英語專業(yè)八級短文改錯(cuò)精講精練,主講老師：翁華,八級改錯(cuò)文章選材和文體,基本上說明文為主,大多數(shù)沒有標(biāo)題. 題材廣泛,涉及社會(huì),語言,農(nóng)業(yè),人口學(xué),教育學(xué),易于理解 , 結(jié)構(gòu)清晰. 填詞; 改詞; 刪詞 ; 靈活運(yùn)用語法知識(shí); 擴(kuò)大詞匯量 , 掌握固定搭配; 增強(qiáng)篇章意識(shí) ;,不是何緣故，批改作文時(shí)，講短文改錯(cuò)時(shí)，和一些英語愛好者聊天時(shí)，都不由自住地想起阿甘正傳Forrest Gump這部電影，影片中主人公阿甘智商低常人一節(jié)兒，所以說話經(jīng)常有語病，導(dǎo)演如此安排是為了更好突出阿甘這個(gè)人物形象 ， 例如：“jenny is my best good friend, we were like peas and carrots again.”,“Well, it just dont make no sense” 中有一句”hi, man, I heard you read a lot, I dont read good, I wanna learn from ya!” ,20012010八級改錯(cuò)題型中各個(gè)詞類的錯(cuò)誤頻率,介詞 及介詞詞組： 24 形容詞和副詞：17 限定詞：15 （冠詞，不定代詞） 連詞和連接副詞：13 代詞：11-12 動(dòng)詞 ： 11-12,一外國學(xué)生在中國學(xué)漢語，一天剛學(xué)了一個(gè)詞（組） “人家”，老師告訴他，這個(gè)詞有很多意思1 一戶人家 2他人， 別人3 用作同位語4 專門給年輕的女性使用，指 第一人稱我等等。 一日老師指著他同桌的空座位問他你同桌呢？， 他回答 “人家還沒來呢 ！”,單個(gè)介詞錯(cuò)誤表現(xiàn),單個(gè)介詞：主要有4個(gè)， 1), by 2）like 3) as 4) despite ,By 漏用 例: but in central London winter sunshine has increased about 70% since 1958. The huntergather tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestor consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods. ,.these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. ,常見錯(cuò)誤類型分析,詞法錯(cuò)誤 句法錯(cuò)誤 語篇錯(cuò)誤,詞法錯(cuò)誤之?？碱愋?冠詞錯(cuò)誤 1 多余 2 缺失 3 誤用 代詞錯(cuò)誤 1 多余 2 缺失 3 誤用 名詞錯(cuò)誤 1 單復(fù)數(shù)故意用錯(cuò) 介詞副詞錯(cuò)誤 1 多余 2 缺失 3 誤用 形容詞和副詞比較級最高級誤用 /詞性誤用 ,冠詞,A , an 和 the 的特殊情況 We say ”Play water /play fire “ but we cannot say “make fire “ -should be “ make a fire “ 球類棋類名稱前用定冠詞the ,音樂名稱前用零冠詞 School/college/prison/hospital/bed/class/church 等詞， 一日三餐不加冠詞，但是具體某一頓飯，一頓什么樣的 “東南西北 ” 固定搭配中 in the charge of /in charge of,In the front of / in front of; a number of /the number of 序數(shù)詞在不表示特指的情況下如果修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，要用不定冠詞來修飾。 He made the experiment a second time./ He bought a third football. The Vatican The Netherlands Mount Fuji, Ireland, Sicily The times , The peoples Daily , The new York times The Washington Post 但是 Today; Life; Newsweek,真題分析：,2009年真題 The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further difference _ between school lore and nursery lore.,2010年真題,Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life. _,2007年真題,It is often said, of course, that the language originated _ in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the necessary evidence is lacking: there are no remote tribes , no ,2006年真題,The English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary(3)_ and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to (4）_ communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers. （5）_,2005年真題,The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic (4)_ uncertainty increases the demand for education . the biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing(5)_ income from a job (this is primarily a factor in graduate- and professional-school tuition).,2003年真題,Demographic indicates show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to twentieth century height after more than (1)_ a hundred years of a steady decline, (2)_ producing the “baby boom ”.,代詞改錯(cuò)的關(guān)鍵:,1) 代詞的指代一定要明確； 2） 代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與所指代的名詞或名詞詞組一定要一致,代詞經(jīng)典案例,1）whereas proper language does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. 2) there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a different language from those of Britain. ,代詞改錯(cuò)續(xù)：,The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers , The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be something from 20 to 70 years. young animals compared with the human infant they Very quickly grow the capacity to fend them. Population of china is greater than of Japan.,章法錯(cuò)誤之邏輯錯(cuò)誤,(一) 語義錯(cuò)誤 或相反 最近給學(xué)生批改作文時(shí)常常 憶起兒時(shí)爸爸給講的故事,印象是嘲笑用錯(cuò)字或?qū)戝e(cuò)別字帶來的嚴(yán)重后果,很小就在外地打工的孩子幾年沒回家看看,寫信給家中父母,信中寫道,” 弟弟妹妹肚大了，“ 傘 命 ”沒命了，趕緊買個(gè)命 ，沁陽 -泌陽 ,歷年專八真題考到的語義錯(cuò)誤或語義故意相反精析，語義相反除了常見的 familiar 故意用成unfamiliar, certain -uncertain, leadmislead對等等，還有下面這種情況 Accelerate decelerate attach detach inflate deflate encode decode appreciate depreciate Exit entrance external internal explicit implicit Exhume inhume exhale inhale,詞法錯(cuò)誤之高頻易混詞集粹,形近異義 詞 Adapt adopt /affect effect/ ensure insure / Confirm conform / contact contract Fraction faction/ considerate considerable Chronic chronological / imaginary imaginative Respective respectable / principle principal Dairy diary / personal personnel,詞法錯(cuò)誤之高頻易混詞集粹,Consciousness conscience Stationary stationery / desert dessert Beside besides / moral morale morals