1、英日機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)中的英語兼類詞消歧策略原文地址：英日機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)中的英語兼類詞消歧策略作者：1926267847這個圖片是姑娘頭像還是老人頭像?英日機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)E-to-J原語分析中的兼類詞消歧策略馮志偉語言文字應(yīng)用研究所計算語言學(xué)研究室100010北京朝內(nèi)南小街51號e-mail：摘要本文介紹了商品化英日機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)E-to-J中兼類詞的消歧策略。作者根據(jù)機(jī)器翻譯的實踐，把英語中同形兼類詞歸納為29種類型，提出了基于上下文環(huán)境的處理這些兼類詞類型的消歧方法。關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)器翻譯，原語分析，兼類詞，消歧我最近與日本JEC公司的研究人員合作，開發(fā)了一個英日機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)E-to-J，已經(jīng)于1998年1

2、1月在日本市場推出，實現(xiàn)了商品化。這是我們研制的第一個從外語到外語的商品化機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)，主要是為了滿足國外市場的需要。商品化的機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)的研制離不開機(jī)器翻譯的理論。在開發(fā)E-to-J機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)之前，我們開發(fā)部的研究人員對于機(jī)器翻譯的策略在理論上作了認(rèn)真的探討，使得我們的商品化機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)的研制在理論上有一個堅實的基礎(chǔ)。這個機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)采用基于復(fù)雜特征的短語結(jié)構(gòu)語法來分析英語，首先造出短語結(jié)構(gòu)樹(phrase structure tree，簡稱P-樹)，然后將短語結(jié)構(gòu)樹轉(zhuǎn)化為從屬樹(dependency tree，簡稱D-樹)，采用了P-樹到D-樹的轉(zhuǎn)化策略，最后根據(jù)從屬關(guān)系語法(即配價語法

3、)來進(jìn)行日語生成。這種基于復(fù)雜特征的短語結(jié)構(gòu)語法和從屬關(guān)系語法相互結(jié)合的策略，適合于英日機(jī)器翻譯的特點，取得了比較好的效果。在英語分析中，盡管我們采用了富田算法(Tomita Algorithm)實現(xiàn)子樹共享以及局部歧義緊縮等技術(shù)，提高了分析的效率，但是，由于英語中存在大量兼類詞，如果兼類詞的詞類判斷有誤，分析中往往會走彎路，嚴(yán)重地影響到分析的速度。兼類詞的判定實際上是在詞匯中進(jìn)行詞類的消歧，兼類詞的消歧，是英語自動分析中必須認(rèn)真對待的問題。在機(jī)器翻譯中，所謂兼類詞是指廣義的兼類詞。詞形相同，詞義相同，只是詞類不同的詞算兼類詞，如plan，可以用作動詞，也可以用作名詞，但是，其詞義都是計劃，算

4、為兼類詞；而且，詞形相同，詞義和詞類不同的詞，也算為兼類詞，如can，作名詞時其詞義為罐頭，作助動詞時其詞義為能夠，我們也把它算為兼類詞。這樣，本文中所說的兼類詞是意義非常廣泛的兼類詞，實際上也就是同形兼類詞。在機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)中，兼類詞的消歧，實際上就是同形詞的辨別。我們對兼類詞做這樣廣泛的規(guī)定，完全是從機(jī)器翻譯形式分析的角度出發(fā)來考慮的。因為機(jī)器只認(rèn)形式，只要是形式上相同的詞，機(jī)器都有必要將它們區(qū)別開來。在系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的初期，兼類詞的消歧是貫穿在整個翻譯過程中的，哪里遇到兼類詞就在哪里消歧，這是一種見子打子的策略。這種策略的好處是消歧可以收到立竿見影的效果，但是，缺乏系統(tǒng)性，往往會忽略許多重要的兼

