直接引語 直接引用別人的原話叫做直接引語，直接引語通常置于引號(hào)內(nèi)（“引用原話”）。 “What is it all about?” “究竟是什么事呢？” “Nothing serious, just a storm in a teacup.” “沒有什么，大驚小怪而已?！?間接引語 用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的意思，或引用自己說過的話， 都叫做間接引語。間接引語多數(shù)用賓語從句來表達(dá)。 Mary said that she received a sugar report this morning. 瑪莉說她今天早上收到了一封情書。 He said that his hands were quite full at that moment. 他說那時(shí)他忙得不可開交。直接引語間接引語的區(qū)別 直接引語：直接引述別人的話（句子中有“”）。 間接引語：用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫“間接引語”（句子中一般無“”） 二直接引語變間接引語 A.一般不表示請(qǐng)求或祈使的句子改為一個(gè)賓語從句 1.連詞 若直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容是陳述句，那么改為間接時(shí)，要用連詞 that (可以省略) .一般疑問句，.，要用連詞 if/whether (不可以省略) .特殊疑問句，.，要用連詞 wh- 即特殊疑問詞本身（不可省） 2.變化 （1）主句動(dòng)詞的變化 一般說來，主句謂語動(dòng)詞常為said或said to，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，當(dāng)直接引語是陳述句時(shí)，said不變。當(dāng)直接引語是一般疑問句和特殊疑問句時(shí)，則要把said或said to變?yōu)閍sked / asked sb. （2）從句人稱的變化 由直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，從句的主語人稱要遵循一主、二賓、三不變的原則。直接引語的主語是第一人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)要和主句的主語保持一致。如果直接引語的主語是第二人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)要與主句的賓語保持一致。如果直接引語的主語是第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱不變。例如： They said, “We will go there by bus.” They said they would go there by bus. She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” She asked me if I was interested in science. His mother said to me, “He cant go to school.” His mother told me that he couldnt go to school. （3）、從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化 a. 如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)則應(yīng)是與主句時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)；過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)（不變）；一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)。例如： The girl said, “Im sorry for being late for class.” The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class. b. 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)，則間接引語從句的時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。例如： He says, “I have finished my homework.” He says that he has finished his homework. She will say, “Ill do it tomorrow.” She will say that shell do it the next day. c. 直接引語如果是客觀事實(shí)或真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如： The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. （4）、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和動(dòng)詞的變化 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，指示代詞的變化為thisthat， thesethose等；時(shí)間狀語的變化為nowthen， todaythat day， yesterdaythe day before, tomorrowthe next day等；地點(diǎn)狀語的變化為herethere；動(dòng)詞的變化為comego（go 不要變come）。例如： 1. She said, “I will come this evening.” She said that she would go that evening. 2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then. B.表示請(qǐng)求或祈使的句子改為句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth 當(dāng)直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容表示要求時(shí)用tell sb (not) to do sth 當(dāng)直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)用ask sb (not) to do sth 當(dāng)直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容表示強(qiáng)制要求時(shí)用order sb (not) to do sth引述別人的話時(shí)，一般采用兩種方式：一是引用別人的原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，稱為直接引語；二是用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，稱為間接引語。間接引語在大多數(shù)情況下是一個(gè)賓語從語。直接引語變成間接引語時(shí)，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：人稱變化、時(shí)態(tài)變化、賓語從句要用陳述句語序。1.直接引語是陳述句，變成間接引語時(shí)，由連詞that 引導(dǎo)。例如：She said, I am very happy to help you.She said that she was very happy to help you.2. 直接引語是一般(選擇/反意)疑問句，變成間接引語時(shí)，由連詞whether或if 引導(dǎo)。例如：He asked me, Do you like playing football?He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.注意：大多數(shù)情況下，if和whether 可以互換，但后有or not,或在動(dòng)詞不定式前，或放在介詞后作連接詞時(shí)，一般只用whether。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.3. 直接引語是特殊疑問句，變成間接引語時(shí)，由相應(yīng)的疑問詞who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引導(dǎo)。例如：My sister asked me, How do you like the film?My sister asked me how I liked the film.4. 直接引語是祈使句，變成間接引語時(shí)，把動(dòng)詞原形變成動(dòng)詞不定式，并在動(dòng)詞不定前加tell, ask, order 等的賓語。例如：The captain ordered, Be quiet.The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意：此種情況的否定句，在動(dòng)詞不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, Dont laugh.My teacher asked me not to laugh.5. 一些注意事項(xiàng)(1)直接引語是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理等，變成間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：They told their son,The earth goes round the sun.They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.(2)直接引語變間接引語時(shí)， 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。如：this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, I havent seen her today.He said that he hadnt seen her that day.注意：如果轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)就在原來的地方，就在說話的當(dāng)天，就不必改變指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等。(3)間接引語一般要用陳述句的語序，即主、謂、賓的順序。例如： He asked Lucy, Where did you go?He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, What do you want, Ann?Tom asked Ann what she wanted.直接引語變間接引語的五種方法 1. 直接引語為陳述句時(shí)如何變?yōu)殚g接引語方法是：將直接引語變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動(dòng)詞之后(that也可省略)：“I dont love her.” he says. 