1、A Brief Guide to Using NetDrawNetDraw is a program for drawing social networks. Overview of FeaturesMultiple Relations. You can read in multiple relations on the same nodes, and switch between them (or combine them) easily.Valued Relations. If you read in valued data, you can sequentially “step” thr

2、ough different levels of dichotomization, effectively selecting only strong ties, only weak ties, etc. In addition, you have the option of letting the thickness of lines correspond to strength of ties.Node Attributes. The program makes it convenient to read in multiple node attributes for use in set

3、ting colors and sizes of nodes (as well as rims, labels, etc.). In addition, the program makes it easy to turn on and off groups of nodes defined by a variable, such as males or members of a given organization. If the attributes are read in using the VNA data format (see below), they can be textual

4、in addition to numeric. This means that instead of coding location as numeric codes 1, 2, 3, etc, you can simply write Boston, New York, Tokyo Analysis. A limited set of analytical procedures are included, such as the identification of isolates, components, k-cores, cut-points and bi-components (blo

5、cks).2-Mode Data. NetDraw can read 2-mode data, such as the Davis, Gardner and Gardner data and automatically create a bipartite representation of it.Data Formats. The program reads Ucinet datasets (the #h and #d files), Ucinet DL text files, Pajek files (net, clu and vec), and the programs own VNA

6、text file format, which allows the user to combine node attributes with tie information.Saving Data. Using the VNA file format, the program can save a network along with its spatial configuration, node colors, shapes, etc. so that the next time you open the file, the network looks exactly like it lo

7、oked before. The program can also save data as Pajek net and clu files, and Ucinet datasets (both networks and attributes).Saving Pictures. Network diagrams can be saved as bitmaps (.bmp), jpegs (.jpg), windows metafiles (.wmf) and enhanced metafiles (.emf). In addition, the program exports to Pajek

8、 and Mage.Printing. There is a Print button. This is very good for creating publication-quality diagrams because the results utilize the full resolution of the printer. (When you save an image like a bitmap to disk and insert into a document and then print that, the image resolution is no better tha

9、n your screens.)Appearance Options. A full range of options is implemented, including the ability to change sizes and colors of nodes, node-rims, labels, lines and background. Different node shapes are not yet implemented. You can also rotate, flip, shift, resize and zoom configurations.Layout. Two

10、basic kinds of layouts are implemented at present: a circle and an MDS/ spring embedding based on geodesic distance. The MDS includes options for exaggerating clustering, biasing toward equal-length edges, and turning on/off node-repulsion. Getting StartedSuppose you have a network currently stored

11、as a Ucinet dataset. To draw it in network, just press the Open File button on the toolbar and select the file. The rest is automatic. Here is an example of drawing a file called campnet:Now suppose you have some information about each person that you would like to use to in the display. You might e

12、nter the information in a text file called CampAttribs.txt (e.g., enter it in Excel and Save As text file) in the following format:*node dataid gender role betweennessHOLLYfemaleparticipant78.33333588BRAZEYfemaleparticipant0CAROLfemaleparticipant1.333333373PAMfemaleparticipant32.5PATfemaleparticipan

13、t39.5JENNIEfemaleparticipant6.333333492PAULINEfemaleparticipant12.5ANNfemaleparticipant0.5MICHAELmaleparticipant58.83333206BILLmaleparticipant0LEEmaleparticipant5DONmaleparticipant16.33333397JOHNmaleparticipant0HARRYmaleparticipant2.333333254GERYmaleinstructor54.66666794STEVEmaleinstructor16.8333339

14、7BERTmaleinstructor13.66666698RUSSmaleinstructor47.33333206Note that the values do not need to be numeric. They should be separated from each other by a comma, space or tab (and values that contain spaces should be enclosed in quotes as in “Bill Smith”). To read this file, go to File|Open|VNA|Attrib

15、utes and select the file. This will read the file and open the Node Selector window, which looks like this:Using this window you can select an attribute (ID is selected by default), and then use that click on and off nodes with specific properties, such as females or instructors. Now suppose you wan

16、t to change the colors of nodes to reflect a node attribute, such as wanting to paint men blue and women red. Go to Properties|Nodes|Colors|By Attribute. A dialogue box will open which lets you choose the attribute (gender) and then choose the color of each gender. The dialogue box looks like this:Y

17、ou might also want to change the shape of the nodes to reflect the role that person plays in the group (as indicated by the Role variable). To do this, go to Properties|Nodes|Shape|by attribute, which opens a dialogue box very similar to the color box, except instead of colors, there are shapes. Som

18、ething similar can be done with the size of nodes. After setting each gender to the desired color, each role to desired shape, and making the size of the nodes proportional to their betweenness centrality, the network diagram looks like this:VNA Data FormatThe VNA data format allows the user to stor