5、類現(xiàn)象，由于商品化系統(tǒng)必須面對各種復(fù)雜的真實的語言材料，如果一些重要的兼類現(xiàn)象到分析結(jié)束時才處理，系統(tǒng)在分析的初始階段必須付出大量的無謂的開銷，系統(tǒng)的空間復(fù)雜度和時間復(fù)雜度都很高。商品化的機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)必須講求效率，如果系統(tǒng)的無謂的開銷過大，翻譯速度必定不會很高，難以滿足市場的需求，在激烈的市場競爭中有可能失利。經(jīng)過反復(fù)的考慮和試驗，我們決定把兼類詞判別作為系統(tǒng)的一個單獨模塊，放在形態(tài)分析結(jié)束而句法語義分析剛開始時來進(jìn)行，盡量作到在句法語義分析開始之前就對大多數(shù)的兼類詞進(jìn)行消歧，從而為后面的分析工作奠定堅實的基礎(chǔ)。實踐證明，這樣的做法大大地降低了系統(tǒng)的時間復(fù)雜度和空間復(fù)雜度，減少了系統(tǒng)的無謂開銷

6、，提高了翻譯的速度，滿足了日本市場的需要。下面，我們把E-to-J英日機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)中在兼類詞消歧方面的研究作一個簡單的介紹。1.英語中詞的兼類現(xiàn)象：根據(jù)大量的語料分析和翻譯試驗，我們把英語中的兼類現(xiàn)象初步總結(jié)為如下29個方面：1.1 V?N：V表示動詞，N表示名詞，V?N表示動詞-名詞兼類。下面的表示方法與此相同。例如，plan是動詞-名詞的兼類詞。在Where do you plan to spend your vacation?中，plan是動詞(我們在句子后面標(biāo)以V)，而在下面的句子中，plan是名詞(我們在句子后面標(biāo)以N)：Have you made any plans for tom

7、orrow night?(N)另外，在N and plan and N(N表示名詞)這樣的格式中，由于與plan并列的前后詞都是名詞，故plan也是名詞。動詞-名詞兼類的例子還有(當(dāng)為動詞時，句子后面標(biāo)以V；當(dāng)為名詞時，句子后面標(biāo)以N)：work：My daughter works in an office.(V)It is agas works.(N)I read the works of Shakespears.(N)study：I study French.(V)We shall make astudy of Shakespears plays.(N)attack：The enemy c

8、ould attack at night.(V)The city came under attack during the night.(N)face：The house faces the park.(V)She pulled along face.(N)use：all the paper has been used.(V)A new machine for the kitchen with several different uses.(N)1.2 AUX?N：AUX表示助動詞。例如，may：May Ihelp you?(AUX)May Day is first day of May.(N

9、)can：She can speak German.(AUX)He opened acan of beans.(N)will：It will rain tomorrow.(AUX)Free will makes us able to choose our way of life.(N)需要注意的是，will有時還可以用作動詞，例如在句子We willed him to stop中，will只能分析為動詞。不過，這種情況比較少見，暫不考慮。1.3 N?ADJ：ADJ表示形容詞。例如，kind：I like that kind of book.(N)It was very kind of you

10、to do it.(ADJ)standard：We work to ahigh standard of exactness.(N)It is one of the standard books on the subject.(ADJ)utmost：to do ones utmost.(N)She worked with her utmost strength.(ADJ)1.4 WH?PRON：WH表示關(guān)系代詞，PRON表示一般的代詞。例如，which：Nobody wants to have acar which has been used for years.(WH)Which do you

11、 like better,summer or winter?(PRON)1.5 DET?N：DET表示限定詞。例如，any：Any child would know that.(DET)His gift was unknown to any except himself.(N)(any=anybody)1.6 NUM?N：NUM表示數(shù)詞。例如，one：It is one meter.(NUM)Lent me that book-the one with the red cover.(N)1.7 PREP?CONJ：PREP表示介詞，CONJ表示連接詞。例如，for：They have boug

