1、高考英語備考語法之狀語從句 Allen HeAllen He狀語從句狀語從句(adverbial clause)(adverbial clause)含義：在句中作狀語，可修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞等。用法：狀語從句可放在句首或句末。放在句首時(shí)，從句后面常用逗號(hào)；放在句末時(shí)，從句前面往往不用逗號(hào)。種類 狀語從句根據(jù)它們的含義分為： 時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、 原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、 結(jié)果狀語從句、方式狀語從句、 讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句、 比較狀語從句等九種。連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有： when、while、the moment、before、 after、till、unles

2、s、since、 as soon as 等一、時(shí)間狀語從句一、時(shí)間狀語從句1、while, when, whenever和as的用法比較（1）while常表示一段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或一個(gè)過程，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)詞和從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。從句的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞。此時(shí)while可用when或as替換。 Dont talk so loud while( as) others are working.別人工作時(shí)，請(qǐng)勿大聲說話。The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house while (when,

3、 as) she was watching TV show. 女房東懷疑在她看電視時(shí)曾有人闖入屋里。 （2）when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，可指時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，也可以指一段時(shí)間，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可用終止性動(dòng)詞，也可用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 when表示在某個(gè)具體的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。此時(shí)，when不能用as或while替換 。 When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you. 她來的時(shí)候我會(huì)告訴她等你的。(指具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn)) 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作與另一個(gè)動(dòng)作在同一時(shí)間發(fā)生，或一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作所延續(xù)的時(shí)間范圍之內(nèi)發(fā)生。此時(shí)，when可以用as或while替換。 He en

4、tered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on. 正當(dāng)開會(huì)的時(shí)候他走進(jìn)了房間。 表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生后，主句的動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生。此時(shí)，when表示動(dòng)作的先后順序，相當(dāng)于after, 不能用as或while替換。 When he had done his homework, he watched television. =After he had done his homework, he watched television. 他做完作業(yè)后看電視。 兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如果不是一次性而是重復(fù)性的，即過去或現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，可用連詞whe

5、n或whenever, 意思是“每當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”。例如： When (Whenever) he goes to town, he always visits his aunt. 每當(dāng)他去鎮(zhèn)上，他都去拜訪他姑姑。 She always felt ill when (whenever) she ate oyster. 她每次吃牡蠣都會(huì)生病。 （3）as 用as時(shí)主句和從句的動(dòng)作往往同時(shí)發(fā)生，具有延伸意義，一般同延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，有時(shí)可譯作“一邊一邊”。 As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的理論被證明是正確的。 As（whe

6、n）he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他講話結(jié)束的時(shí)候，聽眾掌聲雷動(dòng)。（指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間不能用while） 2、名詞詞組引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句、名詞詞組引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句 有時(shí)名詞every time(每次)，the next time(下一次)，the next day(第二天)，the moment(一就)， the instant, the second, the year等，也可起從屬連詞的作用，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。 Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes

7、 on the floor.你每一次晚上回來，都把鞋子丟在地板上。 3、副詞作連詞用引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句、副詞作連詞用引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句4、since和和before的用法比較的用法比較兩者均可用于It+ be.+since/before-從句的句型。區(qū)別在于since表示“自從以來”，所在主、從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系是:It is/has been sometime since sb. did sth.。而before的含義是 “(過了多久)才”，主、從句的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系是:It was/had been some time before sb. did sth.。表過去和將來時(shí)，兩者相應(yīng)的句型分別是:

8、It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth.It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. 他參加革命己三十年了。It was three days before he came back. 他三天后才回來。It was not long before he came back. 不久他就會(huì)來了。特殊句型：Hardly/Scarcely+完成式+when.No sooner+完成式+than.Hardly had we got i

9、nto the country when it began to rain.=We had hardly got into the country when it began to rain.No sooner had he come home than she started complaining.=He had no sooner come home than she started complaining.He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock

10、 at the door awakened her.ever since(自從)與since句型：It is/was .since.It was just a week since we arrived here.You have been reading to me ever since James went out.(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間長(zhǎng))The big clock was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since.(可放句末)My uncle went to Tibet in 1981.He has been living ther

