1、你自己看一下，提取你認(rèn)為要演講的東西。讀一遍對你有好處，等演講完了別人問你問題也好回答。Jane Austen (1775-1817)English writer, who first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life. Although Austen was widely read in her lifetime, she published her works anonymously. The most urgent preoccupation of her bright,

2、young heroines is courtship and finally marriage. Austen herself never married. Her best-known books include PRIDE AND PREJUDICE (1813) and EMMA (1816). Virginia Woolf called Austen the most perfect artist among women.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good

3、fortune, must be in want of a wife. (from Pride and Prejudice, 1813)Jane Austen was born in Steventon, Hampshire, where her father, Rev. George Austen, was a rector. She was the second daughter and seventh child in a family of eight. The Austens did not lose a single one of their children. Cassandra

4、 Leigh, Janes mother, fed her infants at the breast a few months, and then sent them to a wet nurse in a nearby village to be looked after for another year or longer.The first 25 years of her life Jane spent in Hampshire. On her fathers unexpected retirement, the family sold off everything, includin

5、g Janes piano, and moved to Bath. Jane, aged twenty-five, and Cassandra, her elder sister, aged twenty-eight, were considered by contemporary standards confirmed old maid, and followed their parents.Jane Austen was mostly tutored at home, and irregularly at school, but she received a broader educati

6、on than many women of her time. She started to write for family amusement as a child. Her parents were avid readers; Austens own favorite poet was Cowper. Her earliest-known writings date from about 1787. Very shy about her writing, she wrote on small pieces of paper that she slipped under the desk

7、plotter if anyone came into the room. In her letters she observed the daily life of her family and friends in an intimate and gossipy manner: James danced with Alethea, and cut up the turkey last night with great perseverance. You say nothing of the silk stockings; I flatter myself, therefore, that

8、Charles has not purchased any, as I cannot very well afford to pay for them; all my money is spent in buying white gloves and pink persian. (Austen in a letter to her sister Cassandra in 1796)Austens father supported his daughters writing aspirations and tried to help her get a publisher. After his

9、death in 1805, she lived with her sister and hypochondriac mother in Southampton and moved in 1809 to a large cottage in the village of Chawton. Austen never married, but her social life was active and she had suitors and romantic dreams. James Edward Austen-Leigh, her nephew, wanted to create anoth

10、er kind of legend around her and claimed that of events her life was singularly barren: few changes and no great crises ever broke the smooth current of its course. There was in her nothing eccentric or angular; no ruggedness of temper; no singularity of manner. Austens sister Cassandra also never m

11、arried. One of her brothers became a clergyman, two served in the navy, one was mentally retarded. He was taken care of a local family.Austen was well connected with the middling-rich landed gentry that she portrayed in her novels. In Chawton she started to write her major works, among them SENSE AN

12、D SENSIBILITY, the story of the impoverished Dashwood sisters, Marianne and Elinor, who try to find proper husbands to secure their social position. The novel was written in 1797 as the revision of a sketch called Elinor and Marianne, composed when the author was 20. According to some sources, an ea

13、rlier version of the work was written in the form of a novel in letters, and read aloud to the family as early as 1795.Austens heroines are determined to marry wisely and well, but romantic Marianne of Sense and Sensibility is a character, who feels intensely about everything and loses her heart to

14、an irresponsible seducer. I could not be happy with a man whose taste did not in every point coincide with my own. He must enter into all my feelings; the same with books, the same music must charm us both. Reasonable Elinor falls in love with a gentleman already engaged. I have frequently detected

15、myself in such kind of mistakes, said Elinor, in a total misapprehension of character in some point or another: fancying people so much more gay or grave, or ingenious or stupid than they really are, and I can hardly tell why or in what the deception originated. Sometimes one is guided by what they

16、say of themselves, and very frequently by what other people say of them, without giving oneself time to deliberate and judge. When Marianne likes to read and express her feelings, Elinor prefers to draw and design and be silent of his desires. They are the daughters of Henry Dashwood, whose son, Joh

17、n, from a former marriage. After his death, John inherits the Norland estate in Sussex, where the sisters live. Johns wife, the greedy and selfish Fanny, insists that they move to Norland. The impoverished widow and and her daughters move to Barton Cottage in Devonshire. There Marianne is surrounded

