1、從 句 從句按其在主句中的句法功能可分為三類:即名詞性從句、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)和副詞性從句(即狀語從句)。引導(dǎo)從句的詞稱作關(guān)聯(lián)句。一、名詞性從句引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:從屬連詞：that, if, whether;連接代詞：who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;連接副詞where, when, why, how。其中, 從屬連詞只起連接作用, 在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分,而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用, 在從句中又充當(dāng)一定的成分. 不可省略的連詞：1. 介詞后的連詞2. 引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語

2、從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為是否的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句 3. whether從句作介詞賓語4. 從句后有or not Whether he will come is not clear.The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party.I dont know if he w

3、ill attend the meeting. 1. 在含有主語從句的復(fù)合句中, 為保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主語,而將真正的主語從句置于句末. That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。Its well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主語)用it

4、作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It is necessary that有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that 很明顯b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that從所周知It has been decided that 已決定c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句It is common knowledge that是常識(shí)It is a surprise that

5、令人驚奇的是It is a fact that 事實(shí)是d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起2. 為保持句子平衡, that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句也常用it代替, 而將真正的賓語從句置于主句句末。這常常出現(xiàn)在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的情況下。He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.3. 從屬連詞whether和if都作“是否”解, 但if不可引導(dǎo)主語從句和表語從句。whether可與or(not)連用,

6、 而if不可以。I dont know whether (if) she is at home.Whether she comes or not makes no difference.4. that和what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別: that在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,而what在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分, 如主語、表語、賓語等。that可省略, what則不可省。He always means what he says.She suggested (that) he do it at once.5. 同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo), 常跟在下列名詞后面, 如fact, idea, opinion,

7、 news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位語從句一般用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內(nèi)容。We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.二、形容詞性從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:(1)關(guān)系代詞:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;(2)關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分

8、,關(guān)系代詞在句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí), 一般可省去。關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜, 它受下列條件的制約:(1)先行詞是指人還是指物;(2)關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能;(3)定語從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見下表: 先行詞在從句中的句法功能 用于限定性或非限定性定語從句 只用于限定性定語從句指人或指物 指人指物主語 who which that賓語 whom which that定語 whosewhose(of which)I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says.The gentleman whom (that) sh

9、e met addressed her with courtesy(禮貌)。The watch which (that) was lost has been found.Here is the meterial which (that) you need.Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.關(guān)系副詞的選用相對來說較簡單。如先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞, 如time, day等, 則用when; 如先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞, 如place, house, area等,則用where; 如先行詞為reason, 則用why。Ill neve

10、r forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that.1. 當(dāng)先行詞是all, something, nothing等不定代詞時(shí);或先行詞前有first,last, only, few, much, some, any, no等修飾時(shí);或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修時(shí), 一般只用that而不用which來引導(dǎo)定語從句。Ive explained everything (that) I can to you.This

11、is the most beautiful compus (that) Ive ever been to.2. 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句, 限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系緊密, 為句中不可缺少的部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不完整。非限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系松散, 如去掉, 主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語中, 非限定性定語從句一般被逗句隔開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The generals daughter, whose name is An

12、n, gave me a sweet smile.3. 先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子。這時(shí), 一般用which或as來引導(dǎo)定語從句。 which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語等, as在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語。which與as引導(dǎo)此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于: which只能置于句中或句末, 而as的位置比較靈活, 可置于句中、句末, 又可置于句首。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a gre

13、at honor.As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十項(xiàng)全能) at that Olympic Games.4. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中有時(shí)也做介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前, 一般只用介詞+which或介詞+whom, 而不用介詞+that來此導(dǎo)定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末, 則可用that代替which或whom,且that這時(shí)可省去。This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.One of my colleagues whom (that) you ar

14、e familiar with will come today. 區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you

15、 visited a few days age?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A三、副詞性從句在復(fù)合句中, 起狀語作用的從句稱作狀語從句。根據(jù)語義, 狀語從句分為:時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、條件狀誤從句、原因狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、方式狀語從句。狀語從句可放在句首或句末。如狀語從句位于主語前,一般用逗號將其與主句隔開。(

16、一)時(shí)間狀語從句When you cross a main road, you must be very careful.Until we learn the facts, we cant do anything about it.提示1. when, as, while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)都可以表示主句的動(dòng)作與從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 即同時(shí)性。它們的區(qū)別在于: when和as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的動(dòng)作既可以是延續(xù)性的, 也可以是非延續(xù)性的, 即瞬時(shí)性的;while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的動(dòng)作只能是延續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。當(dāng)主句和從句中的動(dòng)作均為延續(xù)動(dòng)作時(shí), 一般用while, 而不用when或as。當(dāng)表示兩個(gè)同

17、時(shí)發(fā)展、變化的情況時(shí), 一般用as, 作“隨著”解。When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.As she got older, she got wiser.While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.2. 有些副詞和一些表示時(shí)間的名詞詞組也可用作從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。如instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment等。Immediately he arr