11、e ever since.(從那以后）二、地點(diǎn)狀語從句二、地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句一般由where(在地方; 那里)，wherever(無論哪里)和everywhere(在每一個(gè)地方)引導(dǎo)。After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. 戰(zhàn)后，一所新學(xué)校在以前的劇院處建成。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)養(yǎng)成慣例，將東西放在你能找到的地方。She foun

12、d her calculator where she lost it. 他在她丟的地方找到了計(jì)算器。Everywhere they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.貴賓每到一處都受到了熱烈的歡迎。 三、原因狀語從句三、原因狀語從句 原因狀語從句一般由because(因?yàn)?，since(既然)，as(由于)，now that(既然，因?yàn)?等連詞引導(dǎo) 1、because, since, as, for和和now that引導(dǎo)原因引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句狀語從句 （1）because 表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的語氣最強(qiáng)，常表示必然

13、的因果關(guān)系?；卮鹨詗hy引起的特殊疑問句，只能用because。 Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining.因?yàn)樘煜掠?，所以詹穿著雨衣?）since表示對(duì)方已經(jīng)知曉、無須加以說明的原因或事實(shí)，語氣比because稍弱。Ill do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我來替你做吧。 Since you insist, Ill go.既然你堅(jiān)持，那我就去。（3）as表示的往往是十分明顯的原因，聽者或讀者已經(jīng)知道或能看得出來，語氣較弱，只附帶說明，比較口語化。We had better hurry as its ge

14、tting dark.因?yàn)樘炜煲诹?，我們最好快點(diǎn)。As you object, Ill change the plan.由于你反對(duì)，我將改變計(jì)劃。 4）for for是并列連詞，它引導(dǎo)的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用來附帶解釋或說明前面一句的情況。for引導(dǎo)的分句常位于第一分句之后，它們之間用逗號(hào)隔開。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚準(zhǔn)是下雨了，今天早上地面還是濕的。 The day breaks, for the birds are singing.小鳥在歌唱，一定是天亮了。 （5）n

15、ow that 意為既然，與since同義，但更突出事實(shí)本身。 Now that everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都來了，我們就開始開會(huì)吧。 Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.我既然恢復(fù)了健康，那就可以繼續(xù)工作了。2、seeing that, considering that和和in that引導(dǎo)原因狀語引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句從句 這幾個(gè)連詞同since, as 近義，都有“鑒于某個(gè)事實(shí)，原因”是之意。 Considering that hes only been learn

16、ing English a year, he speaks it very well.鑒于他只學(xué)了一年， 他英語講得就是很好。 Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor.鑒于他病情嚴(yán)重，他們派人請(qǐng)醫(yī)生。 In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it.因?yàn)椴×?，她覺得不能做那件事。 3、not thatbut that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 這是一種加強(qiáng)語氣的表示原因的結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“不是因?yàn)?，而是因?yàn)椤?Not that I dont like the film, but that I have no

17、time for it.不是因?yàn)槲也幌矚g這部電影，而是因?yàn)槲覜]時(shí)間看。 The soldiers essential honor was not that he killed his enemy, but that he was willing to die.軍人的真正光榮不是殺敵，而是不惜犧牲。四、目的狀語從句四、目的狀語從句1、that，so that，in order that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句目的狀語從句由that，so that，in order that等引導(dǎo)。從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞前常有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may、might、can、could、will, would等。John s

18、hut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 約翰把其他人關(guān)在廚房外，目的是能夠?yàn)橥頃?huì)烹飪出人意料的東西。These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 這些人甘冒生命危險(xiǎn)，是為了讓我們活得更安全些。 2、lest, for fear that和和in case引導(dǎo)目的狀語從引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句句 這三個(gè)連詞詞組的意思是“以防，以免”。lest的從句一般要用虛擬語氣，形式是“sh

19、ould+動(dòng)詞原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case從句一般用虛擬語氣，但有時(shí)也可以用陳述語氣。 I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得順著她，免得她生氣。 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太陽很利害，你就把帽子戴上。五、結(jié)果狀語從句五、結(jié)果狀語從句1、so that，sothat, suchthat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking co

20、untry that I determined to learn English well.我感到在講英語的國家里生活太難了，因此我決定學(xué)好英語。He worked hard so that he passed the exam. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，結(jié)果通過了考試。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.他講了那么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，人們開始打起瞌睡了。 2、sothat與與suchthat的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。so是副詞，后接形容詞或副詞；such是形容詞，后接名詞。 （1）單數(shù)名詞 在so.tha