18、 by a devious heartbreaker Willoughby, who has already loved another woman. Elinor becomes interested in Edward Ferrars, who is proud and ignorant. Colonel Brandon, an older gentleman, doesnt attract Marianne. She is finally rejected by Willoughby. Marianne Dashwood was born to an extraordinary fate

19、. She was born to discover the falsehood of her own opinions, and to counteract, by her conduct, her most favorite maxims.In all of Austens novels her heroines are ultimately married. Pride and Prejudice described the clash between Elisabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman and an intelli

20、gent young woman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner. Their relationship starts from dislike, but Darcy becomes intrigued by her mind and spirit. At last they fall in love and are happily united. Austen had completed the early version of the story in 1797 under the title First Impr

21、essions. The book went to three printings during Austens lifetime. In 1998 appeared a sequel to the novel, entitled Desire and Duty, written by Teddy F. Bader, et al. It followed the ideas Jane Austen told her family.Emma was written in comic tone. Austen begun the novel in January 1814 and complete

22、d it in March of the next year. The book was published in three volumes. It told the story of Emma Woodhouse, who finds her destiny in marriage. Emma is a wealthy, pretty, self-satisfied young woman. She is left alone with her hypochondriac father. Her governess, Miss Taylor, marries a neighbor, Mr.

23、 Weston. Emma has too much time and she spends it choosing proper partners for her friends and neighbors - blind to her own feelings. She makes a protge of Harriet Smith, an illegitimate girl of no social status and tries to manipulate a marriage between Harriet and Mr. Elton, a young clergyman, who

24、 has set his sight on Emma. Emma has feelings about Mr. Westons son. When Harriet becomes interested in George Knightley, a neighboring squire who has been her friend, Emma starts to understand her own limitations. He has been her moral adviser, and secretly loves her. Finally Emma finds her destiny

25、 in marriage with him. Harriet, who is left to decide for herself, marries Robert Martin, a young farmer.Austen focused on middle-class provincial life with humor and understanding. She depicted minor landed gentry, country clergymen and their families, in which marriage mainly determined womens soc

26、ial status. Most important for her were those little matters, as Emma says, on which the daily happiness of private life depends. Although Austen restricted to family matters, and she passed the historical events of the Napoleonic wars, her wit and observant narrative touch has been inexhaustible de

27、light to readers. Of her six great novels, four were published anonymously during her lifetime. Austen also had troubles with her publisher, who wanted to make alterations to her love scenes in Pride and Prejudice. In 1811 he wrote to Thomas Egerton: You say the book is indecent. You say I am immode

28、st. But Sir in the depiction of love, modesty is the fullness of truth; and decency frankness; and so I must also be frank with you, and ask that you remove my name from the title page in all future printings; A lady will do well enough. At her death on July 18, 1817 in Winchester, at the age of for

29、ty-one, Austen was writing the unfinished SANDITON. She managed to write twelve chapters before stopping in March 18, due to her poor health.Austen was buried in Winchester Cathedral, near the centre of the north aisle. It is a satisfaction to me to think that she is to lie in a Building she admired

30、 so much, Austens sister Cassandra wrote later. Cassandra destroyed many of her sisters letters; one hundred sixty survived but none written earlier than her tentieth birthday.Austens brother Henry made her authorship public after her death. Emma had been reviewed favorably by Sir Walter Scott, who

31、wrote in his journal of March 14, 1826: Miss Austen had a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I have ever met with. The Big Bow-Wow strain I can do myself like any now going; but the exquisite touch, which renders ordi

32、nary commonplace things and characters interesting, from the truth of the description and the sentiment, is denied to me. Charlotte Bront and E.B. Browning found her limited, and Elizabeth Hardwick said: I dont think her superb intelligence brought her happiness. It was not until the publication of

33、J.E. Austen-Leighs Memoir in 1870 that a Jane Austen cult began to develop. Austens unfinished Sanditon was published in 1925.For further reading: Memoirs by J.E. Austen-Leigh (1870); Jane Austen and Her World by Mary Lascelles (1939); Jane Austen and Her Art by M. Lascalles (1941); Jane Austen by R.W. Chapman (1948); The Novels of Jane Austen by Robert Liddell (1963); The Language of Jane Austen