無錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)英語翻譯1專業(yè)英語翻譯資料Computer-integratedmanufacturing(CIM)isthetermusedtodescribethemostmodernapproachtomanufacturing.AlthoughCIMencompassesmanyoftheotheradvancedmanufacturingtechnologies,itismorethananewtechnologyornewconcept.CIMisactuallyanentirelynewapproachtomanufacturinganewwayofdoingwayofdoingbusiness.計算機集成制造（CIM）是用來描述最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)的術(shù)語，盡管CIM包括了很多其他先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)，但它卻是一種更新的新技術(shù)或新概念。CIM實際上對經(jīng)營提出了一條全新的道路。Theterm“computer-integratedmanufacturing”wasdevelopedin1974byJosephHarringtonasthetitleofabookhewrotetyingislandsofautomationtogetherthroughtheusedofcomputers.IthastakenmanyyearsforCIMtodevelopasaconcept,butintegratedmanufacturingisnotreallynew.Infactintegrationiswheremanufacturingactuallybegan.Manufacturinghasdevelopedthroughfourdistinctstages:manualmanufacturing,mechanization/specialization,automationandintegration.“計算機集成制造”這一術(shù)語是由JosephHarringoton在1974年提出的，作為他當(dāng)時寫的一本關(guān)于用計算機把自動島連接起來的書的名稱。CIM變成一種概念用了好多年，但集成制造并不是新近提出的。實際上集成是伴隨著制造產(chǎn)生的。制造業(yè)經(jīng)歷了四個明顯的階段；手工制造，機械化/專業(yè)化，自動化和集成化。Withtheadventofthecomputerage,manufacturinghasdevelopedfullcircle.Itbeganasatotallyintegratedconceptand,withCIM,hasonceagainbecomeone.However,therearemajordifferencesinthemanufacturingintegrationoftodayandthatofthemanualeraofthepast.First,theinstrumentofintegrationinthemanualerawasthehumanmind.Theinstrumentofintegrationmodernmanufacturingisthecomputer.Second,processesinthemodernmanufacturingsettingarestillspecializedandautomated.隨著計算機時代的降臨，制造業(yè)的發(fā)展變成一個循環(huán)，它一開始就是集成的概念，最終還是這一概念。但是，今天的制造集成和手工時代的集成已有了本質(zhì)的不同。首先，手工時代的集成設(shè)備是人腦，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的集成設(shè)備是電腦。其次，現(xiàn)代制造設(shè)備上進(jìn)行的工藝仍是專業(yè)化和自動化。AnotherwaytoviewthehistoricaldevelopmentofCIMisbyexaminingthewaysinwhichsomeoftheindividualcomponentsofCIMhavedevelopedoverthe無錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)英語翻譯2years.Suchcomponentsasdesign,planningandproductionusedtoaccomplishtheprocesses.回顧CIM發(fā)展歷史的另一方法是檢驗CIM中一些組成環(huán)節(jié)的發(fā)展過程。這些環(huán)節(jié)，如設(shè)計，計劃和生產(chǎn)，無論在過程本身還是在完成這些過程所使用的工具，設(shè)備方面都發(fā)生了重大改進(jìn)。Designhasevolvedfromamanualprocessusingsuchtoolsassliderules,triangles,pencils,scales,anderasersintoanautomatedprocessknownascomputer-aideddesign(CAD).Processplanninghasevolvedfromamanualprocessknownascomputer-aidedprocessplanning(CAPP).Productionhasevolvedfromamanualprocessinvolvingmanuallycontrolledmachinesintoanautomatedprocessknownascomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).設(shè)計已從計算尺，三角板，鉛筆，比例尺和橡皮的手工操作中解放出來，變成了使用計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD）的自動過程，工藝規(guī)劃已叢使用計劃表的手工過程變成了計算機輔助工藝規(guī)劃（CAPP）。產(chǎn)生已叢使用人工操縱機床的手工過程解放出來變成了計算機輔助制造（CAM）。Theseindividualcomponentsofmanufacturingevolvedovertheyearsintoseparateislandsofautomation.However,communicationamongtheseislandswasstillhandledmanually.Thislimitedthelevelofimprovementinproductivitythatcouldbeaccomplishedintheoverallmanufacturingprocess.Whentheseislandsandotherautomatedcomponentsofmanufacturingarelinkedtogetherthroughcomputernetworks,theselimitationscanbeovercome.Computer-integratedmanufacturinghasenormouspotentialforimprovingproductivityinmanufacturing,butitisnotwithoutproblems.這些制造的組成環(huán)節(jié)經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展已變成了一個個的自動島。但是，這些島之間的通信仍是手工的。這限制了依靠整個加工系統(tǒng)才能實現(xiàn)的生產(chǎn)力水平的提高。