英譯漢 初步知識可使你登峰造極？！warm-ups直譯1. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged. 2. We bombed their cities in revenge for their attacks on ours.3. Can you sit still without moving for ten minutes?意譯1. “ and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on (說服) to marry.”2. He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child.詞義1. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group , diet version for the other.2. If the state punishes a murderer by death its an eye for an eye.3. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded.4. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students.語序1. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changed occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.2.The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.3. The readers hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.4. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?5. We find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations. 6. The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures.分譯1. A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists (語言學家) and can be usefully recalled at this point.2. The underwater computer WetPC, fastened with a strap (皮帶) to the diver (潛水員), is designed for use by oceanographers (海洋學家) and other submarine workers who need to record data, consult maps, gather information, count fish and diagnose (診斷) equipment faults. (分譯)3. The ambassador (大使) was giving a dinner to a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. (分譯)4. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. (分譯)固定句式1. There are some people who wont left home in the morning without an umbrella.1. Generally speaking the Americans cannot smoke without many people complaining.2. You can never see too many sunrises here.增譯1. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch (紀元) of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity (懷疑) (增譯)2. It is argued by some writers that the transition to the fathers role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mothers role.3. In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.詞類轉換1. People should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do.There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.2. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers.一英譯漢概述英譯漢考試的重點是測試學生對英語的理解能力及漢語表達能力。在教育部制定的碩士學位研究生英語教學大綱中, 規(guī)定了碩士生入學時應達到的英語水平標準, 有關翻譯部分的規(guī)定是“能將一般難度的英語短文譯成漢語，理解基本正確，譯文達意”。這就需要考生既要有比較好的英語基礎，還要有扎實的漢語功底。翻譯是一項對綜合能力要求比較高的題型，它不僅要求學生對詞匯、語法、語篇以及文化等有較好的掌握，還要求學生有著很強的組詞成句、組句成段的能力。仔細觀察歷年的考題，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)這類題型主觀性比較強，它要求考生可以有適當?shù)陌l(fā)揮。但在評分時有合適標準和可接受的標準，也就是說只要考生所翻譯的句子適合于上下文的基本思想而且其譯文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定這個句子的翻譯符合要求。最近幾年的考研翻譯部分是給出一篇400多個詞的英語文章，要求考生在仔細閱讀整篇文章并理解文章的基本意義的基礎上，準確地按照上下文的提示和意義（即一定的語境）將劃線部分（一般是五個句子）翻譯成漢語。體裁大多是議論文，其中相當一部分的內容是有關科學常識的。所以要取得一個好成績考生不但要有比較扎實的翻譯基本功而且還需要比較廣的知識面。比較扎實的翻譯基本功包括良好的語言素質、對兩種語言異同點的把握和熟悉翻譯的基本技能和技巧。二翻譯的標準翻譯是運用一種語言把另一種語言所表達的思想內容準確而完整地表達出來的一種活動。翻譯在某中程度上講也是一個思維再創(chuàng)造的過程。在翻譯的過程中，譯者必須遵守一定的標準與原則。對于考研翻譯而言，“忠實”和“通順”是兩項最基本的要求。忠實：由于翻譯是在理解了別人用一種語言所表達的意思后，把同樣的意思用另一種語言表達出來，因此譯者首先要忠實于原作的內容，也就是說翻譯的過程主要是傳達別人的意思，而不是自己進行創(chuàng)作，不得篡改、歪曲、遺漏原文所表達的思想?？梢姕蚀_地理解原文是翻譯好一篇文章的關鍵。通順：這條原則指的是將一種語言翻譯成另一種語言后，譯文要流暢、明白、易懂。具體到英譯漢來說，就是將英語翻譯成漢語后，語言必須符合漢語的習慣和規(guī)范，用詞要準確，文字不晦澀、不生硬、不洋化。三翻譯五步驟 1正確理解原文、弄清上下文之間的關系: 英譯漢的第一步是準確、完整、透徹地理解英語原文。譯者對原文稍有差錯，譯文就不可能準確無誤，甚至會差之毫厘, 卻失之千里。任何一篇文章都是一個有機的整體，所有的內容都圍繞著文章的中心思想展開，每一個單詞每一個句子都是整體的一部分。如果只注意單個詞句，不注意整體，還是要出各種各樣的錯誤，即在某種意義上說不能完整地翻譯原文所要表達的意思。所以，在進行具體翻譯前，首先通讀全文，了解文章的整體內容，準確把握作者所要表達的主題思想和重要事實。在此基礎上，認真分析劃線部分與上下文之間的各種關系（邏輯關系、語法關系、意義關系）。認真分析劃線部分的語法結構: 英譯漢的句子一般比較長，而且其結構也比較復雜?？忌枰紫扔^察這個長句子中是否有從句，是哪種類型的從句。然后再找出主句和從句中的骨干結構（主語、謂語、賓語）及其修飾成分（狀語、定語、賓語補足語、同位語等），同時要注意句子是否有省略的地方，以及介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、動名詞短語的各種語法功能。這樣句子結構就十分清晰了，翻譯時就會心中有數(shù), 就能夠做到有的放矢。3仔細琢磨劃線部分英語句子的含義: 考生在對原文有一個整體的了解并且弄懂了劃線部分的語法結構后，就要仔細琢磨劃線部分英語句子的含義，特別留心一些固定表達法、某些短語的特殊含義、代詞的指代意義等。如：The importance of the English language in communication cant be overestimated. 