中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)2007屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)第1頁英文原文AbstractThefactorsaffectingtheperformanceof90kW-shieldedroadheaderisinvestigatedindetailinatunnelexcavatedforNuhCementFactory.Thefirstpartofthetunnelishorizontalandthesecondpartisinclinedwith9_andexcavateduphill.TunnelpassesthroughaformationoftheUpperCretaceousagewithnodularmarl,carbonatedclaystone,thinandthicklaminatedlimestone.Wateringresschangesfrom0to11l/min.Insixdifferentzonesitisfoundthattherockcompressivestrengthchangedfrom20to45MPa,tensilestrengthfrom1to4MPa,specificenergyfrom11to16MJ/m3,plasticlimitfrom15%to29%,liquidlimitfrom27%to43%andwaterabsorptionfrom4%to18%involume.Detailedinsituobservationsshowthatindryzonesforthesamerockstrengththeinclinationofthetunnelandthestratahelptoincreasetheinstantaneouscuttingratefrom10to25solidbankm3/cuttinghour.Theeffectofwateroncuttingrateisdramatic.InthezoneswheretheplasticlimitandtheamountofAl2O3islow,instantaneouscuttingrateincreasesfrom34to50solidbankm3/cuttinghourwithincreasingwatercontentfrom3.5to11l/min.However,inthestratahavinghighwaterabsorptioncharacteristicandhighamountofAl2O3,cuttingratedecreasesconsiderablyduetothestickymud,causingproblemtothecutterhead.Excavation,muckloadingandsupportworksareperformedseparatelyduetosafetyconcernsinthewetandinclinedsectionswhichreducedthemachineutilizationtimefrom38%to8%.Theinformationgatheredisbelievedtoforma中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)2007屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)第2頁soundbasisincontributingtheperformancepredictionofroadheadersindifficultgroundconditions._2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Tunnelexcavation；Roadheaderperformanceprediction；Corecuttingtest；Specificenergy1.IntroductionTheapplicationofroadheadersindifficultgroundconditions,inrecentyears,hasincreasedconsiderablyinbothcivilandminingengineeringfields.Thepredictionofinstantaneous(net)cuttingrateandmachineutilizationtime,determiningdailyadvancerates,playsanimportantroleinthetimeschedulingofthetunnelingprojects,hence,indeterminingtheeconomyoftunnelexcavation.Althoughmanyroadheaderperformancepredictionmodelswerepublishedinthepast,thepublisheddataondifficultgroundconditionssuchastheeffectsoftunnelinclination,wateringress,excessivefracturezones,etc.ondailyadvancerateswerequitescarce.Sandbak(1985)andDouglas(1985)usedarockclassificationsystemtoexplainthechangesofroadheaderadvanceratesatSanManuelCopperMineinaninclineddriftatan11%grade.Theyconcludedthatforaperformancepredictionmodel,engineeringaspectsoftheroadheadershadtobealsoincorporatedwiththegeomechanicalfactors.FielddataonroadheadermachineperformanceininclinedtunnelswerealsopublishedbyUnrugandWhitsell(1984)fora14_slopeinPyroCoalMine,byNavinetal.(1985)at13_and15_inclinesinoilshalemineandbyLivingstoneandDorricott(1995)inBallaratEastGoldMine.Themajorityofperformancepredictionmodelsweredevelopedforhorizontaltunnels.Bilgin(1983)developedamodelbasedonspecificenergyobtainedfromdrillingrateofapercussivedrill.ModelsforwidelyjointedrockformationsweredescribedbySchneider(1988),ThuroandPlinninger(1998,1999),Gehring(1989,1997),Dunetal.(1997)andUehigashietal.(1987).Theyreportedthatforagivencuttingpower,cuttingratesofroadheadersdecreaseddramaticallywithincreasingvaluesofrockcompressivestrength.Copuretal.