1、中學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)問(wèn)點(diǎn)總結(jié)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 常常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every, sometimes, at, on sundayi leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)； the earth moves around the sun. shanghai lies in the east of china.3) 表示格言或警句中；pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)?；留意：此用法假如顯現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；例： colu

2、mbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、才能、性格、個(gè)性；i don t want so much.ann wang writes good english but does not speak well.比較： now i put the sugar in the cup. i am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作；再如：now watch me, i switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的 now 是進(jìn)

3、行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)；時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 198等2 ；where did you go just now.2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，常常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；when i was a child, i often played football in the street.whenever the browns went during their visit, they were giv

4、en a warm welcome.3）句型：it is time for sb. to do sth "到時(shí)間了 " " 該了" it is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了 " " 早該了"it is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了；it is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了；would had rather sb. did sth. 表示寧愿某人做某事 i d rather you came tomorrow.4 wish, wond

5、er, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作摸索性的詢問(wèn)、懇求、建議等；i thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些；比較：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在；christine was an invalid all her life. 含義：她已不在人間； christine has been an invalid all her life. 含義：她現(xiàn)在仍活著 mrs. darby lived in kentucky for seven years. 含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州；mrs. darby has lived in ke

6、ntucky for seven years.含義：現(xiàn)在仍住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去留意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣；1）動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等；did you want anything else.i wondered if you could help me. 2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, would.could you lend me your bike.3. used to / be used toused to + do：" 過(guò)去常常 " 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在；mother used

7、not to be so forgetful.scarf used to take a walk. 過(guò)去常常漫步 be used to + doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或 " 習(xí)慣于 "， to 是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞；he is used to a vegetarian diet.scarf is used to taking a walk.現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于漫步 典型例題- your phone number again. i quite catch it.- it s 69568442.a. didn t b. couldn t c. don t d. can t答案 a

8、. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)；4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)1) shall 用于第一人稱，常被will所代替； will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求看法常常用于其次人稱； which paragraph shall i read first.will you be at home at seven this evening.2) be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)；a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事；what are you going to do tomorrow.b. 方案，支配要發(fā)生的事；the play is going to

9、 be produced next month；c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按方案或正式支配將發(fā)生的事；we are to discuss the report next saturday.4) be about to +不定式，意為立刻做某事；he is about to leave for beijing.留意： be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；5. be going to / will用于

10、條件句時(shí)，be going to 表將來(lái)will表意愿if you are going to make a journey, you d better get ready for it a s soon as possible. now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6. be to 和 be going tobe to 表示客觀支配或受人指示而做某事；be going to 表示主觀的準(zhǔn)備或方案；i am to play football

11、 tomorrow afternoon. 客觀支配 i m going to play football tomorrow afternoon主. 觀支配 7. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)1）以下動(dòng)詞： come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)；這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或支配好的事情；the train leaves at orrow morning.when does the bus star. it stars in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：here comes the bus. = the

12、bus is coming. there goes the bell. = the bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中； him to wait for me. i ll write to you as soon as i avreri there.4）在動(dòng)詞 hope, take care that, make sure tha等t 后；i hope they have a nice time next week.make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.11. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）

13、it is the first / second time. thty. it was the third time that the boy had been late.2） this is thetha結(jié)t 構(gòu)， that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) . this is the best film that i ve ever seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影；this is the first time that i ve he這ar是d 我him第一sin次g.聽他唱歌；典型例題(1) -do you know our town at all.-no, this is the first ti

14、me i hming答案 b. this is the first time 后面所加應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，應(yīng)選b；(2) -have you been to our town before.-no, it s the first time i here.a. even, come b. even, have come c. ever, come d. ever, have come答案 d. ever 意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)；this is the largest fish i have ever seen. it is / was the first time

15、 +that-clause的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)；留意：非連續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示連續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用；即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以連續(xù)的；（錯(cuò)） i have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)） i haven t received his letter for almost a month.12. 比較 since 和 forsince 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作連續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度；i have lived here for more than twenty years. i have lived here since i was bornm

16、 1976.i have known xiao li since she was a little girl.my brother has been in the youth league for two years. i have not heard from my uncle for a long time.留意：并非有 for作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)； i worked here for more than twenty years. 我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作；i have worked here for many years. 現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作； 小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) +一段時(shí)間

17、，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很簡(jiǎn)單就能排除非連續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使；1) 對(duì) tom has studied russian for three years.= tom began to study russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2) 錯(cuò) harry has got married for six years.= harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.明顯，其次句不對(duì)， 它應(yīng)改為harry got

18、 married six years ago. 或 harry has been married for six years.13. since 的四種用法2) since +一段時(shí)間 + agoi have been here since five months ago.3) since +從句great changes have taken place since you left. considerable time1）主語(yǔ)句中有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如： he saw her in the shop yesterday.she was seen in the shop yesterday

19、.2 主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)li lei gave me a chemistry book.i was given a chemistry book by li lei.a chemistry book was given to me by li lei. 3）主動(dòng)句中含賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to" ；此類動(dòng)詞為可-> he was seen to play football on the playground.如賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是帶to 的不定式，那么被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)仍保留to: mother told me

20、 not to be latei was told not to be late環(huán)境，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 6）表示 " 據(jù)說(shuō)" 或" 信任"的詞組believe, consider, declare, expect, feel ,n report, say, see, suppose, think, understandit is said that據(jù)說(shuō)it is reported that it is believed

