專題17 閱讀理解之推理判斷題和主旨大意題高效演練AMy First Day of SchoolFear started taking over, I was walking into my first school in America. I had traveled a long distance from India in order to join my parents, who had been for three years, hoping America would help my future. My father decided that I would be better off going to school here, so I enrolled(登記)in the local high school in my new town.I was afraid how I would do. On the first day, I went to my second period class after I had missed my first. With anxiety, I reached for the door, opening it slowly. Without paying attention to my classmates, I went straight to the teacher and asked if this was the right class. With a soft voice he answered. “Yes.” His voice comforted me a little. He gave me a sheet called Course Requirements, which I would never get in India because we didnt have anything like that. Then he asked me to choose where I would sit. I didnt actually want to pick a seat. In India we had fixed seats, so I never needed to worry about that. I spent the rest of the class taking notes from the image produced by the overhead projector. In Indian schools, we didnt use the technology we had. We had to take notes as the teacher spoke.It was noon. I was very confused about when I would have lunch. I went to my next class and the bell rang as I entered. I went through the regular process of asking the teacher if I was in the right class. She said, “Its still fourth period.”“But the bell just rang,” I said.Changing from a gentle tone to a harsher(刺耳的)one, she said, “That is the lunch bell, young man.”I apologized. Without another word I headed for the cafeteria. I felt lucky because we didnt have this in India. Every confusion seemed like a barrier I had to get through to reach my goal. At the end of the day, I was on my way to the bus which we didnt have in India either. I spotted my bus and sat down inside happily. I was thinking, today wasnt o bad.這是一篇記敘文。作者從印度來到美國，在美國上高中。作者記敘了第一天上學的經(jīng)歷和感受。1. The author attended an American high school because _.A. his father preferred American schoolsB. his family wanted him to have a bright futureC. his mother had worked in it for 3 yearsD. he had been longing to leave his homeland【答案】B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由第一段中的“I had traveled join my parents, hoping America would help my future. My father decided that I would be better off going to school here”可知，作者的父母希望美國會對作者的未來有好處，在美國上學作者會更好。故B選項“父親希望作者有個光明的未來。”正確。2. What do we know about the authors first day of school?A. He went to the wrong class for the second periodB. He met some enthusiastic teachers and classmatesC. He got the Course Requirements sheet from his classmateD. He experienced differences from the Indian schools in many ways【答案】D 【解析】推理判斷題。由第二段和第三段中的“He gave me a sheet called Course Requirements, which I would never get in India，I didnt actually want to pick a seat. In India we had fixed seats，I spent the rest of the class taking notes from the image produced by the overhead projector. In Indian schools, we didnt use the technology we hadI felt lucky because we didnt have this in India”可知，作者在美國上學的第一天，遇到了很多和印度不一樣的地方。例如：自己選擇座位，課程安排等。故結(jié)合選項，D選項正確。3. How did the author feel at the end of the day?A. WorriedB. PuzzledC. RelievedD. Excited【答案】C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“I was afraid how I would do. On the first day, I went to my second period class after I had missed my first. With anxiety”和最后一段中的“I spotted my bus and sat down inside happily. I was thinking, today wasnt so bad”可知，作者一開始非常害怕，非常焦慮，但是到了這一天結(jié)束的時候，他感覺這一天不是那么糟糕。由此可以推知，作者的焦慮最終得以緩解。C選項正確?！军c睛】細節(jié)理解題主要的答題策略：細心審題，直接就題找答案。解答此類試題時，不必通篇細看原文，而應采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法，先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語（題眼），然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的：段落、語句，仔細品味，對照比較，確定答案。在第一題中，考生直接可以根據(jù)題干中的“American high school”確定信息在第一段。再由第一段“I had traveled join my parents, hoping America would help my future. My father decided that I would be better off going to school here”可直接確定答案。