18、ived, he started describing us what had happened.The day he returned home, his grandpa was alrady dead.(二)條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有: if, unless, as (so) long as, only if(只要)。If you dont come on time, well start out without you.As (so) long as you keep on trying, youll certainly succeed.提示除了以上提到的從屬連詞外, 還有

19、其它的一些詞或詞組也可引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如: providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case等。Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups,he will be able to win the electrion.I will go providing that my expenses are paid.要是我的費(fèi)用有人代付我就去Supposing he is not at home, what then

20、?假如他不在家,那怎么辦?You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow.只要你明天歸還,自行車你可以拿去用。In case she comes back, let me know immediately.假使她回來了,立刻告訴我Take the raincoat in case it rains.帶著雨衣,以防下雨。(三)原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句從句的從屬連詞有: becasue, since, as, now(that), in that, considering that等。Since the spea

21、ker cant come, well have to cancel the meeting.Considering hes only been learning English a year he speaks it very well.考慮到他只學(xué)了一年英語,他講得算是很流利了。We didnt know what to do as we were just visiting there.我們不知道該怎么辦,因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)我們僅僅在那里作訪問。Since it is so hot, lets go swimming.既然天氣這么熱,我們?nèi)ビ斡景?。提示in that和now(that)的用法: i

22、n that引導(dǎo)的從句對主句進(jìn)行解釋和說明,意思是: 在方面, 在于; 因?yàn)?。now(that)表示既然。Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.理論所以有價(jià)值,就在于它能給實(shí)踐指出方向。Now (that) the weather has improved, lets go out for a picnic.既然天氣已轉(zhuǎn)好, 我們就出去野餐吧。(四)讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有: though, although, even if (even though), as, no matter

23、despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while。Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.Despite the fact that there exists national differences,certain funny situations have a universal appeal.Tired as he was, he sat up late.他雖然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。No matter how they slander us, w

24、e will never give in.不管他們怎樣誹謗我們,我們決不讓步。While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.雖然我喜歡這頂帽子的顏色,但我不喜歡它的形狀。提示一些疑問詞在詞尾加上ever后, 也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于no matter+疑問詞。這些詞包括: whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however。Whatever he says, dont beleve him.Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic r

25、egulations.(五)目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a birds-eye view of the city.Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them.Take an umbrella in case it rains.We dare not play

26、 jokes on him lest he should become angry.我們不敢開他玩笑生怕他動(dòng)氣。提示so that和in order that的區(qū)別: so that更常用, in order that更正式。so that引導(dǎo)的從句一般置于句末,而in order that引導(dǎo)的從句既可置于句首, 又可置于句末。In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again,it was necessary that the rocks should be removed.She got up early so that she c

27、ould catch the first bus.(六)結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句一般由下列連詞引導(dǎo): so that, sothat, suchthat。He overslept, (so) that he was late for work.They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.提示1. sothat和suchthat的區(qū)別。so后接形容詞或副詞, such后接名詞。It was so cold that we had to cancel the game.Its such a good chance th

28、at we mustnt miss it.2. so that既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句, 也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時(shí), 一般從句動(dòng)詞前會(huì)出現(xiàn)can(could),may(might),shall(should),而so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句表示客觀事實(shí), 不會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述詞語。引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的so that前常有逗號, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語可置于句首,而so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句只能置于句末。He left early so that he could catch the train.他早早動(dòng)身, 以便能趕上車。(目的)He left ear

29、ly, so that he caught the train.他早早動(dòng)身, 趕上了火車。(結(jié)果)(七)方式狀語從句引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有as, as if(though), the way, how。He made some changes as you had suggested.She was behaving as if (though) she hadnt grown up.名詞性從句練習(xí)名詞性從句練習(xí)1Multiple choice: 1: _ help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and bet

30、ter. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give 2: -I will take an umbrella with me today. -_ it rains later on in the day? A. How B. What C. How about D. What if 3: Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of that 4;

31、 After ten years, she changed a lot and look different from _ he used to be. A. that B. whom C. what D. who 5: _ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 6: Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the

32、plane. A. Where B. which C. while D. why 7: Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will beadmitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as 8: What the doctors really doubt is _my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. what 9

33、: _ air is to man, so is water to fish. A. since B. Just C. Like D. As 10: There is plenty of rain in the south _ there is little in the north. A. while B. as C. when D. so 11: _several times about it, but he could not give the correct answer. A. Being asked B. Having been asked C. he would ask D. H

34、e had been asked 12: _ the days went on, the situation there got worse. A. With B. Since C. While D. As 13: _everybody is here, lets set out right away. A. With B. Since C. while D. As 14: The science of medicine, _ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the scienc

35、es. A. to which B. in which C. which D. with which 15: We must do the experiment carefully_ Miss Liu told us. A. what B. since C. as D. while 16: Tony will never forget these days _ she lived in China with her mother, _ has a great effect on her life. A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D.