21、t與such.that中間出現(xiàn)的是單數(shù)名詞，且該名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)可互換，但要注意它們的詞序不同:such+ a/an+形容詞十名詞=so+形容詞+a/an+名詞。 She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.= She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老師，我們都敬愛她。 （2）不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 如果被修飾的是不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，一般須用such.that。 He made such rapid progress that befor

22、e long he began to write articles in English.他進(jìn)步很快，不久就開始用英語寫文章。(不可數(shù)名詞) They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.這些書是那么有趣以致我們都想讀一讀。(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)（3）名詞前有many，much，little，few修飾時(shí)如果不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前有many，much，little，few修飾時(shí)，則用sothat。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，

23、周身青一塊紫一塊的。(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)George had so little money that he had to get a job.喬治沒有錢，所以他不得不找工作干。(不可數(shù)名詞)They are such little children that they cant do anything.他們是小孩,什么事情都干不了。六、比較狀語從句六、比較狀語從句比較狀語從句一般由比較狀語從句一般由asas(和一樣和一樣)，not as/soas(與與不一不一樣樣)，than(比比),the more, the more(越越越越)引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。The director gave me a bet

24、ter offer than he gave Dick.導(dǎo)師給我的提議比給狄克的好。In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better our holiday will be.近幾年旅游公司已成功地對(duì)我們公眾宣傳了去得越遠(yuǎn)，假日越好的觀點(diǎn)。John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 如果說約翰的足球踢的不比大衛(wèi)好，至少和他踢的一樣好。I cant run as/s

25、o fast as he can. 我不能跑得他那樣快七、讓步狀語從句七、讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句由讓步狀語從句由though，although，as，even if (though)，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh詞，等詞，等引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。1、even if, even though, although，though引導(dǎo)的讓步引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句狀語從句 這四個(gè)詞（詞組）都有“雖然、即使、盡管”的意思。even if和even though帶有較強(qiáng)的意味，都不能和but連用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless連用

26、。even if，even though所接的句子常用虛擬語氣。We wont give up even if we should fail ten times.即使是我們失敗十次，我們也不會(huì)放棄。 He might have given you more help，even though he was very busy盡管他很忙，他可能給了你更多的幫助。2、as或或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句形容詞+ as/though+ 主語謂語副詞動(dòng)詞分詞名詞（1）由as或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序Proud as these nobles are, he is afrai

27、d to see me.這些貴族盡管很傲慢，他們卻害怕見我。（2）如果表語為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，這個(gè)名詞不帶冠詞 12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English.她雖然只是個(gè)12歲的女孩，但是她已經(jīng)熟知英語。Child as he is，he knows a lot.雖然他還是個(gè)孩子，卻懂的很多。 (3)如果句中謂語包含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞，則將實(shí)意動(dòng)詞放在as之前Try as I might，I couldnt lift the stone.我使多大勁兒也搬不動(dòng)這塊石頭。Praised as he was, he re

28、mained modest.他雖然受到表揚(yáng)，但仍然保持著謙虛。（4）如果句中謂語僅有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，則將實(shí)意動(dòng)詞(原形)放在as之前，并在主語后面加助動(dòng)詞do, does, did或will。Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her.雖然敵人拷打她，卻沒有能從她嘴里得到什么。 Fail as he did, he would never give up.盡管他失敗了，但他決不會(huì)放棄。注:但是，如果在這種情況下，句中謂語有副詞修飾，則將副詞放在as之前。Again and again as he failed, he didnt

29、 lose heart.他雖然多次失敗，但仍不灰心喪氣。Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely.我雖然佩服他的勇氣，但是我認(rèn)為他這樣做是不明智的。3、由、由no matter+ wh詞和由疑問詞詞和由疑問詞ever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句由no matter引導(dǎo)，表示“不管；無論”；由疑問詞ever引導(dǎo)，表示“不管，不論”。這類詞有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等,他們相當(dāng)于no matter+ what（which，who，how

30、，when， where），都不能與but，so，and等并列連詞同時(shí)使用。Well have to finish the job, however(no matter how) long it takes. 不管需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，我們都一定完成這項(xiàng)工作。No matter what(Whatever) you do, dont tell him that I told you this. 無論你做什么，別告訴他我對(duì)你說過這件事。 4、由、由whetheror引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 由whetheror引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句表示“不論還是”，提供兩種對(duì)比的情況。 I shall go, whe