12、ht some new chairs for the office.(PREP)We must start early,for we have along way to go.(CONJ)than：He is taller than me.(PREP)Nothing is more unpleasant than to find insects in your bath.(CONJ)1.8 PREP?ADV：ADV表示副詞。例如，in：in the room.(PREP Open the bag and put the money in.(ADV)down：He runs down the h

13、ill.(PREP)It gets cold quickly when the sun goes down.(ADV)on：a ring on my finger.(PREP)If you walk on you shall come to the church.(ADV)about：They walk about the street.(PREP)I am about ready.(ADV)1.9 ADV?CONJ：例如，so：Cut the apples up like so.(ADV)I had aheadache,so Iwent to bed.(CONJ)1.10 PREP?V：例如

14、，regard：She said nothing regarding your request.(PREP)She regarded him curiously.(V)1.11 PREP?TO：TO表示動詞不定式前面的to，它在句法功能上不同于作為介詞的to。例如，to：He wants to be fed.(TO)He points to the moon.(PREP)1.12 PRON?DET：例如，those：Those tree bear fruit.(DET)Those are our happiest day.(PRON)1.13 DET?ADV：例如，almost：A cry a

15、lmost human was heard.(DET)It is almost over.(ADV)no：With no fire and no matches they could not light the candle.(DET)He is no ordinary student.(ADV)1.14 AUX?BE：BE表示作為連系動詞的be，它與作為助動詞的be是不同的。例如，be：I am working now.(AUX)The book is on the table.(BE,connecting verb)1.15 V?ADJ：例如，correct：Please correct

16、my spelling.(V)It is very correct answer.(ADJ)appropriate：The government appropriated alarge sum of money for building hospitals.(V)His bright clothes were not appropriate for afuneral.(ADJ)alternate：Work alternated with sleep.(V)He works on alternate days.(ADJ)1.16 AUX?V：例如，have：he has gone to Beij

17、ing.(AUX)This coat has no pocket.(V)1.17 ADJ?ADV：例如，alive：He is very much alive.(ADJ)He kept the memory alive.(ADV)hard：hard duty.(ADJ)The snow was hard frozen.(ADV)1.18 PRON?ADV：例如，ourselves：We consider ourselves of no importance at all.(PRON)We build the house ourselves.(ADV)1.19 ADV?THERE：THERE表示

18、在there is中作為引導(dǎo)詞的there。例如，there：Put it there,not here.(ADV)There is apencil on the table.(THERE)下面是同時兼屬三類的同形兼類詞：1.20 V?N?ADJ：例如，average：My mail averages 5letters aday.(V)On average we receive 5letters each day.(N)What is the average rainfall for July?(ADJ)light：I light on the clue.(V)The light travel

19、s faster than the plane.(N)The box is light to carry.(ADJ)express：She expressed her thanks.(V)Send the letter by express.(N)I come here with the express purpose of seeing you.(ADJ)1.21 V?N?ADV：例如，back：She backed the horse.(V)You must iron the backs of the shirts as well as the fronts.(N)She turned h

20、er face back.(ADV)1.22 ADJ?ADV?N：例如，enough：We have enough seats for everyone.(ADJ)It is warm enough to swim.(ADV)She doesnt have enough to do.(N)1.23 DET?N?ADV：例如，more：Can Ihave more time to answer your questions?(DET)He liked the girl,and thought hed like to see more of her.(N)His illness was more

21、serious than the doctor first thought.(ADV)all：Please answer all questions on this list.(DET)That ugly little house was all the home that Iever had.(N)She was all worn out.(ADV)1.24 ADJ?ADV?DET：例如，just：He is avery just man.(ADJ)He was sitting just here.(ADV)You have received ajust punishment.(DET)1.