21、that it is hoped that據(jù) 報(bào) 道 大家相 信大家希 望it is well known that眾所周 知it is thought thatit is suggested that大家認(rèn) 為據(jù)建議 it is taken granted thatit has been decided that被視為當(dāng) 然大家決 定it must be remember that務(wù)必記住的是it is said that she will leave for wuhan on tuesday.14. 連續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞1 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)分連續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示體會(huì)、環(huán)境瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示&qu

22、ot; 到，才" he didn t come back until ten o clock.他到 10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)；he slept until ten o他始終睡到 10 點(diǎn)；ck. clo典型例題1. you don t need to describe her. i her several times.a. had met b. have met c. met d. meet答案 b. 第一此題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣， 你不用描述； 再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)expect elect endeavor hope fail happen he

23、lp hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pre 膠合板 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like,love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish i like to keep everything tidy. 我喜愛每件東西都保持干凈；i like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜愛你年使每件東西都保持干凈；i want to speak to tom. 我想和湯姆談話；i wan

24、t you to speak to tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話；3） 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞 + todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellplease show us how to do that.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ?；there are so many kinds of tape-er corders on sale that i can t make up my mind wh有ich這to buy.么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿

25、不定想法買哪一種；留意: 疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；the question is how to put it into practice.問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施；2. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)1 動(dòng)詞+ eport request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn例句：a. father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠＃籦. we believe him tfind 的特別用法：find 后可

26、用分批哦 , declare聲稱, discover, fancy設(shè)想, feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know,prove, see理解, show, suppose, take以為, understandwe consider tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的同學(xué)之一；典型例題charles babbage is generally considered the first computer.a. to invent b. inventing c. to have

27、invented d. having invented答案： a.由 consider to do sth. 排除 b、d；. 此句只說(shuō)明創(chuàng)造這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可；而 c 為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，創(chuàng)造為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響， 因此不選 c；哦-=人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思；4 there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandwe didn t expect there to be so many people th我er們e.沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里

28、；留意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如 regard, think believe, take, consider.we regard tom as our best teacher我. mary took him as her father1） it s easy for me to do t我ha做t.聽到你的聲音真興奮；們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師；這事太簡(jiǎn)單了it s necessary for you to lock the car when you dounsoet it.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的；2 it s very kind of you to help 他us

29、幫.助我們，他真好；kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate考慮周到的 , silly, selfish自私的 例句:it was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然信任了他；it seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了；留意： 1 其他系動(dòng)詞如， look ，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；3

30、) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用it isto的句型對(duì)to see is to believe. 百聞不如一見；錯(cuò)it is to believe to see.4. it s fo和r sbi.t ssobf.1） forsb. 常用于表示事物的特點(diǎn)特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等：德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞， 如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right；個(gè)句子；假如道理上通順用of ，不通就用 for ；如：you are ni

31、ce. 通順，所以應(yīng)用of；he is hard. 人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for ；3) 祁使句（ ie）祈使句往往是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的懇求、命令、要求、建議，等等；祈使句的主語(yǔ)常被省略，由于這個(gè)主語(yǔ)很明確地是聽話人"yo-祈使句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形；它的否定形式是句首用don't +動(dòng)詞原形，或是 not to +動(dòng)詞原形；例如：be quiet , please . （大家）請(qǐng)寂靜；stand up . 起立！don't smoke in the office . 請(qǐng)不要在辦公室吸煙；don't be standing in the rain . 別站在雨里

32、；not to be careless when you're driving a car .開車時(shí)不要馬虎大意；4) 感嘆句（ exclamato 和 ry sentence）感嘆句表示、驚奇等劇烈的心情；這類句子中，有許多是由what 或 how 引起的； what 用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞， how 就強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞；這類句子的構(gòu)成只需將所強(qiáng)調(diào)或是說(shuō)，所感嘆的對(duì)象放到句首；句子無(wú)需倒裝，句子要用正常語(yǔ)序；當(dāng)然，假如不用這種句型，而句子（無(wú)論）本身又表示了上述的種種心情，那么該句也就成了感嘆句；例如：what a fine day it is today . 今日天氣多好啊！how f

33、ine it is today .今日天氣多好??！what a lovely son you have .你有個(gè)多可愛的兒子??！ how lovely your son is .你的兒子多可愛1.介詞： in, on, under, behind, near, at, of1). in 表示 "在中"， "在內(nèi)"；例如： in our class在我們班上in my bag在我的書包里in the desk在桌子里in the classroom在教室里2). on表示 " 在上" ；例如： on the wall在墻上on the

34、desk在桌子上on the blackboard在黑板上3). under表示 " 在下" ；例如： under the tree在樹下under the chair在椅子下under the bed在床下4). behind表示 " 在后面 " ；例如： behind the door在門后behind the tree在樹后5). near 表示 " 在 鄰近 " ；例如： near the teacher's desk 在講桌鄰近near the bed 在床鄰近6). at 表示 " 在處" ；例

35、如： at school在學(xué)校at home在家at the door在門口7). of表示 "的" ；例如：a picture of our classroom我們教室的一幅畫a map of china一張中國(guó)地圖3.some和 any在確定句中用some. 例如：there are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些書；lucy has some good books露西有一些好書；在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中用any ；例如：is there any ink in your pen.你的鋼筆里有墨水嗎？do you have any brothers and sisters.你有兄弟姐妹嗎？there isn't any water in the glass.杯子里沒有水；記住它們的特別用法； some亦可用于表示希望得到對(duì)方確定的答復(fù)或表示建議、委婉懇求的疑問(wèn)句中.例如： would you like to have some apples.你想吃蘋果嗎？ a