BOpen water swimmingI had only swum in open water a few times, and always in gentle lakes, so I wasnt prepared for how rough Lake Windermere appeared on a cold day. A swimmer told me the water felt colder than it had been measured, and that the water was a bit rough. But I, along with 10,000 others, was about to complete the challenge.Most of the people taking part were doing a one-mile race, and 10 races were planned over the weekend. There seemed to be a mix of open-water enthusiasts alongside complete beginnerswhich is precisely the aim of the swims, to get as many people as possible completing their own challenge. The oldest woman competing was 77, taking part in the two-mile race, alongside a man who last year had swum in every one-mile race.I had chosen the third one-mile race of the day. There were over 600 people in my race. We were taken through an acclimatization area a childrens paddling pool-sized part of the lake where we moved in to feel how cold the water was. “Not too bad” was everyones thought! Then we headed out towards the middle of the lake.Wed been warned that the first 100 metres would be really rough. However, somewhere near the 750m mark I was still waiting for the calm; it felt more like swimming in the sea than a lake. I tried to focus on my breathing and technique, and just keep going. As I approached the 400m-to-go mark my lower right leg became painful. I recalled overhearing people talking about how they kept swimming through the pain, so I tried. But it didnt work. I began to feel the entire leg tight and painful. I didnt want to stop, so I bent my right knee and just kicked with the left leg.Finally I saw the finishing post, and I just concentrated on getting therestill one-legged. My finishing time was 38 minutes 25 seconds but that didnt matterthe atmosphere was fantastic and everyone felt a sense of achievement, whatever their time. Im hooked, and want to give it another go. Ive already signed up for my next open-water swim.本文屬于記敘文，描述作者參加一英里的天然水域游泳的經(jīng)歷，最終成功到達終點線。4. How did the author feel before the race?A. Scared of the most challenging race.B. Disappointed by the difficult conditions.C. Concerned about the other swimmers in the race.D. Determined to be as tough as the people around her.【答案】D 【解析】推理判斷題根據(jù)第一段But I, along with 10,000 others, was about to complete the challenge.可知，我馬上和其他10000名游泳者完成這項挑戰(zhàn)，故可知，他們很堅定要完成這項運動，故選D。5. Why does the author mention the two people in Paragraph 2?A. To stress the importance of the race.B. To praise the experienced swimmers.C. To show the wide range of the participants.D. To introduce the various events of the race.【答案】 C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段There seemed to be a mix of open-water enthusiasts alongside complete beginnerswhich is precisely the aim of the swims, to get as many people as possible completing their own challenge. The oldest woman competing was 77, taking part in the two-mile race, alongside a man who last year had swum in every one-mile race.可知，參賽者包括天然水域游泳的愛好者，也包括初學者，也有很多人完成自己的挑戰(zhàn)，這里面就有77歲參加2英里游泳的老人，也有去年參加一英里的男子，故可知，該比賽參與者范圍很廣，故選C。6. The author suggests in Paragraph 4 that _.A. the race would cause breathing problemsB. the race became harder than she had expectedC. it was really necessary to prepare for tough swimsD. it would have been easier if she had taken others advice【答案】 B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段I recalled overhearing people talking about how they kept swimming through the pain, so I tried. But it didnt work. I began to feel the entire leg tight and painful.可知，我想起了那些人提及的克服水中抽筋的技巧，但是沒有作用，我感覺整條腿開始緊張?zhí)弁矗士芍?，這次比賽比她想象的要艱難，故選B。7. What does the author talk about in the last paragraph?A. Her confidence in her own ability.B. Her pride in having swum so quickly.C. Her eagerness to repeat the experience.D. Her surprise at having managed to finish.【答案】 C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Im hooked, and want to give it another go. Ive already signed up for my next open-water swim.可知，我被吸引住了，想要再嘗試一次，準備好為下一次游泳比賽報名，故可知，作者為完成比賽而感到興奮，也喜歡上了這項運動，故選C。CThe Alexander techniqueUntil earlier this year, I didnt know anything about the Alexander techniqueand saw no reason to think I should. One day, the backache I regularly suffered was more painful. I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope theyll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor. After examining me, he said, “You actually have bad posture (姿勢). Go off and learn the Alexander technique.” Three months later I could walk straighter and sit better.The Alexander technique is a way of learning how you can get rid of harmful tension in your body. The teaching focuses on the neck, head and back. It trains you to use your body less severely and carry out the movements that we do all the time with less effort. There is little effort in the lessons themselves, which sets apart the Alexander technique from yoga or pilates, which are exercise-based. A typical lesson involves standing in front of a chair and learning to sit and stand with minimum effort. You spend some time lying on a bench with your knees bent to straighten the spine (脊椎) and relax your body while the teacher moves your arms and legs to train you to move them correctly.The technique helps to break the bad habits accumulated over years. Try folding your arms the opposite way to normal. This is an example of a habit the body has formed which can be hard to break. Many of us carry our heads too far back. The head weighs four to six kilos, so any inappropriate posture can cause problems for the body. The technique teaches you to let go of the muscles holding the head back, allowing it to go back to its natural place on the top of our spines.So who was Alexander and how did he come up with the technique? Frederick Alexander, an Australian actor born in 1869, found in his youth that he had vocal (聲音的) problems during performances. He analyzed himself and realized his posture was bad. He worked on improving it, with excellent results. He brought his technique to London and opened a teacher-training school, which is still successful today.So if youre walking along the road one day with shoulders bent forward, feeling weighed down by your troubles, give a thought to the Alexander technique. It will help you walk tall again. 本文屬于說明文，介紹亞歷山大技巧的對于矯正身體的作用以及其發(fā)明者。8. What does the author suggest in Paragraph 1?A. She felt no better after the treatment.B. She got bored with the Alexander technique.C. She was sceptical about the doctors method.D. She was unwilling to seek treatment for her backache.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope theyll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor.可知，作者從小就被灌輸這樣的思維，處理疼痛的更好辦法就是不做任何事情，希望疼痛自行消失，但是卻最終不得不去看醫(yī)生，故可知，作者看醫(yī)生都是迫不得已，故選D。9. What is the principle of the Alexander technique?A. Physical tension shouldnt be completely relieved.B. The technique shouldnt be combined with other exercises.C. The practice of the technique shouldnt be attempted alone.D. Familiar physical actions shouldnt be done with much effort.【答案】D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段It trains you to use your body less severely and carry out the movements that we do all the time with less effort.可知，亞歷山大技巧讓你更合理使用身體，用最小的努力來做那些習慣性的動作，故可知，該技巧的原則就是用最小的力來做習慣性的動作，故選D。10. What can we learn about Frederick Alexander?A. He managed to recover his vocal powers.B. He was eager to make a name for himself.C. He developed a form of exercise for actors.D. He had to leave home to develop his technique.【答案】A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段Frederick Alexander, an Australian actor born in 1869, found in his youth that he had vocal (聲音的) problems during performances. He analyzed himself and realized his posture was bad. He worked on improving it, with excellent results.可知，弗雷德里克亞歷山大，一個出身于186年的澳大利亞演員，在年輕的時候聲音出了問題。他做了分析，意識到自己的姿勢不正確，因此致力于改善姿勢，結(jié)果很好，故可知，他通過矯正姿勢，解決了自己的聲音問題，故選A。11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The occurrence of back pain is widespread.B. Alexander improved the technique to treat body pain.C. The Alexander technique helps overcome posture problems.D. People with back pain are victims of inappropriate postures.【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意題。本文介紹亞歷山大技巧的對于矯正身體的作用以及其發(fā)明者，故可知在介紹亞歷山大技巧的作用，故選C。【點睛】主旨大意題的做題技巧。1) 主旨大意題屬于歸納概括題。如有標題，標題中蘊含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。2) 找準文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。在答題時，我們可以：讀首句抓大意；讀尾句抓大意；讀首尾段抓大意。3.) 無明顯主題句時高頻信息詞，任一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。比如小題4，本文介紹亞歷山大技巧的對于矯正身體的作用以及其發(fā)明者，故可知在介紹亞歷山大技巧的作用，故選C。DDont put it off, do it now!Why do we spend so much time not doing the work we should do, or putting off small jobs that have piled up to create a big problem? Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until its too late to do anything else.