班級學(xué)號本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文題目：掃描儀色彩增強(qiáng)及可視化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)院：計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院專業(yè)：網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程學(xué)生姓名：導(dǎo)師姓名：DigitalImageProcessingandEdgeDetectionDigitalImageProcessingInterestindigitalimageprocessingmethodsstemsfromtwoprincipalapplica-tionareas:improvementofpictorialinformationforhumaninterpretation；andprocessingofimagedataforstorage,transmission,andrepresentationforau-tonomousmachineperception.Animagemaybedefinedasatwo-dimensionalfunction,f(x,y),wherexandyarespatial(plane)coordinates,andtheamplitudeoffatanypairofcoordinates(x,y)iscalledtheintensityorgrayleveloftheimageatthatpoint.Whenx,y,andtheamplitudevaluesoffareallfinite,discretequantities,wecalltheimageadigitalimage.Thefieldofdigitalimageprocessingreferstoprocessingdigitalimagesbymeansofadigitalcomputer.Notethatadigitalimageiscomposedofafinitenumberofelements,eachofwhichhasaparticularlocationandvalue.Theseelementsarereferredtoaspictureelements,imageelements,pels,andpixels.Pixelisthetermmostwidelyusedtodenotetheelementsofadigitalimage.Visionisthemostadvancedofoursenses,soitisnotsurprisingthatimagesplaythesinglemostimportantroleinhumanperception.However,unlikehumans,whoarelimitedtothevisualbandoftheelectromagnetic(EM)spec-trum,imagingmachinescoveralmosttheentireEMspectrum,rangingfromgammatoradiowaves.Theycanoperateonimagesgeneratedbysourcesthathumansarenotaccustomedtoassociatingwithimages.Theseincludeultra-sound,electronmicroscopy,andcomputer-generatedimages.Thus,digitalimageprocessingencompassesawideandvariedfieldofapplications.Thereisnogeneralagreementamongauthorsregardingwhereimageprocessingstopsandotherrelatedareas,suchasimageanalysisandcomputervi-sion,start.Sometimesadistinctionismadebydefiningimageprocessingasadisciplineinwhichboththeinputandoutputofaprocessareimages.Webelievethistobealimitingandsomewhatartificialboundary.Forexample,underthisdefinition,eventhetrivialtaskofcomputingtheaverageintensityofanimage(whichyieldsasinglenumber)wouldnotbeconsideredanimageprocessingoperation.Ontheotherhand,therearefieldssuchascomputervisionwhoseultimategoalistousecomputerstoemulatehumanvision,includinglearningandbeingabletomakeinferencesandtakeactionsbasedonvisualinputs.Thisareaitselfisabranchofartificialintelligence(AI)whoseobjectiveisto4Chapter1Introductionemulatehumanintelligence.ThefieldofAIisinitsearlieststagesofinfancyintermsofdevelopment,withprogresshavingbeenmuchslowerthanoriginallyanticipated.Theareaofimageanalysis(alsocalledimageunderstanding)isinbe-tweenimageprocessingandcomputervision.Therearenoclearcutboundariesinthecontinuumfromimageprocessingatoneendtocomputervisionattheother.However,oneusefulparadigmistoconsiderthreetypesofcomputerizedprocessesinthiscontinuum:low-,mid-,andhighlevelprocesses.Low-levelprocessesinvolveprimitiveopera-tionssuchasimagepreprocessingtoreducenoise,contrastenhancement,andimagesharpening.Alow-levelprocessischaracterizedbythefactthatbothitsinputsandoutputsareimages.Mid-levelprocessingonimagesinvolvestaskssuchassegmentation(partitioninganimageintoregionsorobjects),descriptionofthoseobjectstoreducethemtoaformsuitableforcomputerprocessing,andclassification(recognition)ofindividualobjects.Amidlevelprocessischaracterizedbythefactthatitsinputsgenerallyareimages,butitsoutputsareattributesextractedfromthoseimages(e.g.,edges,contours,andtheidentityofindividualobjects).Finally,higherlevelprocessinginvolves“makingsense”ofanensembleofrecognizedobjects,asinimageanalysis,and,atthefarendofthecontinuum,performingthecognitivefunctionsnormallyassociatedwithvision.Basedontheprecedingcomments,weseethatalogicalplaceofoverlapbetweenimageprocessingandimageanalysisistheareaofrecognitionofindividualregionsorobjectsinanimage.Thus,whatwecallinthisbookdigitalimageprocessingencompassesprocesseswhoseinputsandoutputsareimagesand,inaddition,encompassesprocessesthatextractattributesfromimages,uptoandincludingtherecognitionofindividualobjects.Asasimpleillustrationtoclarifytheseconcepts,considertheareaofautomatedanalysisoftext.Theprocessesofacquiringanimageoftheareacontainingthetext,preprocessingthatimage,extracting(segmenting)theindividualcharacters,describingthecharactersinaformsuitableforcomputerprocessing,andrecognizingthoseindividualcharactersareinthescopeofwhatwecalldigitalimageprocessinginthisbook.Makingsenseofthecontentofthepagemaybeviewedasbeinginthedomainofimageanalysisandevencomputervision,dependingonthelevelofcomplexityimpliedbythestatement“makingsense.”Aswillbecomeevidentshortly,digitalimageprocessing,aswehavedefinedit,