22、25 PREP?CONJ?ADV：例如，as：They all rose together as one man.(PREP)She doesnt run as fast as she used to.(CONJ)Paul runs fast,but Irun as fast.(ADV)before：She stood before him.(PREP)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(CONJ)He fell silent as before.(ADV)1.26 THAT?DET?PRON：THAT表示引入從句的that

23、。例如，that：There is no proof that she killed him.(THAT)This room is alot warmer than that one.(DET)He kissed me and with that he left.(PRON)1.27 BE?AUX?SS：SS表示所屬關(guān)系的s。例如，s：Hes astudent.(BE)Its raining hard,isnt it！(AUX)writers ability.(SS)1.28 ADJ?PREP?N：例如，past：I have not been feeling very well for th

24、e past few days.(ADJ)The boy rushed past us.(PREP)Our country has aglorious past.(N)還有同時兼屬四類的同形兼類詞。1.29 PRON?BOTH?DET?ADV：BOTH表示具有前后呼應(yīng)關(guān)系的連接詞。例如，neither：Books that are neither of them very interesting.(PRON)Neither my father nor Iwere there.(BOTH)Neither road out of town is very good,but this one is

25、better than the other one.(DET)Just as Ihave not good eyes,so neither has my son,neither have my children.(ADV)2.兼類詞的消歧策略：-基于形態(tài)的消歧方法：英語中各類詞的形態(tài)變化不盡相同，因此，對于發(fā)生了形態(tài)變化的兼類詞，我們可以通過它們的形態(tài)變化方式來判定它們所屬的詞類。例如，book是一個動詞-名詞兼類詞，但是，在I have booked aroom中，由于booked采取了過去分詞的變化形式，作為名詞的book不可能有這樣的形式，所以，我們可以判定這個booked是動詞，它的詞

26、義不是書，而是預(yù)定。這種基于形態(tài)的消歧方法，基本上用不著考慮上下文，判定起來直接而迅速。-基于上下文環(huán)境的消歧方法：詞的上下文就是詞的分布，詞的分布是一種廣義的形態(tài)，它反映了詞的句法功能。例如，英語名詞的前面可以出現(xiàn)數(shù)詞、形容詞、限定詞，根據(jù)這樣的分布環(huán)境，我們就可以判定動詞-名詞兼類詞是名詞。英語形容詞的前面可以出現(xiàn)副詞，而名詞前面不能出現(xiàn)副詞，根據(jù)這樣的分布環(huán)境，我們就可以判定形容詞-名詞兼類詞是形容詞。英語動詞的前面可以出現(xiàn)助動詞，根據(jù)這樣的分布環(huán)境，我們就可以判定助動詞后面的動詞-名詞兼類詞是動詞。在上下文環(huán)境X+and+ADJ中，如果X是一個動詞-形容詞兼類詞，由于與它并列地連接的詞

27、是形容詞ADJ，因此，可以判定X也是形容詞。-基于語義的消歧方法：詞的語義搭配關(guān)系存在著一定的優(yōu)先關(guān)系。例如，動詞buy(買)之后的賓語一般為事物(thing)，因此，名詞應(yīng)該優(yōu)先，具體地說，如果buy后面是動詞-名詞兼類詞book，而book是名詞時它在詞典中的定義是a collection of sheets of paper fastened together as athing to be read，那么，book是名詞的可能性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于是動詞的可能性，我們可以判定它是名詞。在我們的機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)中，我們綜合采用了上述三種方法來進(jìn)行兼類詞的消歧，在本文中，我們著重討論基于上下文環(huán)境的消歧策

28、略。3.E-to-J機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)的同形兼類詞的消歧規(guī)則概覽：下面，我們把E-to-J機(jī)器翻譯系統(tǒng)中使用上下文消歧的規(guī)則作一簡單介紹。3.1 V?N的消歧規(guī)則：-in+V?N+of-N在規(guī)則表示式中，箭頭的左部表示條件，箭頭的右部表示結(jié)論，需要消歧的兼類詞以及消歧的結(jié)論，都寫在花括號內(nèi)；具體的單詞寫在內(nèi)。這個規(guī)則表示：當(dāng)動詞-名詞兼類詞V?N前面為in，后面為of時，該兼類詞可判定為名詞N。例如，在in plan(N)of中的plan可判定為N。用這樣的表示方法，我們還可以寫出如下的規(guī)則：-DETN?V-N例如，this plan(N)。-NUM+N?V-(N例如，three works(N)-