36、when; that 17: _ I know, they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008. A. Since B. so far as C. In case D. As if 18: -What are you anxious about? -_. A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed C. do we succeed D. That we can succeed19: You should put the dictionary _ you can find it ea

37、sily. A. where B. the place C. the place on which D. what 20: She said to me, “Ill tell you the result of the test _ I know it.” A. because B. the moment C. after D. though 21: Grandpa used to tell us something about the “Cultural Revolution” _ he had time to spare. A. as soon as B. as C. so that D.

38、 whenever 22: Li Fang is very busy, _ shes always helping others with their lessons. A. but B. although C. so D. for 23: Getting a right job can be difficult _ the students _ prepared to deal with the job interview. A. if; wont B. unless; will C. unless; are D. if; are 24: Everything depends on _ th

39、ey will support you about it. A. if B. which C. whether D. that 25: She won the first prize in the speech contest and _ surprised us. A. which B. it C. as D. who 26: The Oscar is one of the film prizes _ offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far. A. which is not B. that have not been C. that ha

40、s not D. that has not been 27: He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great important to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 28: Its really very dangerous. One more step, _ the baby will fall into the well. A. or B. so C. but D. and 29: She is Ame

41、rican, _ she knows little about American history. A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore 30: Information technology is taught in most school, _ we have entered the information society. A. so B.while C. still D for 31: It was quite a long time _ I made it out what had happened. A. after B. before C. when D

42、. since 32: _ the text a second time, the meaning will become cleaner to you. A. Read B. Reading C. if reading D. When you read 33: _, so he didnt come to school last week. A. Though he was ill B. Being ill C. Having been ill D. He was ill 34: She tried every way _she could find to solve the problem

43、. A. how B. in which C. that D. which 35: Lily has some idea_ shes going to be when she grows up. A. what B. that C. as D. which 36: _ you go, you should bear the motherland in mind. A. Where B. Whenever C. However D. Wherever 名詞性從句練習(xí)2Multiple Choice: 1: They are teachers and dont realize _ to start

44、 and run a company. A. what takes it B. what they took C. what it takes D. what takes them 2: In order to encourage the workers to work hard, the manager decides to award _ produces the most in the factory. A. who B. whom C. whomever D. whoever 3: On stepping into the office, the girl was frightened

45、 to find that the whole office was fill with _ looked like tiny worms. A. that B. something C. what D. anything 4: _Tom was worried about seemed clearly to the whole family. A. That B. Which C. That D. How 5: The teacher usually graded the students on _they have done. A. that B. what C. which D. how

46、 6: We never doubt _ our school team will win the match against No 3 Mid-school.A. weather B. that C. if D. what 7: _ we can find from the following, the number of students dropping out is going down. A. what B. it C. as D. what 8: Will you see to _ you brother is OK at home while we are out on work

47、. A. this if B. it that C. it weather D. that weather 9: To those scientists, it still remains to be a question _ man can go back to the old days with time machine. A. if B. that C. how D. weather 10: When woken up, he found he was standing on _ seemed to be a small piece of rock.A. that B. what C.

48、which D. it 11: In one word, the hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people. A. in which B. when C. which D. that 12: -What about your TEFL test? -I have answered all the questions, but not sure _I coul

49、d get a high enough score. A. what B. if C. when D. why 13: The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose. 14: _the sports meet of our school is held is still not decided. A. What B. Where C. If D. That 15: Excu

50、se me, _ would you like your tea, white or black? -With milk, please.A. whether B when C. What D. how 16: Finally we arrived at _ used to a battlefield. A. what B. where C. where there D. it 17: -It seems that he was succeeded at last in the USA. -But you can never imagine _A. what a hard life he ha

51、s experienced. B. what he has experienced a hard life C. he has experienced what a hard life.D. what a hard life has he experienced 18: There is a common belief among them _rubbish can and should be put to good use. A. which B. if C. whether D. that 19: Human beings are different from animals _they

52、can use language as a tool to communicate. A. in which B. in that C. for that D. for which 20: _ David says sound right to Helen. Thats why he has made up her mind to leave the matter to him _ happens.A. Whatever; whatever B. No matter what, whatever C. No matter what, no matter what D. Whatever; no

53、 matter what 21: _ sometimes keeps her awake all night _ Tom is getting more and more quiet at home. A. That; which B. It; that C. Whether; what D. What; that 22: In some countries, _ called “public schools” are not owned by the public. A. which B. as C. that D. what 23: -I rang you at about nine, but there was no reply.-That was probably _ I was seeing the doctor. A. why B. what C. that D. when 24: Word comes _ some New Zealand guests will come to visit our school tomorrow. A. that B. which C.