19、e not only network data but also attributes of the nodes, along with information about how to display them (color, size, etc.). A key feature of VNA attribute data is that textual data is permitted. In other words, instead of using numeric codes, the gender variable can have values like “male” and “

20、female”. Here is a short example of a vna file:*node dataID name gender agej101 joe male 56w067 wendy female 23b303 bill male 48*tie datafrom to friends advicej101 w067 1 3w067 j101 0 1j101 b303 1 2w067 b303 0 6VNA files are ordinary text files. They consist of sections called “star sections”. Not e

21、very file has to have every possible star section, and sections can be in any order. At the moment, there are 3 possible star sections (soon to be 6). They are: *node data*node properties*tie dataA description of each follows. At the end of this document is a complete VNA file.Node Data SectionThe N

22、ode Data section contains variables that describe the actors in a network. Here is an example:*node dataid gender role betweennessHOLLYfemaleparticipant78.33333588BRAZEYfemaleparticipant0CAROLfemaleparticipant1.333333373PAMfemaleparticipant32.5PATfemaleparticipant39.5JENNIEfemaleparticipant6.3333334

23、92PAULINEfemaleparticipant12.5ANNfemaleparticipant0.5MICHAELmaleparticipant58.83333206BILLmaleparticipant0LEEmaleparticipant5DONmaleparticipant16.33333397JOHNmaleparticipant0HARRYmaleparticipant2.333333254GERYmaleinstructor54.66666794STEVEmaleinstructor16.83333397BERTmaleinstructor13.66666698RUSSmal

24、einstructor47.33333206The first line (“*node data”) identifies the section as containing node data. The line following “*node data” is a list of variable names. The first variable is assumed to be a unique identifier. It can be numeric or text, as long as each node has a distinct value. If any value

25、 (for any variable) contains spaces or other extraneous punctuation, it should be enclosed in full quotes, as in:“John Barrymore”Following the line of variable names is the actual data corresponding to those variables. All following lines are assumed to be node data until a new star command is read

26、or the end of the file is reached.Node Properties SectionThe node properties section is very similar to the node data section, except that the variables all refer to display characteristics of the nodes, such as size, color, and shape. Here is an example:*Node propertiesID x y color shape size"

27、HOLLY" 1094 415 255 1 10"BRAZEY" 84 742 255 1 10"CAROL" 1224 996 255 1 10"PAM" 1249 722 255 1 10"PAT" 1291 551 255 1 10"JENNIE" 1518 686 255 1 10"PAULINE" 1051 928 255 1 10"ANN" 1330 876 255 1 10"MICHAEL" 791 365 25

28、5 1 10"BILL" 785 52 255 1 10"LEE" 80 619 255 1 10"DON" 994 195 255 1 10"JOHN" 776 894 255 1 10"HARRY" 945 214 255 1 10"GERY" 600 578 255 1 10"STEVE" 338 636 255 1 10"BERT" 282 897 255 1 10"RUSS" 543 814 255 1 1

29、0As before, the first line (“*node properties”) identifies the section as containing node properties. The line following “*node properties” is a list of variable names. Aside from the first variable, which must be ID, all the other variables can be in any order, and none of them have to be there at

30、all. But if they are present, they must be named exactly as shown in the example. Variable “X” is the horizontal coordinate of a node. Variable “Y” is the vertical coordinate (the 0,0 point is the top left corner of the drawing area). Variable “Color” is the color of the node (in hexadecimal). Varia

31、ble “Shape” is the shape of the node (circle, square, up-triangle, etc.). Variable “Size” is the size of the nodes in points. Finally, (not shown in the example), the variable “Shortlabel” gives the label for each node (if not given, the program uses the ID code). Following the line of variable name

32、s is the actual data corresponding to those variables. Tie DataThe Tie Data section contains dyadic data the presence/absence or strength of tie among pairs of nodes on one or more relations. Here is an example:*Tie datafrom to talk strengthHOLLY PAM 1 1HOLLY PAT 1 3HOLLY DON 1 2BRAZEY LEE 1 1BRAZEY

33、 STEVE 1 2BRAZEY BERT 1 3CAROL PAM 1 1CAROL PAT 1 2CAROL PAULINE 1 3PAM JENNIE 1 3PAM PAULINE 1 1The second line contains the list of dyadic variables (relations), except that the first two variables are necessarily called “from” and “to” and identify the nodes that are tied. In this example, there

34、are two relations (called “talk” and “strength”). Following the variable names are the actual ties. A data line such as “Holly Pam 1 1” indicates that Holly talks to Pam and their relationship has strength 1. Values of zero are assumed to indicate the absence of a tie on a given relation.Putting it