29、PREP+N?V-N例如，before study(N)-DETN?VAUX-N例如，that work(N)should-N?V+ADJ+for-N例如，plan(N)important for-DET+N?V+AUX-N例如，the work(N)should-DET+N?V+V-N例如，the work(N)finished-DETN?V+to+V-N例如，the work(N)to finish-DETN?V+of-N例如，the plan(N)of-N+,+N?V+and+N-N例如，draft,plan(N)and manuscript-N+and+N?V+and-N例如，draf

30、t and plan(N)and-N?V+why+(N or PRON)+V-N在規(guī)則的條件部分，如果有多種可能的情況，用or把各種情況連接起來，并把它們寫在圓括號內(nèi)。如(N or PRON)表示或者為N,或者為PRON例如，wonder(V)why they come here(這里，they為PRON)wonder(V)why students come here(這里，students為N)-(DET or PRON)+N?V-N例如，her face(N),the face(N)-DET+ADJ+N?V-N例如，the good work(N)-PREP+N?V-N例如，regardl

31、ess ofreward(N)，這里regardless of被看成介詞PREP。-AUX+not+N?V-V例如，can not work(V)-AUX+N?V-V例如，shall work(V)，-N+WH+N?V+N+PREP-V例如，student who studies(V)English in the classroom-pleaseN?V-V例如，please work(V)-BE+N?V+by-V例如，is attacked(V)by-N+ADV+N?V-V例如，must slowly work(V)-N+N?V+ADV-V例如，John works(V)slowly-WH+A

32、UX+N+N?V+PUNC-V例如，How should John work(V)?-(N or PRON)+N?V+DET+N-V例如，we use(V)our ingenuity3.2 AUX?N的消歧規(guī)則：-AUX?N+(N or PRON)+V-AUX例如，May(AUX)I help you-AUX?N+not+V-AUX例如，can(AUX)not have-as+(N or PRON)+AUX?N-AUX例如，as you can(AUX),-(DET or ADJ)+AUX?N+BE-N例如，the can(N)was,red can(N)broken,-N+AUX?N+BE-

33、AUX例如，John can(N)be-PRON+AUX?N-AUX例如，I can(AUX)3.3 N?ADJ的消歧規(guī)則：-DET+N?ADJ+(oforfororto)-N例如，the kind(N)of rose,a medium(N)for amusing-ADV+N?ADJ+(oforfororto)-ADJ例如，very kind(ADJ)of you,very kind(ADJ)for,very kind(ADJ)to-DET+N?ADJ+PUNC|V|AUX|BE-N例如，the red(N),，the American(N)comes-N?ADJ+N?ADJ-ADJ+N這個規(guī)

34、則表示，如果前后兩個詞都是名詞-形容詞兼類詞，則可判定前者為形容詞，后者為名詞。例如，basic(ADJ)standard(N)，-DET+N?ADJ+ADJ+N-ADJ例如，the kind(ADJ)old man-N+N?ADJ+(toorfor)-ADJ例如，professor kind(ADJ)to student,-DET+N?ADJ+one-ADJ例如，the red(ADJ)one-ADJ+(andoror)+N?ADJ-ADJ例如，nice and red(ADJ)-DET+N?ADJ+N-ADJ例如，the utmost(ADJ)care3.4 WH?PRON的消歧規(guī)則：-N

35、+WH?N+BE-WH例如，book which(WH)is3.5 DET?N的消歧規(guī)則：-DET?N+N-DET例如，a(DET)student-V+DET?N+PREP-N例如，read many(N)at-DET?N+ADJ+N-DET例如，any(DET)other possibility3.6 NUM?N的消歧規(guī)則：-NMU?N+N-NUM例如，one(NUM)meter-NUM?N+AUX-N例如，one(N)cannot3.7 PREP?CONJ的消歧規(guī)則：-PREP?CONJthan+that+WH-PREP當(dāng)PREP?CONJ為that時，使用這個規(guī)則。例如，than(PRE