(1997,1998)statedthatifthepowerandtheweightoftheroadheaderswereconsideredtogether,inadditiontorockcompressivestrength,thecuttingratepredictionsweremorerealistic.Anotherconceptofpredictingmachineinstantaneouscuttingratewastousespecificenergydescribedastheenergyspenttoexcavateaunitvolumeofrockmaterial.FarmerandGarrity(1987)andPoole(1987)showedthatforagivenpowerofroadheader,excavationrateinsolidbankm3/cuttinghourmightbepredictedusingspecificenergyvaluesgivenasinthefollowingequation,中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)2007屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)第3頁whereSEisthespecificenergy,rcistherockcompressivestrengthandEistherockelasticmodulus.Widelyacceptedrockclassificationandassessmentfortheperformanceestimationofroadheadersisbasedonthespecificenergyfoundfromcorecuttingtests(McFeat-SmithandFowell,1977,1979；FowellandJohnson,1982；Fowelletal.,1994).DetailedlaboratoryandinsituinvestigationscarriedoutbyMcFeat-SmithandFowell(1977,1979)showedthattherewasacloserelationshipbetweenspecificenergyvaluesobtainedfromcorecuttingtestsandcuttingratesformediumandheavyweightroadheadersseparately.Theyreportedalsothattoolconsumptionmightbepredictedfromweightlossofcutterusedincorecuttingtest.Rockcuttabilityclassificationbasedoncorecuttingtestisusuallycriticizedasthattheeffectofrockdiscontinuitiesarenotreflectedinperformanceprediction.Bilginetal.(1988,1990,1996,1997)developedaperformanceequationbasedonrockcompressivestrengthandrockqualitydesignationasgivenbelowwhereICRistheinstantaneouscuttingrateinsolidbankm3/cuttinghour,Pisthepowerofcuttingheadinhp,RMCIistherockmasscuttabilityindex,rcistheuniaxialcompressivestrengthinMPaandRQDistherockqualitydesignationinpercent.Dunetal.(1997)comparedthemodelsdescribedbyBilginetal.(1988,1990)andMcFeat-SmithandFowell(1977,1979)inaresearchworkcarriedoutatKumbaldaMinewhereaVoestAlpineAM75roadheaderwasutilized.Twodistinctgroupsofdatawereevident.ThedatagroupedaroundBilginlinewasstronglyinfluencedbythejointingandweaknesszonespresentinrockmass.TheothergroupofdataonthelineproducedbyMcFeat-SmithandFowellcorrespondedtoareaswherelessjointingandfewerweaknesszoneswerepresent.Oneofthemostacceptedmethodtopredictthecuttingrateofanyexcavatingmachineistouse,cuttingpower,specificenergyobtainedfromfullscalecuttingtestsandenergytransferratiofromthecuttingheadtotherockformationasinthefollowingequation(Rostamietal.,1994；RostamiandOzdemir,1996)whereICRisthinstantaneousproductionrateinsolidbankm3/cuttinghour,PisthecuttingpowerofthemechanicalminerinkW,SEoptistheoptimumspecificenergyinkWh/m3andkisenergytransfercoefficientdependingonthemechanicalminerutilized.Rostamietal.(1994)stronglyemphasizedthatthepredictedvalueofcuttingratewasmorerealisticifspecificenergyvaluein中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)2007屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)第4頁equationwasobtainedfromfull-scalelinearcuttingtestsinoptimumconditionsusingreallifecutters.Rostamietal.(1994)pointedoutthatkchangedbetween0.45and0.55forroadheadersandfrom0.85to0.90forTBMs.Bilginetal.(2000)showedintheirexperimentalandnumericalstudiesthatperformanceofmechanicalminerswasaffecteduptoacertaindegreebytheearthand/oroverburdenpressureandstress.Copuretal.(2001)showedthatspecificenergyobtainedfromfull-scalelinearcuttingtestsinoptimumcuttingconditionswashighlycorrelatedtorockuniaxialcompressivestrengthandBraziliantensilestrength.Theeffectoftunnelinclination,wateringressandthepresenceofclayonroadheaderperformancewasnotclearlyshownintheabove-mentionedworks.Themainobjectiveoftheresearchstudydescribedinthispaperistocontributetheperformancepredictionmodelsindifficultgroundconditions.Hereketunnelischosenforthispurpose.Thefirst50mofthetunnelishorizontal.Later225misinclinedwith9_andexcavateduphill.Thereisexcessivewateringressandclayinsomesections.DetailedinsituobservationsaremadeduringthetunnelexcavationandrocksamplesarecollectedfortestinginthelaboratoriesoftheMiningEngineeringDepartmentofIstanbulTechnicalUniversityforgroundcharacterization.antaneouscuttingrateoftheroadheaderusedintheprojectisexplainedbysomegeologicalandgeotechnicalfactors.Factorsaffectingmachineutilizationtimeisalsoexplainedindetail.2.DescriptionofthetunnelprojectTheHerekeTunnel,locatedi