這句話的意思是“英語在國際交流中的重要性怎么估計也不會過高?！比绻凑兆置嬉馑贾弊g，則很可能譯成“英語在國際交流中的重要性不能被估計過高”。4忠實流暢地漢語表達: 在準確理解劃線部分英語句子的含義后，如何用通順的漢語將其表達出來是關鍵。表達是理解的結果，是把已經理解了的原作內容選擇適當?shù)淖g文重新表達出來。由于兩種語言存在著語言、語法及表達方式上的差異，所以在翻譯的時候必須作相應的調整和改變，使中文讀者閱讀譯文時感到自然、流暢。5仔細審校潤色: 正確地理解原文、忠實流暢地用漢語表達原意是翻譯中的重要步驟，審校則是使譯文更完美的最后一個環(huán)節(jié)。通過審校，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些漏洞和不足之處，如人名、地名、日期、數(shù)字、時間等細節(jié)是否有遺漏和錯譯的地方，指代關系是否一致，是否存在錯別字，標點符號是否準確等。四英譯漢技巧1選詞用字法: 正確選詞是保證翻譯質量的重要前提。由于構思時聯(lián)想不同，表達方式不同以及英語和漢語兩種語言都有一詞多類、一詞多意等現(xiàn)象，用兩種語言表達同一種思想或描述同一種情況時所選用的詞語必然不同。因此在翻譯時要在理解原文的基礎上，選用一個恰當?shù)脑~語顯得尤為重要。如:1Every life has its roses and thorns. 2The population has increased to the extent of explosion. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. 3Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar. 2增譯法: 英漢兩種語言由于詞法和句法有差異，表達方式也不盡相同，翻譯時為了使譯文合乎漢語的習慣和表達規(guī)律，為了使意思更加明確，從意義、修辭和句法上考慮需要在譯文中適當增添一些雖無其詞而有其意的詞。1) 抽象名詞后加詞使其具體化。如: serious unemployment2) 增加數(shù)量詞。如: first oil well 第一口油井It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. （真題示范）3) 增加表示時態(tài)的詞。如: You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor. 4) 增加一個適當?shù)膭釉~。如: The world neednt be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other resources of fuel for the future. 5) 增加英語中省略的詞。如: This year the export quantity of black tea increased by 20 percent, and jasmine tea by 30 percent. 3減譯法: 由于英漢兩種語言在語法結構、表達方式以及修辭手段上的不同，有些詞語或句子成分在英語中是必不可少的，但若搬到譯文中去，就會影響譯文的簡潔和通順。因此在英譯漢的過程中，為了使譯文更加簡練，更符合漢語的表達習慣，需要省略一些可有可無或翻譯后反嫌累贅的詞語。但必須注意，減譯不是刪掉原文中的某些內容，在不易減譯的情況下，不要隨便減。1) 省略代詞。如:If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion. 2) 省略介詞。如:Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of science. （真題示范）3) 省略名詞。如:Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of may of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. （真題示范）4) 省略動詞。如:There is no doubt that well carry out the experiment successfully. He behaved politely while answering the interviewers questions.Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.（真題示范）4轉譯法: 英語和漢語的結構是有很大區(qū)別的，在翻譯過程中有些句子可以逐詞翻譯，但也有相當一部分句子不能按照英語的句子結構機械地翻譯。在忠實于原文的前提下，原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉換詞類，某些語法成分也需要作適當?shù)恼{整，這樣才能使?jié)h語譯文更通順、更自然。如:He acts as if he were a king. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human right, which is something the world does not have.（真題示范）5分譯法: 英語長句子比較多，漢語句子相對而言比較短。在翻譯時可以改變原文結構，把原文的某個成分從原來的結構中分離出來，譯成一個獨立成分、從句或并列分句。We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief. It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security. It is well said, in every sense, that a mans religion is the chief fact with regard to him. 6. 合譯法: 和分譯法不同，合譯法是將不同的句子成分組合在一起，使其更符合漢語的表達方法。如: To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to encourage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. （真題示范）Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. （真題示范）7反譯法: 一個問題有時可以從不同的角度來解釋說明。有些句子英語是從正面說的，漢語可以從反面來解釋。1) 否定譯成肯定。如: There is no rule that has no exception.（雙重否定） Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.（雙重否定）（真題示范）Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. （真題示范）2) 肯定譯成否定。如:Everyone has the right to be free from hunger. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.（真題示范）Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.（真題示范）The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off. 8. 順序調整法: 一般來說，翻譯時應該按照句子原來的順序進行，但由于英漢兩種語言中定語、狀語和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻譯時需要做一定的調整（例如采用倒譯法），使其更符合漢語的習慣。如:That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.（真題示范）9被動語態(tài)翻譯法1) 變?yōu)闈h語的主動形式。如:We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal one. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.（真題示范）In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.（真題示范）2) 如果英語中的被動意義必須表達出來，那么，譯成漢語時也可以用含有被動意義的句子來表達。英語中的被動態(tài)含義可以用漢語的“被”、“為”、“靠”、“由”、“受”、“叫”、“讓”、“遇到”、“受到”、“加以”、“遭到”、“得到”、“是的”、“挨”、“見”、“為所”、“給”、“使”等表示被動意思的詞語來表達。