36、P)that which-PREP?CONJ+DET+N-PREP例如，for(PREP)the independence-PREP?CONJfor+sure-PREP當(dāng)PREP?CONJ為for時，使用這個規(guī)則。例如，for(PREP)sure-PREP?CONJ+DET+N-PREP例如，before(PREP)the night,-PREP?CONJ+ADJ+N+$END-PREP$ENG表示句子結(jié)尾。例如，for(PREP)individual freedom.-DET+PREP?CONJlonging+for-PREP例如，the longing for(PREP)3.8 PREP?

37、ADV的消歧規(guī)則：-PREP?ADV+(N or ADJ or DET)-PREP例如，in(PREP)Japan,in(PREP)the country,-PREP?ADVon+DETa+ADJ-PREP例如，on(PREP)a dangerous-PREP?ADVabout+PRON(possessive case)-PREP例如，about(PREP)mine-PREP?ADV+DET+ADJ+N-PREP例如，in(PREP)this wonderful play-PREP?CONJdown+Vgo-ADV例如，down(ADV)go3.9 ADV?CONJ的消歧規(guī)則：-seem+AD

38、V?CONJ+ADJ-ADV例如，seem so(ADV)obvious3.10 PREP?V的消歧規(guī)則：-PREP?Vregarding+DET+N-PREP例如，regarding(PREP)the content3.11 PREP?TO的消歧規(guī)則：-ADJ+PREP?TO+V or BE or AUX-TO例如，able to(TO)read,able to(TO)be read,able to(TO)have-PREP?TOto+PRON(accusative)-PREP例如，to(PREP)us-PREP?TOto+Vlove+Nlabor-TO例如，to(TO)love labor

39、-PREP?TOto+Vdo+N or DET or ADJ-TO例如，to(TO)do something3.12 PRON?DET的消歧規(guī)則：-PRON?DET+N-DET例如，those(DET)men-PRON?DET+BE-PRON例如，those(PRON)are3.13 DET?ADV的消歧規(guī)則：-BE+DET?ADV+V-ADV例如，She is almost(ADV)killed-DET?ADV+DET+N-DET例如，no(DET)other country,-DET?ADV+N-DET例如，no(DET)thing-DET?ADV+as+ADJ-ADV例如，almost(

40、ADV)as wonderful-DET?ADV+DET+ADJ-DET例如，even(DET)the few event3.14 AUX?BE的消歧規(guī)則：-there+AUX?BE-BE例如，there is(BE)-itAUX?BE+ADJ-BE例如，it is(BE)better-AUX?BE+V(ed)-AUX例如，be(AUX)done-AUX+AUX?BE+ADJ-BE例如，must be(BE)red-AUX?BE+ADV+ADJ-BE例如，be really able-AUX?BE+ADV+ADV+ADJ-BE例如，be(BE)often more important-ther

41、e+have+not+AUX?BE-BE例如，there have not be(BE)3.15 V?ADJ的消歧規(guī)則：-DET+ADJ?V+N-ADJ例如，the correct(ADJ)plan-veryorrather+ADJ?V-ADJ例如，very correct(ADJ)-AUX+ADJ?V-V例如，should correct-make+N+ADJ?V-ADJ例如，make draft appropriate(ADJ)-ADJ?V+ADV-V例如，alternate(V)rapidly-ADJ?V+and+ADJ-ADJ例如，correct(ADJ)and concise-ADJ

42、+ADJ?V-ADJ例如，concise and correct(ADJ)-ADJ?V+and+V-V例如，correct(V)and revise-V+and+ADJ?V-V例如，revise and correct(V)-most+ADJ?V-ADJ例如，most correct(ADJ)3.16 AUX?V的消歧規(guī)則：-AUX?V+V-AUX例如，have(AUX)done-AUX+AUX?V+BE+V-AUX例如，would have(AUX)be regard-AUX?V+not+V+and+V-AUX例如，have(AUX)not hope and dream-AUX?V+DET+