他說：“我不愛她?！盚e says that he doesnt love her. 他說他不愛她?！咀⒁狻?1)若引述動(dòng)詞用的是say to sb，則通常改為tell sb：“Its a secret.” he said to me. 他對(duì)我說：“這是秘密?！盚e told me that it was a secret. 他對(duì)我說那是秘密。(2)若直接引語是兩個(gè)并列的陳述句，要注意在第二個(gè)賓語從句前加連詞that：He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他說：“我喜歡唱歌，我想當(dāng)歌手?！盚e says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他說他喜歡唱歌，想當(dāng)歌手。在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)賓語從句的that有時(shí)可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)賓語從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。(from ) 2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時(shí)如何變?yōu)殚g接引語方法是：將直接引語變?yōu)橛蒳f或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動(dòng)詞之后：“Are you ill?” he asked. 他問：“你病了嗎？”He asked if whether I was ill. 他問我是否病了。【注意】(1)改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。(2)若直接引語引述動(dòng)詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等。 3. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時(shí)如何變?yōu)殚g接引語方法是：將直接引語變?yōu)橛伞耙蓡栐~”引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動(dòng)詞之后：He asked, “When did she leave?” 他問：“她什么時(shí)候離開的？”He asked when she had left. 他問她什么時(shí)候離開的。【注意】(1)改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。(2)若直接引語引述動(dòng)詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等。4. 直接引語為祈使句時(shí)如何變?yōu)殚g接引語方法是：使用ask tell, order sb to do sth這一結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，若祈使句為否定式，則用ask tell, order sb not to do sth，其中ask, tell, order的選擇視句子的語氣而定：“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他說：“吉姆，明天早點(diǎn)來。”He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早點(diǎn)來?！癉ont be late again, Mary.” he said. 他說：“瑪麗，不要再遲到了?！盚e told Mary not to be late again. 他叫瑪麗不要再遲到了?！咀⒁狻?1)除動(dòng)詞ask, tell, order外，有時(shí)也可能用其他動(dòng)詞：“Dont go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他說：“吉姆，晚上別出去?！盚e warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。(2)若祈使句中沒有呼語，應(yīng)根據(jù)句意給動(dòng)詞ask, tell, order等補(bǔ)上適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語：“Watch carefully.” he said. 他說：“仔細(xì)看著?！盚e told us to watch carefully. 他叫我們仔細(xì)看著。(from ) 5. 直接引語變間接引語的非正常方法有時(shí)直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，可根據(jù)具體的語境選用某種特定的方式，而不拘泥于以上通常方法：“You had better hurry, Bill.” he said. 他說：“比爾，你最好快點(diǎn)?！盚e advised Bill to hurry. 他建議比爾快點(diǎn)?！癝hall we meet at two?” he said. 他說：“我們兩點(diǎn)集合好不好？”He suggested meeting at two. 他建議兩點(diǎn)集合。“Shall I do it for you?” he asked. 他說：“我替你做好嗎？”He offered to do it for me. 他主動(dòng)提出替我做?！癈ould you help us?” he said. 他說：“請(qǐng)幫幫我們好嗎？”He asked me to help them. 他叫我?guī)蛶退麄儭Ｓ行┲苯右Z比較特殊，不太適宜用以上方法變間接引語，也應(yīng)根據(jù)句意選用恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式：“Thank you.” he said. 他說：“謝謝你?！盚e thanked me. 他向我表示感謝?！癎ood luck.” he said. 他說：“祝你好運(yùn)?！盚e wished me good luck. 他祝我好運(yùn)。He said, “Liar.” 他說：“你撒謊?！盚e called me a liar. 他罵我撒謊直接引語變間接引語語法講解一、人稱人稱變化可以遵循如下順口溜“一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”。“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化，如： She said. “My brother wants to go with me.” She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱，或被第二人“你”所修飾，從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒有賓語，也可以用第一人稱，如： He said to Kate，How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化，如： Mr. Smith said，“Jack is a good worker.”Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、時(shí)態(tài)直接引語在改為間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。其基本法則和我們剛剛學(xué)過的賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化一致，也就是說從句時(shí)態(tài)要和主句時(shí)態(tài)一致。如果從句是過去時(shí)，主句要向后退一格時(shí)態(tài)，變成一種過去時(shí)。1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” She said she had lost a pen. （現(xiàn)在完成 過去完成）2. She said. “We hope so.” She said they hoped so. (一般現(xiàn)在 一般過去)3. She said,“He will go to see his friend?！?She said he would go to see his friend. (一般將來 過去將來) 但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。 直接引語是客觀真理。如： “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如： Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street. 直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如： Xiao Wang said，“I was born on April 20, 1980.” Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980. 直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變間接引語，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如： He said, “I get up at six every morning.” He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有過去時(shí)的形式（例：ought to，had better，used to)和已經(jīng)是 過去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：could, should, would, might）不再變。如： Peter said，“You had better come have today.” Peter said I had better go there that day.三、其它直接引語變間接引語，具有指代性的詞也需要變化，一些具體變化如下：指示代詞 this -that these - those表示時(shí)間的詞 now - then today - that day this week(month, etc.) - that week (month, etc.) yesterday - the day before last week(month) - the week(month) before three days(a year)ago - three days(a year)before tomorrow - the next (following ) day next week(month)-the next(following)week(month) 表地點(diǎn)的詞 here - there 動(dòng)詞 bring - take come - go四、句型： 直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.” She said that their bus would arrive in