1、 Human Systematic AnatomyFor foreign students of Medical School, Zhejiang University Introduction I. Definition of anatomy Anatomy is the science dealing with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of structures of the body. For the medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of the

2、 preclinical and clinical curriculum. II. Divisions of anatomy from different method and purpose of study. A. Gross Anatomy It is the study of macroscopic or gross structure visible to the naked eye. Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy. B. Microscopic Anatomy (histology) It is the study of minute s

3、tructures requiring the use of the microscope. C. Developmental Anatomy (embryology) It is the study of the development of the body from its beginning (fertilized ovum, stem cell ) to maturity. D. Applied Anatomy ( Practical or Surgical Anatomy ) It is usually concerned with observations of human st

4、ructures which are useful in medicine, especially in the surgical technique, but also in clinical diagnosis. (ostrich egg)III. General structure of human bodyA. Cells: A body consists of innumerable cells.B. Tissue: epithelial tissue connective tissue muscular tissue nervous tissueC. Organs and stru

5、ctures D. Systems: 9 systems locomotor system： bones; joints; muscles alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital (reproductive) system circulatory system: cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; endocrine system nervous system sense organs E. Human bodyIV. Anatomical terminology A.

6、 Anatomical position For the purpose of description of various parts of body and their location, a body is assumed to be in erect position. It is essential to learn the anatomical position because most of the directional terminology used in anatomy refers to the body in this position. Anatomical pos

7、ition the face and toes directed forward； the eyes straight forward； the heels and toes get together; the upper limbs hang by the side of body and the palms of the hands face forward. B. The relational planes and sections:1. For whole body a) sagittal plane a vertical plane which divides body into l

8、eft and right parts. * median (midsagittal) plane right and left parts are equal.b) Coronal (frontal) plane a vertical plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior parts.c) Horizontal (transverse) plane it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes and divides body into superior

9、and inferior parts.2.For organ:longitudinalandtransverseplanes C. Axises vertical axis; sagittal axis; coronal axis. D. The terms of direction Anterior posterior (ventral dorsal) Medial lateral (ulnar radial) (tibial fibular) Superior inferior (cranial caudal) Proximal distal Internal external Super

10、ficial deepPart 1 The Locomotor System Bones Joints Skeletal muscles Skeleton: - forms the framework - movement - protection - storage of minerals calcium - formation of blood cells(levers)(axis)(motive force) Chapter 1 Osteology (The bone System) Section 1 The general Description Each bone: - is a

11、organ; - has proper shape and certain functions; - is hard and resilient and abundant in blood and nerve supply; - has constantly processing of metabolism and growth; - possesses the ability of repairing, regeneration, reconstruction; - can be affected by the genetic, external and internal environme

12、ntal factors. Bones in adult are 206 in number three parts the skull the bones of the trunk (axial bones) the bones of the limbs (appendicular bones). The shape and classification of bones According to the shape, there are 4 kinds of bones: long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone 1. Long bone:

13、 one body (shaft) two ends (extremities) (epiphyses) * medullary cavity, bone marrow 2. Short bones: cuboid composed of spongy substance with a thin layer of compact substance. carpal bones, 3. Flat bones: plate. 2 plates: of compact bone with sponge bone outer plate, inner plate, diplo 4. Irregular

14、 bone: some cranial bones contain air- filled cavities (sinuses) “pneumatic bone” . The structure of bone1. Bony substances a) compact substance (bone). resisting stresses and bending. b) spongy substance (bone) (cancellous). consists of a lot of trabeculae which interweave with each other. (pressur

15、e and tension) 2. Periosteum: It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage). 2 layers outer layer:fibrous membrane inner layer:vascular membrane (osteoblasts). Regeneration and repair 3. Bone marrow: 2 kinds of marrows a) red marrow It is capable of making

16、 blood cells. b) yellow marrow It comprises a lot of fat and havent ability of making blood cells in general. Chemical composition and physical properties Bones are composed mostly of the organic material and the inorganic material. 1. Organic material - Its about 3040 percent of the dry weight of t