當(dāng)這些島和制造的其他一些自動化環(huán)節(jié)通過計算機網(wǎng)連起來時，這個限制被克服了。計算機集成制造在發(fā)展制造生產(chǎn)力方面有巨大潛能，但它也不是沒有問題。Aswithanynewphilosophythatrequiresmajorchangestothestatusquo,CIMisnotwithoutproblems.TheproblemsassociatedwithCIMfallintothreemajorcategories；正如任何一種要求對現(xiàn)狀作較大改變的新觀念一樣，CIM也不會是沒有問題的。CIM的主要問題有三個方面：technicalproblems；無錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)英語翻譯3技術(shù)問題culturalproblem；文化問題business-relatedproblem；和經(jīng)營之間的問題ThesetypesofproblemshavehinderedthedevelopmentofCIMovertheyearsandwillhavetobeovercomeforCIMtoachievewidespreadimplementation.這些問題多年來阻礙了CIM的發(fā)展，CIM要想得到廣泛的推廣，就必須克服這些障礙。Ifmechanicalengineeringisregardedastheprocessofdesign,developmentandmanufacture,thenonecanidentifyafastgrowingaspectknownascomputeraidedengineering(CAE),thisincludescomputeraideddesign(CAD)andcomputeraidedmanufacture(CAM).Itisimportanttonotetheword“aided”inallthesetitles,astheengineeristillthekeyperson.如果認(rèn)為機械工程是一個由設(shè)計，開發(fā)和制造組成的過程的話，那么很容易和能看到其中一個快速發(fā)展的方面；計算機輔助工程（CAE），它包括了計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD）和計算機輔助制造（CAM）。需要特別指出的是，雖然這些名稱中都有輔助一詞，但工程師仍是關(guān)鍵人物。OtheraspectsofCAEimportanttothemechanicalengineerincludethetestingandprovingofadesign,oftenusingcomputer-controlledtestrigswithautomaticdataloggingandprocessing,i.e.,readingofinstrumenttransducers,producinganaloguevoltagesignalswhicharepassedthroughanAtoDinterfacetoproduceadigitalsignaltobestoredandprocessedinthecomputerandthengraphicallydisplayed.Processsimulationisalsoachievedinacomputertoguidedesign,anexamplebeingthecombustionprocessinapetrolengine,computersarealsousedforcontrolpurposes,suchastheenginemanagementsysteminamodernmotorcar.對于機械工程師來說，CAE的其他重要方面；實驗和驗證。這可以通過使用帶有自動數(shù)據(jù)記錄和處理裝置的計算機控制的檢驗設(shè)備來實現(xiàn)。既采用讀入通信設(shè)備產(chǎn)生模擬電壓信號，再通過AD轉(zhuǎn)換接口產(chǎn)生數(shù)字信號，計算機通過對這些信號的存儲和處理生動地把結(jié)果顯示出來。計算機同時還可以對過程進(jìn)行模擬指導(dǎo)設(shè)計工作，如汽油機中的燃燒過程。計算機還可以用于控制，如現(xiàn)代化汽車中的發(fā)動機控制系統(tǒng)。Allcomputingsystemsneeddatabases,whichareakintofilingsystems.Thusadatabaseisacollectionofinformationstoredisacomputermemorywhichmaybe無錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)英語翻譯4accessedandusedintheprogramsbeingexercised.Simpleexampleswouldincludesectionmoduleofstandardbeams,thepropertiesofarefrigerantorheadlossfactorsforvariouspipefittings.所有的計算機系統(tǒng)都需要數(shù)據(jù)庫，這跟需要文件系統(tǒng)相類似。這種數(shù)據(jù)庫收集了存在存儲器中的信息，這種信息可以在執(zhí)行的程序中運用。一些簡單的例子如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁的截面模量，制冷劑的特性或各種管子安裝時端部損失系數(shù)。BeforeconsideringthemechanicaltechnologyaspectsofCAD,itisnecessaryforthedesignertotakeaccountoftheuseofCAMmethods.Suchsystemsusecomputernumericallycontrolledmachines(CNC)andthesemaywellbeoperatedbytheCAEsystempostprocessorwhichshapesthedrawingdateintocutterpaths,etc.在探討CAD的機械技術(shù)方面之前，設(shè)計者必須考慮CAM方法的使用。這種系統(tǒng)使用計算機數(shù)控機床，這些機床是由可把圖紙數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成刀具路徑的CAE后期信息處理控制的。CNCmachinesareavailableforavarietyofprocesses,includingturning,milling,flame-cutting,grindingandbending.Inspectionandmeasurementmayalsobecomputercontrolledandpartsmaybehandledandmovedaroundbyrobotorautomatedguidedvehicle(AGV),whichisprogrammedtofollowametallicconductoronorinthefactoryfloor.AcombinationofCNC,robotsandAGVcanbelinkedtofromaflexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS),controlledbyonemanfromasinglecomputerworkstation.Thegroupnameforthesemanufacturingmethodsisadvancedmanufacturingtechnology(AMT)andthedesignengineer