43、N+V-AUX例如，have(AUX)any writer shown3.17 ADJ?ADV消歧規(guī)則：-BE+(ADJ?ADV)+to-ADJ例如，be alive(ADJ)to the dangers-ADJ?ADV&lex！=still+N-ADJ在這個規(guī)則中，ADJ?ADV不能為still，！=表示不等于。例如，hard(ADJ)duty-DET+ADJ?ADV+N-ADJ例如，the hard(ADJ)person-AUX+ADJ?ADV+V-ADV例如，The snow has hard(ADV)frozen-V+ADV+ADJ?ADV+PREP-ADV例如，to work ver

44、y hard(ADV)for the boss-BE+ADJ?ADV-ADJ例如，be hard(ADJ)-V+ADJ?ADV+(.or?or！)-ADV例如，work hard(ADV).3.18 PRON?ADV的消歧規(guī)則：-PRON+V+N+PRON?ADV+PUNC-ADV例如，we achieve happiness ourselves(ADV)3.19 ADV?THERE的消歧規(guī)則：-ADV?THERE+BE-THERE例如，there(THERE)is3.20 V?N?ADJ的消歧規(guī)則：-V?N?ADJ+N+BE-ADJ例如，average(ADJ)work is-V?N?ADJ

45、+N+PREP-ADJ例如，average(ADJ)rainfall for July-V?N?ADJ+V+ADJ+than-N例如，light(N)travels faster than-DET+V?N?ADJ+V-N例如，the light(N)travels-able to+V?N?ADJ+DET+N-V例如，able to express(V)an idea3.21 V?N?ADV的消歧規(guī)則：-V+DET+N+V?N?ADV+PUNC-ADV例如，She turned her face back(ADV).-V+DET+N+V?N?ADV+when-ADV例如，She turned h

46、er face back(ADV)when some body looks for her3.22 ADJ?ADV?N的消歧規(guī)則：-BE+ADJ?ADV?N+to+(PRON or N)-ADJ例如，be enough(ADJ)to me-have+ADJ?ADV?N-ADJ例如，have enough(ADJ)money-(！BE！or！AUX)+ADJ?ADV?N-ADV當(dāng)ADV之前不是BE，也不是AUX時，ADJ?ADV?N可判定為ADV。例如，warm enough(ADV),-have+ADJ?ADV?N+to+V-N例如，have enough(N)to do3.23 DET?N?

47、ADV的消歧規(guī)則：-DET?N?ADV+ADJ-ADV例如，more(ADV)important-V+DET?N?ADV+(N or PRON)+AUX-N例如，learn all(N)I can about3.24 ADJ?ADV?DET的消歧規(guī)則：-N+BE+ADJ?ADV?DET+PUCT-ADJ例如，view is just(ADJ).3.25 PREP?CONJ?ADV的消歧規(guī)則：-$START+PREP?CONJ?ADV+ADJ+N+as(CONJ)-ADV規(guī)則中的$START表示句子開頭。例如，as(ADV)many vegetables as-PREP?CONJ?ADV+(,o

48、r?or！)-ADV例如，Havent Iseen you before(ADV)?-PREP?CONJ?ADV+(DET or N)-！ADV！ADV表示不為ADV，也就是說，該詞為PREP或者CONJ。例如，before(！ADV)the table,before(！ADV)table-PREP?CONJ?ADV+NUM-PREP例如，before(PREP)1997-PREP?CONJ?ADV+PRON(accusative)-PREP例如，before(PREP)me-PREP?CONJ?ADV+PRON(nominative)+(V or AUX or BE)-CONJ例如，before(CONJ)you go,before(CONJ)you should go,before(CONJ)I am astudent-(asorso)+ADJ+PREP?CONJ?ADV-CONJ例如，so cheap as(