17、he bone and is mainly collagen. - It gives the bones resilience and toughness. 2. Inorganic material - Its about 6070 percent and chiefly are calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. - It gives the bones hardness and rigidity.Chapter 2 ArthrologySection 1 The General Description A. Definition of the ar

18、thrology Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.B. Classification of articulation 2 main types: synarthroses and diarthroses. 1. Synarthroses (immovable articulation)

19、 They only have a little or no movement. a) fibrous joints：sutures, syndesmoses) b) cartilaginous joints： synchondroses hyaline cartilages symphyses fibrous cartilages. c) synostosesfibrous joints：sutures, syndesmosescartilaginous joints：synchondrosessymphyses symphysessynchondrosessynostoses 2. Dia

20、rthroses (synovial joints or movable articulations) They provide free movement C. Essential structures of a synovial joint 1. Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage. 2. Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers Fibrous layer superficial，thickness. Synovial layer deep, thin , slip

21、pery， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint. 3. Joint cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b) It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.D. Accessory structures of the synovial joints 1. Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular 2. articular disc， articular labrum (lip) ar

22、ticular meniscus 3. Synovial folds and synovial bursae.E. Movements of joint (diarthroses) 1. Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2. Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3. Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) 4. pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial ro

23、tation and external rotation. 5. Inversion and eversion 6. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises) 7. Gliding or slipping(in the plane joint)Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)abductionAdductionInversionRotation (in the vertical axis or around its own

24、 axis) F. Types of synovial joints According to the axis 1. The polyaxial joints a) plane joint(gliding joint): only a little of glide. b) ball- and socket joint(spheroid joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction. 2. The biaxial joints a) Elli

25、psoid joint (condyloid joint) flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction. b) Saddle joints(sellar joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction. 3. The uniaxial joints a) Hinge joint (trochlear joint) only flexion and extension. b) Pivot joint rotation arou

26、nd a long axis. Section 2 Bones of trunk Bones of trunk include: * vertebrae * ribs * sternumA. Vertebral column is divides into: 1. Cervical vertebrae 7 2. Thoracic vertebrae 12 3. Lumbar vertebrae 5 These 24 are independent vertebrae (true vertebrae). 4. Sacral vertebrae 5 sacrum. 5. Coccygeal ver

27、tebrae 4 coccyx (false vertebrae).B. General features of the typical vertebra It is composed of: 1. a body 2. vertebral arch: two pedicles, one lamina. 3. seven processes: - a spinous process - two transverse processes - two superior articular processes - two inferior articular processes * The body

28、with the arch surrounds a vertebral foramen. * In the vertebral column, all of the foramina form the vertebral canal, which lodges the spinal cord et al. * A notch above or below the pedicle with its neighbour forms the intervertebral foramen, which transmits spinal nerve et al. C. The main characte

29、ristics of vertebrae in each part1. Cervical vertebrae a) * a transverse foramen b) * spinous processes are short and bifid. c) the first one hasnt body and spinous process (Atlas). d) the second has a dens (Axis). e) the 7ths spine is the longest and easily felt out (vertebral prominens).2. Thoraci

30、c vertebrae a) there are costal fovea (superior, inferior and transverse costal fovea) b) the spinous process arelong and downward sloping.3. Lumbar vertebrae The spines are strong, square and horizontal.4. Sacrum a) base of sacrum (promontory). b) pelvic surface (concave, 4 pairs of anterior sacral

31、 foramina). c) dorsal surface (convex, 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina). d) lateral part (auricular surface). e) Sacral canal(sacral hiatus).D. Ribs1. 12 pairs a) upper seven true ribs. b) lower five false ribs. floating rib c) The eighth, ninth and tenth ribs join together one by one to form t

32、he costal margins(or costal arch) by means of the costal cartilages.2. Shape of a typical riba) posterior extremity costal head, costal neck, costal tubercal.b) shaft of rib (costal angle, costal groove). E. Sternum 1. Subdivision It is divided into: a) Manubrium (jugular notch, clavicular notch and 1st costal notch. b) Body