31、ther you come with me or stay at home. 不論你來還是留在家中，我都要去。 Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “l(fā)et it happen”.不管我們喜歡不喜歡一條消息,我們所能做的只是坐在電視機(jī)前，“讓它過去”。attentionas也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但要用倒裝句Young as he is , he knows a lot.=Though he is young/ Young tho

32、ugh he is 八、條件狀語從句八、條件狀語從句 條件狀語從句可以位于主句前面或后面。由if，unless引導(dǎo) if “如果”；unless意為“除非，如果不”（if not） You will be late unless you leave immediately.除非你立即走，否則，你會(huì)遲到。 If you dont hurry up, youll be late. 如果你不快點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)晚了。 Well go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我們就去那兒。2、由suppose，supposing，as/so long as， providing, provi

33、ded, on condition that和in case等引導(dǎo) 這類連詞（詞組）意思相近，有：“如果、假設(shè)、即使、在條件下”等意義。Suppose (Supposing) he is ill, what shall we do? 如果他病了，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？Youll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.只要你聽從他的勸告，你就會(huì)干得很好的。In case John comes, please tell him to wait.假如約翰來了，請(qǐng)讓他稍候。You may keep the book a further week prov

34、ided (that) no one else requires it. 倘若這本書沒有其他人想借的話，你可以再續(xù)借一個(gè)禮拜。 九、方式狀語從句九、方式狀語從句 方式狀語從句一般由as(正如；按照)，as if/as though(好像),the way等引導(dǎo)。 1、as if 和和as though引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句 as if 和as though意為“好像、仿佛”可以用虛擬語氣表示不符合事實(shí)或與事實(shí)相反的情況；也可以用陳述語氣表示符合事實(shí)的情況。 He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg. 他慢慢地走，她像腿受傷的樣子。 He s

35、poke as if he knew the question very well.他說得好像對(duì)這個(gè)問題知道得很清楚。 2、the way引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句 the way它的作用相當(dāng)于the manner，后面的引導(dǎo)詞常用that引導(dǎo)方式狀語，而且經(jīng)常省略。此時(shí)，一般不用in which引導(dǎo)。 I dont like the way you speak to her.我不喜歡你和她說話的方式。 We didnt like the way that he treated us. 我不喜歡他對(duì)待我們的方式。 :什么時(shí)候可以省略什么時(shí)候可以省略?怎么省略怎么省略? 在含有狀語從句的復(fù)

36、合句中在含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句中若從句的主句是若從句的主句是it或與或與主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有be時(shí)，常省略從時(shí)，常省略從句的主語和句的主語和be。 1._ (在北京的時(shí)候在北京的時(shí)候), I paid a visit to the Summer Palace. 2. _(當(dāng)是個(gè)年輕人的時(shí)候當(dāng)是個(gè)年輕人的時(shí)候), Abraham Lincoln was a storekeeper and a postmaster. 3. He has no money. _ (要是有的話要是有的話), he will give us. 4._(除非修理除非修理), the

37、machine is of no use. 5. _(要是給更多的關(guān)注要是給更多的關(guān)注), The boy could have turned out better. 6. A girl stood at the gate of the school as if _ _(跟老師講話跟老師講話).When/While in BeijingWhen/As a young manIf anyUnless repairedIf given more attention to talking with a teacher36. If a lot of people say a film is not g

38、ood, I wont bother to see it, or Ill wait _ it comes out on DVD. （11年 時(shí)間狀語從句） A whether B. after C. thoughD. until37. The police officers in our city work hard _ the rest of us can live a safe life. （11年 目的狀語從句） A. in caseB. as if C. in order thatD. only if34. you may have, you should gather your co

39、urage to face the challenge.（10年 讓步狀語從句） A. However a serious problem B. What a serious problem C. However serious a problem D. What serious a problem39. our manager objects to Toms joining the club, we shall accept him as a member. (10年 條件狀語從句)A. Until B. Unless C. If D. After32. You cant borrow books from the school library _ you get your student card.（09 時(shí)間狀語）A. before B. if C. while D. as31. Are you ready for Spain? Yes. 1 want the girls to experience that _they are