例如：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. （真題示范）When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. （真題示范） 3) 被動結構的表語化，將其翻譯成“是的”、“由的” 。如:Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.（真題示范）4) 增添“人們”、“大家”等適當?shù)脑~做漢語譯文的主語。如:With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.。And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.（真題示范）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.（真題示范）代詞名詞化The properties of alloys are much better than those of simple metals. 合金的特性比純金的特性好得多。（名詞重復）It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. （真題示范）長句翻譯法對于每一個英語句子的翻譯, 并不只是使用一種翻譯方法, 而是多種翻譯方法的綜合運用, 這在英語長句的翻譯中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。長句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)極為頻繁, 因此也就成為研究生入學考試的重點, 通過對近年來試題的分析我們可以看出, 所考查的絕大多數(shù)劃線的部分都是長句。在翻譯長句時, 首先，不要因為句子太長而產生畏懼心理，因為，無論是多么復雜的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語原文的句法結構, 找出整個句子的中心內容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關系, 再按照漢語的特點和表達方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。一、 英語長句的分析一般來說, 造成長句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語過多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語言結構層次多。在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法:(1) 找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語, 從整體上把握句子的結構。(2) 找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。(3) 分析從句和短語的功能, 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等)。(4) 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關系, 如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。(5) 注意插入語等其他成分。(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。下面我們結合一些實例來進行分析:例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. （真題示范）例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. （真題示范）二、 長句的翻譯英語習慣于用長的句子表達比較復雜的概念, 而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進行英譯漢時, 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異, 將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。(1) 順譯法: 當英語長句的內容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時, 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。如果原文中所描述的一連串動作是按時間順序安排的，也可以運用順譯法翻譯。例如:例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. （真題示范）例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. （真題示范）例3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.例4 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientist and technologists of all kinds. （真題示范）（2）逆譯法：所謂逆譯法即從原文后面或中間譯起，英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯, 原文開頭放在譯文末尾。例如：例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.例2. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.例3. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.（真題示范）(3)分句法：有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切, 翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣,把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時需要適當增加詞語。例如:例1. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. （真題示范）例3. Also common in the natural sciences, the “technicist fallacy” mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. （真題示范）(4) 綜合法: 上面我們講述了英語長句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實上,在翻譯一個英語長句時, 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細分析, 或按照時間的先后,或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結合, 主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。例如:例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.例3. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities. （真題示范）條件狀語從句的翻譯Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept “unnatural food” （真題示范） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. （真題示范） Our whole physical universe, when reduced to the simplest terms, is made up of two things, energy and matter. 結果與目的狀語(從句)的翻譯在復合句中，也有目的分句。它的一般語序是前面的分句敘述事實或措施，后面的分句說名目的，如果表示的目的是要得到什，常用“以”、“以便”、“用以”、“以使”、“以致” “得以”等詞。如果表示的目的是要避免到什么，則用“以免”、“以防”、“免得”等詞。需要強調時，則將“為了”至于句首。如：Galileos greatest glory was that in 2609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope in the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.考研翻譯常見的難點和要點：1、主語 + be more + 表語B + than