1、高三英語語法：名詞冀教版【本講教育信息】一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：語法：名詞二. 具體過程：名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns)，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個(gè)體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法

2、分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：名詞專有名詞普通名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞不可數(shù)名詞1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞一般情況 加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/; map-maps 2.濁輔音和元音后 bag-bags讀 /z/; car-cars以s, sh

3、, ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses以輔音字母+y 變y 為I結(jié)尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/ baby-babies1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)： 如：the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 比較： 層樓：storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：a. 加s，如：

4、photo-photos piano-pianosradio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolveswife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 均可,如：

5、 handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2）單復(fù)同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese

6、 li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，th

7、e Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。 “The Ar

8、abian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。 5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1）物質(zhì)名詞 a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。

9、 比較： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù)) b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)。 This factory produces steel. (不可數(shù)) We need various steels. (可數(shù)) c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。 Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。 Two teas, please. 請來兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four moderni

10、zations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表示一定的數(shù)量。 如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一條建議1.5 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。 如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會 students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。 如：men workers women teac

11、hers gentlemen officials3) 有些原以s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。 如：goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。 如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃 個(gè)別的有用復(fù)數(shù)作定語的，如： a seven-years child1.6 不同國家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)名稱 總稱(謂語

12、用復(fù)數(shù)) 一個(gè)人 兩個(gè)人 中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人the an twoAustralians Australian Australians 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese

13、a Japanese two Japanese美國人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國人 the Germans a German two Germans英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes1.7 名詞的格在英語中有些名詞可以加 “s”來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形

14、式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加 “s”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“s”，如the boys bag 男孩的書包，mens room 男廁所。 2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加 “”，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗爭。 3） 凡不能加“s”的名詞，都可以用 “名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barbers 理發(fā)店。5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列

15、，并且分別有s，則表示“分別有”；只有一個(gè)s，則表示“共有”。 如：Johns and Marys room（兩間） John and Marys room（一間） 6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。如：a month or twos absence【模擬試題】1. The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. wo

16、men doctorsC. woman doctorD. women doctor3. Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoesC. potatoes, tomatosD. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsB. editors-in-chi

17、ef, editor-in-chiefsC. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsD. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _.A. stomachesB. stomacksC. stomachD. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper.A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. soB. suchC.

18、so asD. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light.A. soundB. soundsC. the soundsD. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11. A number of soldier

19、s _ at he camp gate（軍營門口）.A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of14. Mr. Li shook _ w

20、armly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. handsD. the hands15. Two _, please.A. coffeeB. coffeesC. cup of coffeeD. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A. MansB. Mens C. MensD. Persons18.I stay

21、ed at _.A. Xiao WangsB. Wangs homeC. the Wangs D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.A. shoesB. shoesC. shoe D. shoes20. Have you ever read _?A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired.A. hourB. hoursC. hoursD. hours

22、22. The mother over there is _ mother.A. Julia and MaryB. Julia and MarysC. Julias and MarysD. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.A. anyonesB. anyone elseC. anyones elsesD. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand, sandB. sands, sandsC. sand, san

23、dsD. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. setB. oneC. copyD. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A. walkB. rideC. tripD. travel27. We have no _ about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsC. messageD. flash28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the p

24、eople.A. clothB. clotheC. clothesD. clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strength B. sense C. powerD. skill30. The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedB. matter, happenedC. event, was taken placeD. accident, took place31.

25、The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beatingB. waysC. knockingD. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenD. Man33. He was an _ in the government _.A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, offi

26、cer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, characterB. characters, charactersC. character, charactersD. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayC. every other dayD. every two day36. My friend will return

27、 in _.A. one day or twoB. a day or twoC. one or two dayD. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation39. The police _ look

28、ing into the matter now.A. beB. isC. areD. are going to40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.A. the B. aC. /D. one41. No news _ good news.A. isB. areC. haveD. has42. Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. are43. “Where _ my trousers?” th

29、e boy asked.A. isB. wasC. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A. in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doctor for _ abo

30、ut his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47. We are _ and they are _.A. Englishmen, GermansB. Englishmen, GermanC. Englishmans, GermansD. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are made of _.A. A glass, a glassB. Glasses, glassC. The glass, the glassD. Glasses, glasses49. Ill have to buy _

31、 trousers.A. aB. twoC. a pair ofD. a couple of50. There are two _ in our class.A. LiuB. LiusC. LiusD. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothesB. Much clothingC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes52. They are _.A. mathematics studentB. mathematic studentsC. students in mathematicsD. math

32、ematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反應(yīng)）.A. mousesB. miceC. micesD. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friendB. my father friendsC. a friend of my fathersD. a friend of my father55. Ten years had passed. I found she had _.A. a little white hairB. some wh

33、ite hairC. a few white hairD. a few white hairs56. I have made _ with Billy.A. friendsB. friendC. a friendD. the friend57. The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xian.A. moreB. largerC. fewerD. small58. There are thirty-two _ in our school.A. woman teacherB. women teacherC. women teachersD. wom

34、an teachers59. He had tried everything but it made little_ . A. use B. good C. difference D. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man. A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should m

35、ake any_ . A. excuse B. sense C. use D. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my _of spare time. A. idea B. thought C. mind D. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ . A. travel B. tourism C.

36、journey D. course64. One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz. A. view B. glance C. screen D. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上海) A. effect B. use C. service D. existence66. When you play football, what _do you play? A.

37、situation B. place C. part D. position67. Its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies. A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement C. view D. appreciation69. O

38、ne of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good_ . A. sight B. scene C. view D. look70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of _are widely used in the country. A. energy B. force C. power D. materials71. _with foreign countries can bring us much infor

39、mation about the world. A. Contrast B. Competition C. Contact D. Combination72. We all know that _ speak louder than words.A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions73. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.(NMET1997 38) A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed 74. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _but to take a taxi.(NMET 1993 ,33) A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection75. He dropped the _and broke it . (NMET 1993, 38) A. cup of coffee B.