1 CultureandChineseCulturalvalues1 PART1THEORIES Chapter1Culture traditionalChinesecultureandthemainculturalvaluesI Definitionnearly300interpretations 文化 wenhua culture wasprobablyfirstusedinWestHanDynasty 206B C 24A D InConfuciustime 551 479B C 文 themoralbehaviorandthenormsthatthelearnedshouldhave and 質(zhì) thesimple plainhumanqualities theopposingsideof 文 hadbeentalkedabout 質(zhì)勝文 primitivemen rough boorish 文勝質(zhì) thelossofprimitivehumannaturalqualitiesbecauseoftoomuch 文 沒有文化 學文化 文化水平高 bookknowledgeandeducation 文化館 文化活動 文化交流 文化消費 art music library museum entertainment publishing etc So cultureisthedifferencebetweenhumanlifeandanimallife Animalsliveinwildnature whilehumanbeingslivesin culture whichmeanssurvivalanddevelopment Then whatisculture Cultureisabroadtermusedtodescribethearts thebelief thevalue thecustoms thetraditionsandtheinstitutionsthatareconsideredtobecharacteristicofacommunity apeople aregionoranation II TypesofCultureCultureisusuallyclassifiedinto4types MaterialCulture potsSpiritualCultureArts calligraphy folkarts music etc Concepts ideology aestheticconceptions socialvaluesandtaboos etc Moralprinciples totheelderly young poor etiquettes Religion Buddhism Taoism Confucianism SocialCultureFolkCulture festivalcelebrations EntertainmentCulture Mahjong SportsCulture Wushu Qigong LanguageCultureChineseCharactersandtheculture III TraditionalChineseSpirits ValuesConfucius Confucian Mencius thoughtLaoziTheAnalects 論語 IntheAnalects ConfucianthoughtandhislifestorywererecordedbyhisdisciplesandStudents Confucius OnHeavenandPeopleMuchofConfucianthoughtonHeavenandpeoplerepresentuniversalhumanvalues ConfuciusonHeaven theSourceofEverythingGenerally Confuciusregarded Heaven asnature Heavendoesnotspeakinwords Itspeaksthroughtherotationoffourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings Heaven naturethecreationoflifeIntheeyesofConfucius Heavenequalednature whichwaslifelessbutwasthegreatworldoflifeandtheprocessofcreationoflife Humanlifewaspartandparcelofnatureasawhole Sothenaturalprocessoflifecreationwasthe WayofHeaven 天道 ThisideawaslaterdevelopedinTheBookofChanges Yijing易經(jīng) Heavenwasthesourceofalllivingthingsandsourceofallvalues Sohumansarebornwithasenseof heavenlymission andthisisthemeaningofhumanlife ConfuciusonPeopleRen 仁 benevolence andLi 禮 ritual arethetwocoreconceptsofConfucius doctrineaboutpeople Confucius interpretationofrenis loveofpeople whichis universallove Heregarded filialpietyandfraternalduty astheessenceofren TheDoctrineoftheMean Zhongyong quotesConfuciusassaying Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveofone sparents Byren Confuciusmeantuniversallovebasedonloveofone sparents Buthowshouldpeopleloveoneanotherthen Confuciussaid Oneshouldbeawarethatotherpeoplemayhavesimilardesiresasoneself Hefurthersaid Donotdotowardothersanythingyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou 己所不欲 勿施于人 推己及人 Mencius c 372 289BC agreatConfucianscholar bestsummarizedrenas lovingone sparents lovingthepeople lovingeverythingin theworld Lireferstorituals traditionsandnormsinsociallife Ofthese Confuciusregardedburialrituals 喪禮 andancestralworshiprituals 祭禮 themostimportantbecausetheyarosefromhumanfeelings Throughburialritualsandancestralworshiprituals peopleareabletoexperiencetheeverlastingcontinuityoflife appreciatingthevalueandmeaningoflife Confuciusplacedemphasisonliwiththeaimofpreservingsocialorder stabilityandharmony TheAnalectssays Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople 父子有親 君臣有義 夫婦有別 長幼有序 朋友有信 Chinesevs WesternCulturalValuesHumanities moralities vs Sciences towardsnature seekingthetruth etc Collectivismvs Individualism liberalism group sheep liberalism dog independence Moderation Cooperation vs Competition 和 中庸 中和 和而不同 Betterisbetter Closedvs Open agriculture familyclan schools 國 四海 四合院 OthersPaternalismvs EgalitarianismFormalism Conformism vs PragmatismHomogeneityvs Pluralism Diversity tolerance inclusiveness包 寬 容Harmony和諧 GreatHarmony大同 ReferencesYe Lang Zhu LiangzhiInsightsintoChineseCultureForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress 2008Xu xingyanAComparativeStudyofChines