Industrious industrial / intelligent intelligible Ensure insure / affectation affection Award reward / post posture/ pose poise,Exercise exorcise sensual sensuous sensitive sensible Genial genital / Erotic exotic Congenial congenital Extraterrestrial extraterritorial Comment commend commerce commence Compliment complement supplement implement,詞法錯(cuò)誤之高頻易混詞集粹,形近義近詞 gentle genteel Late later / rise arise / rouse arouse / Latter lately / farther further / healthy healthful Continual continuous / classic classical Economical economic / historic historical Live alive lively /distinct distinctive Measure measurement / motive motivation Concept conception affiliation affiliate,詞法錯(cuò)誤之高難考法,短語搭配錯(cuò)誤 (其中主要錯(cuò)在介詞，其次是核心動(dòng)詞和名詞) 名詞詞組-access to advantage over Sympathy for acquaintance with 動(dòng)詞詞組 - indulge oneself in Bear a resemblance to bear a grudge against,v+ adv.+ prep,Get round to / face up to/ hold out on / Take out on / carry over to/ put up with / Look forward to / talk down to / look down on Look up to/,Have an illusion for Approve of have a prejudice against Keep an eye on /take delight in Make a fuss over Make a mess of / make a fool of Pertain to ,形容詞詞組 - particular about / conscious of guilty of / critical of / insensitive to popular with / inferior to / representative of /typical of / void of Liable for / distinct from / loyal to,介詞詞組- According to / along with / apart from At the cost of / by means of / for lack of By virtue of /with the exception of Regardless of / in the wake of At ones disposal,句法錯(cuò)誤,主謂一致 虛擬語氣 定語從句和名詞性從句 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 非謂語動(dòng)詞 It 句型 倒裝,語篇錯(cuò)誤,銜接 錯(cuò)誤 連詞錯(cuò)誤 連結(jié)性狀語錯(cuò)誤 語義錯(cuò)誤 故意用錯(cuò)或用反 ,改錯(cuò)規(guī)律總結(jié),理解原文是做題的大前提和基礎(chǔ) 以語篇為綱找錯(cuò) 以句子為基本單位找錯(cuò) 行首行尾莫忽視 錯(cuò)誤分布有規(guī)律,十年真題精講,2011 年真題 from a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew I should be a writer .between the ages of about (1)_ seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that (2)_,soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. (3)_ I was child of three, but there was a gap of five (4)_ years on the either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing (5) _ mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up,stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons (6) _ and I think from the very start my literal ambitions (7)_ were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts,(8)_and I felt that this created a sort of private world which I could (9)_,Get my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious-i.e. seriously(10) _ intended-writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of five, my mother taking it down to dictation.,10年真題,So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any （1)_ other to say the things their speakers want to say. (2)_,There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that (3)_ is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. The (4)_ Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with further more precision and subtlety than we (5)_,can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come （6）_ to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position is simply and,obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English (7)_ language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which (8)_ English was habitually used made such distinction as important. (9)_,Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the (10)_ Eskimos life.,2009,The previous section shows how quickly a rhyme passes from one childhood to the next and lustrate the further difference between 1)_ the school lore and the nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, Is not usually passed on again when the little 2)_ listener has grown up , and has children of their own, 3)_,or even grandchildren. The period between learning a rhyme and transmitting it maybe something from (4)_ twenty to seventy years. With the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within(5)_ the very hour it is learnt ; and, in the general, it passes (6)_ between the children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years.,If, therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even (7)_ just for fifty . It follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed along (8)_ a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so (9)_ much handling; to let alone that it bears (10)_ resemblance to the original wording.,2008年專業(yè)八級短文改錯(cuò),The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a