isusedsuccessfullyinabroadrangeofareasofexceptionalsocialandeconomicvalue.Theareasofapplicationofdigitalimageprocessingaresovariedthatsomeformoforganizationisdesirableinattemptingtocapturethebreadthofthisfield.Oneofthesimplestwaystodevelopabasicunderstandingoftheextentofimageprocessingapplicationsistocategorizeimagesaccordingtotheirsource(e.g.,visual,X-ray,andsoon).Theprincipalenergysourceforimagesinusetodayistheelectromagneticenergyspectrum.Otherimportantsourcesofenergyincludeacoustic,ultrasonic,andelectronic(intheformofelectronbeamsusedinelectronmicroscopy).Syntheticimages,usedformodelingandvisualization,aregeneratedbycomputer.Inthissectionwediscussbrieflyhowimagesaregeneratedinthesevariouscategoriesandtheareasinwhichtheyareapplied.ImagesbasedonradiationfromtheEMspectrumarethemostfamiliar,es-peciallyimagesintheX-rayandvisualbandsofthespectrum.Electromagnet-icwavescanbeconceptualizedaspropagatingsinusoidalwavesofvaryingwavelengths,ortheycanbethoughtofasastreamofmasslessparticles,eachtravelinginawavelikepatternandmovingatthespeedoflight.Eachmasslessparticlecontainsacertainamount(orbundle)ofenergy.Eachbundleofenergyiscalledaphoton.Ifspectralbandsaregroupedaccordingtoenergyperphoton,weobtainthespectrumshowninfig.below,rangingfromgammarays(highestenergy)atoneendtoradiowaves(lowestenergy)attheother.ThebandsareshownshadedtoconveythefactthatbandsoftheEMspectrumarenotdistinctbutrathertransitionsmoothlyfromonetotheother.Imageacquisitionisthefirstprocess.Notethatacquisitioncouldbeassimpleasbeinggivenanimagethatisalreadyindigitalform.Generally,theimageacquisitionstageinvolvespreprocessing,suchasscaling.Imageenhancementisamongthesimplestandmostappealingareasofdigitalimageprocessing.Basically,theideabehindenhancementtechniquesistobringoutdetailthatisobscured,orsimplytohighlightcertainfeaturesofinterestinanimage.Afamiliarexampleofenhancementiswhenweincreasethecontrastofanimagebecause“itlooksbetter.”Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatenhancementisaverysubjectiveareaofimageprocessing.Imagerestorationisanareathatalsodealswithimprovingtheappearanceofanimage.However,unlikeenhancement,whichissubjective,imagerestorationisobjective,inthesensethatrestorationtechniquestendtobebasedonmathematicalorprobabilisticmodelsofimagedegradation.Enhancement,ontheotherhand,isbasedonhumansubjectivepreferencesregardingwhatconstitutesa“good”enhancementresult.ColorimageprocessingisanareathathasbeengaininginimportancebecauseofthesignificantincreaseintheuseofdigitalimagesovertheInternet.Itcoversanumberoffundamental8Chapter1Introductionconceptsincolormodelsandbasiccolorprocessinginadigitaldomain.Colorisusedalsoinlaterchaptersasthebasisforextractingfeaturesofinterestinanimage.Waveletsarethefoundationforrepresentingimagesinvariousdegreesofresolution.Inparticular,thismaterialisusedinthisbookforimagedatacompressionandforpyramidalrepresentation,inwhichimagesaresubdividedsuccessivelyintosmallerregions.Compression,asthenameimplies,dealswithtechniquesforreducingthestoragerequiredtosaveanimage,orthebandwidthrequiredtotransmiit.Althoughstoragetechnologyhasimprovedsignificantlyoverthepastdecade,thesamecannotbesaidfortransmissioncapacity.ThisistrueparticularlyinusesoftheInternet,whicharecharacterizedbysignificantpictorialcontent.Imagecompressionisfamiliar(perhapsinadvertently)tomostusersofcomputersintheformofimagefileextensions,suchasthejpgfileextensionusedintheJPEG(JointPhotographicExpertsGroup)imagecompressionstandard.Morphologicalprocessingdealswithtoolsforextractingimagecomponentsthatareusefulintherepresentationanddescriptionofshape.Thematerialinthischapterbeginsatransitionfromprocessesthatoutputimagestoprocessesthatoutputimageattributes.Segmentationprocedurespartitionanimageintoitsconstituentpartsorobjects.Ingeneral,autonomoussegmentationisoneofthemostdifficulttasksindigitalimageprocessing.Aruggedsegmentationprocedurebringstheprocessalongwaytowardsuccessfulsolutionofimagingproblemsthatrequireobjectstobeidentifiedindividually.Ontheotherhand,weakorerraticsegmentationalgorithmsalmostalwaysguaranteeeventualfailure.Ingeneral,themoreaccuratethesegmentation,themorelikelyrecognitionistosucceed.Representationanddescriptionalmostalwaysfollowtheoutputofasegmentationstage,whichusuallyisrawpixeldata,constitutingeitherthebound-aryofaregion(i.e.,thesetofpixelsseparatingoneimageregionfromanother)orallthepointsintheregionitself.Ineithercase,convertingthedatatoaformsuitableforcomputerprocessingisnecessary.Thefirstdecisionthatmustbemadeiswhetherthedatashouldberepresentedasaboundaryorasacompleteregion.Boundaryrepresentationisappropriatewhenthefocusisonexternalshapecharacteristics,suchascornersandin