35、all togetherNot all possible sections need to be in a given file just one will do. Here is an example of a file with all sections:*Node dataID, gender, role, betweenness HOLLY female participant 78.33333588 BRAZEY female participant 0 CAROL female participant 1.333333373 PAM female participant 32.5

36、PAT female participant 39.5 JENNIE female participant 6.333333492 PAULINE female participant 12.5 ANN female participant 0.5 MICHAEL male participant 58.83333206 BILL male participant 0 LEE male participant 5 DON male participant 16.33333397 JOHN male participant 0 HARRY male participant 2.333333254

37、 GERY male instructor 54.66666794 STEVE male instructor 16.83333397 BERT male instructor 13.66666698 RUSS male instructor 47.33333206*Node propertiesID x y color shape size shortlabelHOLLY 1160 271 255 1 10 HOLLYBRAZEY 1214 577 255 1 10 BRAZEYCAROL 671 612 255 1 10 CAROLPAM 985 127 255 1 10 PAMPAT 8

38、02 402 255 1 10 PATJENNIE 729 187 255 1 10 JENNIEPAULINE 69 590 255 1 10 PAULINEANN 877 818 255 1 10 ANNMICHAEL 182 224 255 1 10 MICHAELBILL 380 137 255 1 10 BILLLEE 617 44 255 1 10 LEEDON 281 656 255 1 10 DONJOHN 617 839 255 1 10 JOHNHARRY 382 410 255 1 10 HARRYGERY 1051 706 255 1 10 GERYSTEVE 64 3

39、94 255 1 10 STEVEBERT 348 812 255 1 10 BERTRUSS 1176 426 255 1 10 RUSS*Tie datafrom to friends strengthHOLLY PAM 1 1PAT HOLLY 1 2PAULINE PAT 1 2JOHN RUSS 1 3HARRY HOLLY 1 2HARRY MICHAEL 1 1BERT RUSS 1 3RUSS GERY 1 1RUSS STEVE 1 3RUSS BERT 1 2HOLLY BRAZEY 0 7HOLLY CAROL 0 17BRAZEY PAULINE 0 7BRAZEY A

40、NN 0 6BRAZEY MICHAEL 0 15PAM MICHAEL 0 9PAM BILL 0 16PAM LEE 0 13JENNIE BRAZEY 0 8PAULINE JENNIE 0 5PAULINE ANN 0 4ANN PAT 0 7ANN MICHAEL 0 9BILL LEE 0 10DON ANN 0 12DL Data FormatThe DL protocol is a flexible language for describing data and itself encompasses a number of different formats. Three o

41、f these formats nodelist, edgelist and fullmatrix are described here. A sample nodelist file called borg4cent.txt is provided with the program.Nodelist FormatThis is usually the most efficient format. Just create a text file using any word processor (make sure to remember to save as text). Enter the

42、 data in the following format:dln = 50format = nodelistdata:1 7 8 23 19 21 49 62 6The "DL" at the top is required and identifies the type of file. The "n=50" tells program to expect up to 50 distinct nodes. The "format = nodelist" tells the program to expect the node li

43、st format (as opposed to edge list and full matrix). The word "data:" (don't forget the colon) marks the end of information about the data and the beginning of the data itself.The first line of the data ("1 7 8 2") says that person 1 has ties to three people, who are 7, 8 and

44、 2. The ordering of the people is arbitrary and makes no difference. The second line, "3 19 21 49 6" says that person 3 has ties to four people, who are 19, 21, 49 and 6.Important note: each value is separated by a space (or tab). Each value is a "sequential" ID number. By "

45、sequential" I mean that the numbers run from 1 to n. You can't have arbitrary ID numbers like "1001" or non-numeric IDs like "BOS007" or "Steve" unless you add the words "Labels embedded" some time before the "data:" statement, as follows:dl

46、n = 50labels embeddedformat = nodelistdata:binlad geobus tonblai kenskibilste jeabar stebor judcla jandoekenski jandoeThese names or labels must be less than 20 characters long and should not contain spaces or punctuation (as in "osama bin laden") unless they are enclosed in full quotes.A

47、sample data file called borg4cent.txt using nodelist format is provided with the program.Edgelist FormatThis format requires more typing but is convenient when entering data as one encounters it, such as when pulling links between people from newspaper articles. Again, create a text file using any w

48、ord processor (make sure to remember to save as text). Enter the data in the following format:Note that "nodelist" has been replaced by "edgelist" in the format statement. Then, after "data:", the data are in pairs, separated by spaces or tabs. The first line ("1 7") says that persons 1 and 7 have a tie. The second line says that persons 1 and 8 have a tie. The ordering of nodes within in a pair, and of pairs within the file, is immaterial.As with the nodelist format,