very natural one, and in result language(1)_ has played a prominent part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate a given 2)_ language to show that they are distinctive from 3)_ another race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United states split from Britain 4)_,For example, there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a different language (5)_ from those of Britain. There was even one (6)_ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favored adoption of Greek, thought, as one man put it, things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English and made (7)_,the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone (8)_ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying with the same (9) _ language as before . Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world that political (10)_ independence and national identity can be complete without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.,2007年專業(yè)八級短文改錯(cuò),From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make every positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient(1)_ languages show us language in a new and emerging (2)_ state. It is often said , of course , that the (3)_ language originated in the cries of anger , fear, pain and pleasure, and the necessary evidence is entirely(4)_,lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large (5)_ proportion of such cries than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds (6)_ too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar,noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact (7)_ that such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental (8)_ difference between these noises and language proper. We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive,to large extent, whereas language proper does (9)_ not consist of signs but of these that have to be (10)_ learnt and that are wholly conventional.,06年真題,We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing （1） conventions as to the way. in which words should be arranged to convey a particular （2） message; the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical （3）,rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to（4） the other English speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and （5） that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and （6） experience.,But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a (7)_,concrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most common forms of (8)_ transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (9)_ (writing). And these are among most striking of human achievements. (10)_,05年真題,A number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common （1） stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United （2） States is indistinguishable from those of business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the （ 3 ） fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in （4） the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in graduate and （5） professional-school tuition); the poor ones job prospects, the more sense it makes to （6） reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, （7） student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required courses. （8）,Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, universities collude to （9） minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. （10）,04年真題,One of the most important non-legislative functions of the US Congress is the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committeeseither standing committees, special committees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees （1） consisted of members of both houses. Investigations are held to gather information on the （2）,need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare （3） occasions, to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees rely （4） outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings and to make out detailed studies （5） of issues.,There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most committee hearings are open to （6） public and are reported widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations （7） nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and （8）,to arouse public interests in national issues. Congressional committees also have the power to （9） compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony （10）,03年真題,Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought th