黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 附 錄 A (外文文獻(xiàn) ) Body collision correction In modern automobile body for main body structure of space vehicle ,integral of the body in order to absorb energy collision, automotive usually designed as in collision, by making by pieces of broken folded and body to absorb the impact energy； The relay route crash force ,can such image depicted as will the culmination of collision point as the collision, cone-shaped centerline can harness karabiners direction for collision, The depth and scope of conical expansion, said the crash force function direction and the transmission range. through body. Integral by stamping thin body structure formation, metal material plate connected to the welding, most of the collision impact energy was bought component metal materials plate pieces, collision and shock absorption, the influence of the component is through the body passed,therefore, the member body repair people based on this idea of analysis, design of the collision of the repair process program body. Auto body injury can through comparing the gap between body structure, also can judge by comparing the front wing son plate and the clearance before judge wheels； Also can measure the installing hole behind the front bumper frame beams parts prior to the left and right sides of the size of the comparison of the car body, many cars have high installation clearance requirements. Body damage when the examination, should check component of the gap between and cooperate, because each body structure smell with hinge is installed in the car door pillar, publication in order to determine whether the damage, such as door pillar by closing and opening the doors can be simple method, to observe the position is correct. In a front-end collision accident, important is to inspect the back door and wing of the differences between son board, another option is more car controls two side clearance. In order to hold the space body possible examine all damage, can be divided into five ministries and space body inspect. First part: direct collision point directly damage caused, carefully examined the bodywork pieces of metal coating, plastic, glass of body accessories, decoration and body components such as outer panel damage； For example in the front of the collision of the case, 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) the site should check at least include: front bumper system, grille, engine cover, the former guard board, halogen halogen lamps, glass, the doors and the wheels；If the collision point in a cars rear, should check at least include: the parts HouYi son after bumper system, after the board, luggage, lights, glass, wheels, etc.； If the collision point in a cars profile, should check parts include at least the original: the door, roof, glass, pillar, floor plate part and suspension, etc. The second part: refers to the outside except the collision point occurred in other parts of the damage； Therefore, it may involve large scope.Check indirect damage, should check clear collision force size, direction, absorb impact strength, etc； component.Observe component surface trace, any body thin metal materials purchase components can be generated by the collision extrusion, tiny flaw .For example body roof damage, should present the convex shape body component individual Angle inspect component of metal material yield conditions The third part: mainly is the inspection car parts, check the damage engine and sports system undamage each assembly. The fourth part fourth place: basically check passenger cabin, uncover the damage part accessories carpet and insulation materials, observe around the surface of the metal material components, check seats installation, seat belt anchor, instrument panel, etc. The damage marks,can also rotating direction in run straight disc wheel steering dish, saw his position in the middle, and whether without free trav. The fifth part: check whether the bodywork component, decorative thread matching aligned and coating whether state, etc. Do not think that the work is not important, is a waste of time, the body of the collision of the correction, collision damage examination is the key body calibration process. Auto repair correction body, there is one basic principle, namely in accordance with collision force opposite directions in collision regional correction and exert tension corrected. Automobile body damage when collision damage is small, according to the injury, this method is simple to have the effect very much, now all vehicle body repair workshop are already equipped with body panels.it repair machine, so simple and easy to repair operations. The causes of automobile body damage is very complicated, because body structure and component forming reasons, especially by body structure of thin-walled box component, the analysis of the impact and repair, such enormous difficulties with simply cant tensile operating mode is body returning to its original shape. For example, under the car after collision physique pieces, into a complex shape； Meanwhile, its strength also changed, if it is 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) only exert tension in the opposite direction, it is to cannot make its restore its original shape. Because every body component intensity and correction recovery were different. For example, body wing son board in bending radius of smaller parts intensity big, the deformation smaller by collision damage in wing a relatively flat parts son board will look great, actually deformation by collision impact is small, annex damage, as long as wing results when bending radius son smaller parts plastic correction, compare flat parts will also return to the depression component original shape. Sure calibration process method is a complex problem, often need to repair personnel master various knowledge, such as body structure of the mechanical properties of materials, metal, equipment reasonable apply, etc. Here the decomposition of the first stretching force analysis and process method is introduced. Body collision correction should try to adopt body calibration equipment, the calibration equipment safety in need of place； the tensile At this moment, repair personnel needs will stretching force direction and the component in vertical position injured area； At this moment, repair personnel needs will stretching force direction and ending two or more direction pulling force.This method is the force have a point, if parts bending degree, the stiffness of excessive constitutive component is stronger, the calibration result is bad, cant even will component correction back to its original shape. In different point can be applied on exert tension strength, pulling the deformation set according to the component of component multiple directions corrected.For example from the above stretching force analysis can know, but will this one direction of force is decomposed into two direction in the reality, which can also process of correcting according to deformation degree, at any time to recover, if adjustment of tensile component in calibration process coupled with other calibration methods can be better effect. If tensile systemconstitute triangle is not normal state, it must immediately stop tensile, otherwise, zipper ends of the clamp may appear overload, cause equipment, zippers or other damage. In operation, and the position of the junction of bodywork height also is a key operation, should try to make dynamic plunger and zipper time Angle and plunger and protection, when the Angle between the equal to a higher tensile point position, power pole strength elongation, chain will also elongation. In implementing the tensile operation precautions: (1) integral body metal materials some for high strength materials, had better not tried to 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) step will finish, but plastic correction through a series of tensile operations, including tensile - balance - again - balancing tensile self-repeating again, so can make metal materials, the operation flabbily slowly can check calibration schedule, especially in the body component damage stress, prevent type produces excessive stretch。 That is to say, slowly, carefully to enrage starting hydraulic system, observe carefully body damage mobile, look to whether correction to the appropriate position and shape, if not, should check the specific reason, adjust the Angle and direction to start, reoccupy after eliminating stress, hammer with hammer striking the, the stress release in tensile, again, that is flabby, if not sure stress has been released in full, will again tapping with hammer. (2)stretching equipment and body component fixed position, and in the process of drawing, particularly easy because the parts connected by overloading damage, can add some fixed clamp method, will load the multiple parts scattered in body. (3)use fixed device to fixed body part from the center outwards stretch and straightening, but every fixtures, tightened after check appropriate fixed device, according to its location bolt tensile Angle and need change in position, to complete the damage of deformation correction. While intermittently beginning applied tensile, part inspection determine tensile force in the damage which is effective, if see no effect, be about to consider to change the direction of tensile force of fixed position and body stretching. (4)Body parts, such as by lateral bending beam position of curved areas, can be clamped body component bends surface stretch: constructing the wound on the surface of the pin can weld depression by sliding hammer or other tensile device pull out. (5)If some sag serious parts. Members of a torn metal materials for its danger need when heated, heating the edges in the component in only two layer