure inborn mature shine forth.,Practice,The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most

9、powerful telescopes which have yet been invented. 月球離地球非常遙遠(yuǎn)，即使那邊山上長著大樹，有大象在移動，我們用當(dāng)今發(fā)明的最高倍率的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，也不能看見它們。,4）英語前中心front focus；漢語后中心end focus,In English, the main clause at the beginning is the main part主句和重要信息在前，形成前中心； In Chinese, sentences tend to develop logically and chronologically 按照邏輯和時(shí)間順序，將重要信息放

10、在句尾，形成后中心。,Examples:,I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 晚飯后我出去散步。 He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了只得呆在家里。,Practice,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country，if only they dare to rise in struggle，dare to take up arms and grasp in their own h

11、ands the destiny of their own country(“多枝共干”式的長句、復(fù)合句 ) 比較： a) 小國人民一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略，只要他們敢于起來斗爭，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國家的命運(yùn)。 b) 只要小國人民敢于起來斗爭，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國家的命運(yùn)，就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國的侵略。,5） 英語頭輕腳重end-weight；漢語頭重腳輕top-heavy,In English, the shorter elements usually go before longer ones in arrangement order, thus the whole sentence l

12、ooks like a pyramid. The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite, where the longer elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence. So it looks like an inverted pyramid or triangle.,Practice,1.普通人在辦公處和家庭中使用電子計(jì)算機(jī)的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來。 The time has come when ordinary people can use electro

13、nic computers both in the office and at home. 2. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass. 美麗的草原，茵茵的綠草，野生動物成群結(jié)隊(duì)，綿延數(shù)英里，展現(xiàn)在眼前。,6）英語主語少省略Subject-prominent ；漢語主語常省略subject-omitted,英語祈使句無主語: Dont doze in class. 上課時(shí)別打瞌睡。 漢語無主句大量存在: 活到老，學(xué)到老。 One is never t

14、oo old to learn. （用泛指人稱代詞）,Examples:,1. 應(yīng)該教育孩子講老實(shí)話。 Children should be taught to speak the truth.（被動語態(tài)） 2. 現(xiàn)在不可能下課回家。 Now it is impossible to get home from class.（形式主語 it） 3. 教室角落里坐著一個(gè)瞌睡蟲。 A sleeper (dozy-bastard) sat at the corner of the classroom. （找到真正主語） At the corner of the classroom sat A slee

15、per (dozy-bastard) .（倒裝）,7）英語靜態(tài)static; 漢語動態(tài)dynamic,In English, only one verb is used as the predict of the sentence or clause.（英語中名詞與介詞占優(yōu)勢） In Chinese, a number of verbs can be used at the same time（漢語中動詞占優(yōu)勢）,Examples:,1. The very sight of it makes me nervous 一看見他，我就感到緊張。 2. A mastery of Chinese and

16、 English is essential for E-C or C-E translation. 做英漢/漢英翻譯必須同時(shí)掌握漢語與英語。,Practice,Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again，by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. （7個(gè)介詞） 卡萊爾大街往西伸展出去，越過一座

17、黑色大橋，隨著山崗伏了又起，經(jīng)過許多小鋪和肉市，又穿過一些平房，到了一大片綠草地時(shí)便戛然而止。,8）英語無靈主語Impersonal ；漢語有靈主語 Personal,In an English sentence, the choice of its subject often falls on the inanimate or the thing that is not living. We Chinese tend to pick up animate things or persons to function as the subject of a sentence.,Examples:

18、,1. 我突然想到一個(gè)主意。 An idea suddenly struck me 2. “Hi! Hi!” said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler “嗨！嗨！”出租車司機(jī)嚷道，他一瞅見乘客就“砰”地一聲打開車門。 比較：“嗨！嗨！”出租車司機(jī)嚷道，車門在瞅見乘客時(shí)“砰”地一聲打開了。 3. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 這位曾使全世界人發(fā)笑的人自己卻飽受辛酸。 比較：痛苦哺育了這位使全世界的人發(fā)出笑聲

19、的人。,9）英語多被動（Passive）；漢語多主動（Active）,1. Youre wanted on the phone. 你的電話。/ 有人找你。 2. Has the doctor been sent for? 去請大夫了嗎? 或已經(jīng)派人請大夫了嗎? 3. They want to be listened to. 他們希望有人聽聽他們的意見。,Practice,Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it，for it is used in cookingPerfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils 植物油自古以來就為人們所熟悉。任何家庭都離不開它，因?yàn)樽鲲埖臅r(shí)候就要用它。有些花兒提煉的油可以用來制造香水。植物油和動物油還可以用來制作肥皂。,10）漢語對稱平衡，英語句法嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),春眠不覺曉, Slumbering, I know not the spring dawn is peeping, 處處聞啼鳥。 But eve