“We often put things off although we know it will make life more stressful,” says Dr. Steel, an authority on the science of motivation. “If these tasks were fun, wed just do them now. We put off what is difficult or unpleasant, such as the paperwork that needs doing before leaving the office or cleaning the bits of your home that people cant see. But the fact is, the less people procrastinate, the more money they have, the better relationships they have, and the healthier they are.” This is obvious when you look at the couples who dont argue about whether anyone has cleaned the kitchen, and the people who simply go for a run instead of endlessly rescheduling it in their heads.Of course, there are the rest of us, who feel the small jobs piling up around us daily. “Weve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. “We are not set up to appreciate long-term rewards, whether its the benefit of a four-year degree, doing exercise or dieting. We usually feel the cost now and the reward comes much later.” According to Dr. Steel, we have two decision-making systems. They are the limbic, which is responsible for the short term, and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with the future. We bounce between long-term goals and short-term temptations, so we need goals that will translate our plans for the limbic system.Lets take the example of students writing essays. They should set themselves targets and word counts per day. These are thus turned from seemingly endless tasks into something concrete with measured progress. Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that youll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to dotelling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so.Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning, which, if youre not careful, becomes procrastination in itself. But it is worth making sure you have everything in place. “Successful people dont pretend they dont procrastinate,” Dr. Steel says. “People who pretend they have willpower are less successful.” Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward.本文屬于議論文，主要介紹拖延癥的影響以及處理拖延癥需要注意的事項。12. What does the author say about procrastination in Paragraph 1?A. It is something many people cant help.B. It is an excuse people often use in public.C. It is caused by the technology in peoples life.D. It is more common when people have small jobs to do.【答案】A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until its too late to do anything else.可知，拖延癥是我們出生就在我們的性格里面的東西，我們逃避一些枯燥或者困難的事情直到太晚而什么都做不了，故可知，拖延癥是很多人無法擺脫的，因為天生就有，故選A.13. In paragraph 3, Dr. Steel believes that people who procrastinate should _.A. attempt to overcome their natural tendenciesB. take the advice of others in the same situationC. be aware that their problem is relatively smallD. find out more about the way they make decisions【答案】A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Weve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds.可知，我們進化為對當下的東西做出反應，而對未來的沒有前瞻性，故可知，要克服拖延癥，還必須要克服天性，故選A。14. Why does Dr. Steel recommend making “pre-commitments” in Paragraph 4?A. They are an alternative to impossible goals.B. They make challenges feel more manageable.C. They are an effective way of impressing othersD. They allow people to achieve their aims sooner.【答案】 B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段These are thus turned from seemingly endless tasks into something concrete with measured progress. Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed.可知，pre-commitments就是把一些似乎無盡的任務轉(zhuǎn)換成一些可以量化進步的具體事務，在截止日期前給自己一個月的時間讓任務完成得可能性更高，故可知，pre-commitments會讓自己的要做的事情更可控，故選B。15. What does the author do by saying the underlined sentence?A. Encourage the reader to develop plans effectively.B. Advise the reader to deal with complex tasks quickly.C. Warn the reader against spending too long getting organized.D. Remind the reader to take the time to focus properly on a task.【答案】C 【解析】推理判斷題。本句意思為，最終解決拖延癥落實到了計劃，但是如果不小心，計劃本身就會成為拖延癥的一種表現(xiàn)，故可知，要計劃，計劃之后要立即落實，故作者說這句話的意義在于警告計劃不能太拖延，故選C。EBritish people work some of the longest hours in Europe, but are among the least productive. Now some companies are shortening the working week to increase efficiency, health and happiness.Rich Leigh has introduced a four-day week at his PR company. In fact, his entire company has Friday off, because his firm has adopted a four-day week. It is one of a handful of UK businesses that now operate like this: staff still get paid their previous five-day salary, but they work