board or component connected place heating. For example, in frame rail beam position, or in the medial low box section heating, heating only as the internal stress of metal materials to repair a auxiliary means, not as a part of the metal material that component the softening of method.Although do not recommend commonly in the component high strength metal materials plate heat with welding torch, but sometimes it can be careful to use welding torch heating reached auxiliary correction method. (6)In the predetermined position and direction on components exert tension, the damaged component restored to its original size and shape, and to complete the restoration components metal materials plate internal stress, can better correction effect. The whole process of the body correction, to prevent tensile excessive.The reason 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) general tensile unduly have two: One is not follow for repair within the first after the tensile principle, cause, the quality repair program confusion, repair good board piece incident now in other board when the original deformation repair affect the size and shape of the components, previously has correction good parts be spun； Second, in the calibration process cannot precisely, to measure the size of the control points often can cause pull litre excessive. In order to prevent excessive, tensile in tensile device stretch correction in the process, to the site of injury calibration process measurements；Because the metal material plate will component is relatively easy, stretched through process method but will, in turn, makes it is difficult to shorten. Any damage in the automotive components, after the body, more than the original body component size and shape, it is hard to shrink plastic, many body parts repair process, the only repair methods tensile transition is replaced. 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 附 錄 B 車身碰撞后的校正 現(xiàn)代汽車車身都以承載式車身為主要車身結(jié)構(gòu)，承載式車身為了吸收碰撞時(shí)的能量，汽車車身通常設(shè)計(jì)成為在遭到碰撞時(shí)，通過使車身結(jié)構(gòu)件的折疊和破裂來吸收沖擊能量；碰撞力的傳遞路線，可以這樣形象的描述為將碰撞點(diǎn)視為碰撞的頂點(diǎn)，錐形的的中心線可以為碰撞方向上的作用點(diǎn)，錐形的深度和擴(kuò)展范圍，表示碰撞力的作用方向和經(jīng)過車身的傳遞范圍。 承載式車身結(jié)構(gòu)由沖壓薄金屬材料板形成后，采用焊接連接而成，碰撞時(shí)的大部分沖擊能量是被購構(gòu)件金屬 材料板件吸收的，而碰撞沖擊波的影響，是通過車身構(gòu)件傳遞的，因此，車身修復(fù)人的員依據(jù)這一思路的分析、設(shè)計(jì)車身碰撞的修復(fù)工藝方案。 汽車車身的損傷情況可以通過比較車身結(jié)構(gòu)件之間的間隙來判斷，也可以通過比較前翼子板和輪轂前后的間隙來判斷；也可測量前保險(xiǎn)杠后面的安裝孔到前車架梁部件左右兩邊的尺寸進(jìn)行比較，許多汽車的車身的安裝間隙都有較高的要求。 車身損傷檢查時(shí)，應(yīng)檢查構(gòu)件間的間隙和配合聞，由于各個(gè)車身構(gòu)架都是用鉸鏈安裝在的車門立柱上的，刊為了確定車門立柱是否損傷， 例如可以 采用關(guān)閉和開啟車門的簡單方法，來觀察車門的位 置是否正確。在前端碰撞事故中，重要的是檢查后門與翼子板間隙的差異，另一個(gè)辦法是比較汽車左右兩側(cè)的間隙。為了能持的檢視承載式車身可能發(fā)生的全部損傷，可將承載式車身分為五個(gè)部委進(jìn)行檢查。 第一部位：直接碰撞點(diǎn)造成直接損傷，仔細(xì)檢查車身外鈑金件涂層、車身附件的塑料件、玻璃、裝飾件和車身構(gòu)件外板等損傷情況；例如在汽車前部碰撞的情況下，應(yīng)檢查的部位至少包括：前保險(xiǎn)杠系統(tǒng)、格柵、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩、前護(hù)板、前大燈、玻璃、車門和車輪；如果碰撞點(diǎn)在汽車的后部，應(yīng)檢查的部位至少包括：后保險(xiǎn)杠系統(tǒng)、后翼子板、行李箱、后車燈、玻璃、車輪等 ；如果碰撞點(diǎn)在汽車的側(cè)面，應(yīng)檢查的部位至少包括原：車門、頂板、玻璃、立柱、地板盤部分以及懸架等。 第二部位：是指除碰撞點(diǎn)以外發(fā)生在其他部位的損傷；因此，它可能涉及較大的范圍。檢查間接損傷時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)檢查清楚碰撞力的大小、方向、吸收碰撞力構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度等；觀察構(gòu)件表面的痕跡，任何車身薄金屬材料購構(gòu)件經(jīng)碰撞擠壓都會(huì)產(chǎn)生細(xì)小的裂紋，例如車身頂板損傷呈現(xiàn)凸起形狀，應(yīng)在車身構(gòu)件個(gè)別角處檢查構(gòu)件金屬材料的屈服情況等。 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 第三部位：主要是檢查汽車部件的損傷，檢查發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)以及運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)各個(gè)總成有無損傷。 第四部位 第四部位：主要檢查乘客 艙內(nèi)部分附件的損傷，揭開地毯和周圍隔熱材料，觀察金屬材料構(gòu)件的表面，檢查座椅的安裝、安全帶錨栓、儀表板等的損傷痕跡；也可以轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤式車輪處于直線行駛位置，見他轉(zhuǎn)向盤是否在中間位置，又無自由行程等。 第五部位：檢查車身外形構(gòu)件是否匹配，裝飾線是否對齊以及涂層狀態(tài)等。 千萬不要以為這些工作不重要，是在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，車身碰撞的校正，碰撞損傷的檢查是車身校正工藝的關(guān)鍵。 汽車修復(fù)校正車身時(shí)，有一個(gè)基本的原則，即按照與碰撞力相反的方向進(jìn)行校正，在碰撞區(qū)域施加拉力進(jìn)行校正。汽車車身損傷的當(dāng)碰撞損傷很小，按損傷比較簡單時(shí)，這種方法很有效果，現(xiàn)在各種汽車車身修復(fù)車間都已經(jīng)配備了車身鈑金修復(fù)機(jī)，這樣修復(fù)操作簡單易行。 汽車車身損傷產(chǎn)生的原因很復(fù)雜，由于車身結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件成形的原因，特別是車身構(gòu)件采用薄壁廂型結(jié)構(gòu)，給碰撞力的分析和修復(fù)帶來很大困難，這樣簡單的用拉伸操作方式就不能夠是車身恢復(fù)原形。例如，車身板件在遭受碰撞后，變成了復(fù)雜的形狀；同時(shí)，其強(qiáng)度也改變了，如果是只在相反方向施加拉力，是無法使其恢復(fù)原來的形狀的。因?yàn)槊恳粋€(gè)車身構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度和校正恢復(fù)都不完全一樣；例如，車身翼子板在彎曲半徑較小的部位強(qiáng)度很大，受到碰撞損傷的變形較小在翼 子板較平的部位變形看上去會(huì)很大，其實(shí)受到碰撞沖擊很小，附件損傷校正時(shí)，只要將翼子板彎曲半徑較小的部位整形校正，比較平整的部位凹陷也會(huì)恢復(fù)到的構(gòu)件原來的形狀。 確定校正工藝方法是一個(gè)綜合復(fù)雜的問題，常需要修復(fù)人員掌握多方面的知識，例如車身結(jié)構(gòu)，金屬材料的力學(xué)性能，設(shè)備的合理運(yùn)用等。這里先將拉伸力的分解工藝方法進(jìn)行分析和介紹。 車身碰撞校正應(yīng)盡量采用車身校正設(shè)備，把校正設(shè)備安全放在需要拉伸的位置；這時(shí)，修復(fù)人員需要將拉伸力的方向與構(gòu)件受傷部位相垂直的位置；這時(shí)，修復(fù)人員需要將拉伸力的方向跟結(jié)尾兩個(gè)或多個(gè)方向的拉 力；這個(gè)方法只是把力交到一個(gè)點(diǎn)上，如果部件彎曲程度過大，構(gòu)構(gòu)件的剛度較強(qiáng)，校正效果不好，甚至不能將構(gòu)件校正恢復(fù)到原來