1、感染相關(guān)英文詞匯小結(jié)G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1. Gram-Positive Bacteria 革蘭陽性菌2. micrococci微球菌3. Louis Pasteur路易斯，巴斯德4. etiology of pneumonia肺炎的病因?qū)W5. Etiologic agent病因?qū)W微生物6. Streptococcus鏈球菌7. cell division occurs along a single axis細胞分裂沿單一軸進行8. grow in chains or pairs成鏈或成對生長9. hemolytic properties溶血特性10. S. pneumoniae（Strep

2、tococcus pneumoniae）肺炎鏈球菌11. -hemolytic group溶血組12. blood agar血培養(yǎng)皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color特征綠色14. reduction of iron in hemoglobin還原血紅蛋白中的鐵15. fastidious苛養(yǎng)（菌）16. mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies粘液狀克?。ü饣?金屬色）17. Pneumococci without a capsule無夾膜的肺炎球菌18. colonies with a rough surface

3、克隆表面粗糙19. optochin(ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride)奧普托欣試驗（）20. bile soluble在膽汁中溶解21. a polysaccharide capsule多糖夾膜22. serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23. rabbit polyclonal antisera兔多克隆抗血清24. the Quellung reactionQuellung反應：在特定抗血清處理下，夾膜腫脹25. phagocytosis吞噬作用26. determinant of pneumococcal virulence毒力的決定因素

4、27. Unencapsulated variants無夾膜的變種28. invasive disease.侵襲性疾病29. host defense mechanisms宿主防御系統(tǒng)30. Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31. cytolysis of cells and tissues細胞和組織的溶解32. cell wall proteins細胞壁蛋白33. complement pathway補體系統(tǒng)34. complement deposition補體沉積35.preventing lysis an/or opsonophagocytosis防止溶解和補體發(fā)揮調(diào)理作用36. T

5、he pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制體37. impedes the formation of C3 convertase抑制C3轉(zhuǎn)話體的形成38. pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白C39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA)膽堿結(jié)合蛋白A40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase) NanA表面錨定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）41. sialic acid唾液酸42. pneumococcal surface adhesi

6、n A (PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43. potential vaccine candidates潛在的疫苗靶點44. Molecular typing分子型45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis脈沖凝膠電泳46. genetic relatedness基因相關(guān)性46. superseded by sequencing of housekeeping genes管家基因測序已取代（電泳）47. multilocus sequence typing, MLST多位點序列分型48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( )肺球菌多位點分型查

7、詢49. whole-genome sequencing will soon supersede MLST全基因組測序不久將替代MLST50. routine childhood administration of pneumococcal polysaccharideprotein conjugate vaccine (PCV)幼年期常規(guī)注射肺球菌多糖蛋白結(jié)合物疫苗51. secular trends長期趨勢52. epidemiologic features流行病學特征53. serotype distribution血清學分布54.invasive pneumococcal diseas

8、e (IPD, defined as infection of a normally sterile site)侵襲性肺炎球菌?。ㄍǔｓw內(nèi)無菌出現(xiàn)感染）55. disease burden疾病負擔56. military barracks軍營57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy human nasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的間斷定植菌58. respiratory droplets呼吸道飛沫59. socioeconomic status社會經(jīng)濟狀況60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission主要的

9、肺鏈球菌傳播者61. Cross-sectional prevalence data橫斷面發(fā)病率數(shù)據(jù)62. high rates of colonization高定植率63. community transmission dynamics社區(qū)傳播動力學64. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)腦脊液65. aspiration of pneumococci吸入肺球菌66. a positive blood culture血培養(yǎng)陽性67. routine pediatric vaccination schedule常規(guī)幼兒疫苗接種計劃68. pneumococcal pneumo

10、nia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血癥70. a definitive etiologic diagnosis病原學診斷明確71. radiographically confirmed pneumonia影像學確診的肺炎72. clinically diagnosed pneumonia臨床確診的肺炎73. The case-fatality ratios (CFRs)病死率74. underlying medical condition基礎(chǔ)疾病75. access to care治療情況76. severity of disease at presentation起病時病情的嚴重

11、程度77. hospitalized patients住院患者78. appropriate and timely management is available適當及時的治療79. the first 24 h of hospitalization住院后24h80. rapidly progressive cascade of events快速進展81. irrespective of antibiotic administration與抗菌藥物應用無關(guān)82. temperate climate溫帶氣候83. ethnic group民族84. crowded settings 擁擠的環(huán)境8

12、5. susceptible individuals易感人群86. preceding viral respiratory disease (especially but not exclusively influenza)曾患呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病（尤其但不限于流感）87. secondary pneumococcal infections繼發(fā)的肺炎球菌感染88. seasonal and pandemic influenza季節(jié)性、流行性感冒89. Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin肺炎球菌對青霉素敏感性下降90. prevalence

13、 of pneumococcal isolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics分離出的肺炎球菌對一種或多種抗菌藥物耐藥的趨勢明顯91. minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs)最小抑菌濃度92. rising absolute magnitude絕對值提高93. penicillin G青霉素G94. cefotaxime頭孢噻肟（3nd）95. ceftriaxone頭孢曲松96. macrolides大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類97. difficult-to-treat infecti

14、ons難治性感染98. pneumococcal antimicrobial nonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌藥物耐藥問題99. mucosal surfaces膜狀表面100. otitis media中耳炎101. pneumonia肺炎102. distant sites: brain遠處播散103. joint關(guān)節(jié)104. bones骨骼105. peritoneal cavity腹腔106. pneumococcal meningitis肺炎球菌性腦膜炎107. secondary to hematogenousspread繼發(fā)于血流感染108. flow of muc

15、us粘液的流動109. avoid local immune factors逃避免疫因子110. leukocytes白細胞111. complement補體112. cilia纖毛（cilium的名詞復數(shù)）113. mucociliary escalator纖毛的活動114. mechanical clearance of pneumococci機械清除肺炎球菌115. colonization episodes定植的時間116. persistent colonization長期定植117. development of capsule-specific serum IgG（導致）夾膜特異

16、性血清IgG抗體118. Intercurrent viral infections并發(fā)的病毒感染119. Local cytokine production局部細胞因子的產(chǎn)生120. upregulate adhesion factors上調(diào)粘附因子121. peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖122. teichoic acids磷壁酸123. interleukin I and IL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)腫瘤壞死因子125. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes多形核白細胞126. innate im

17、mune factors固有防御因子127. splenic function腎功能128. cough reflex咳嗽反射129. C-reactive protein (CRP)C反應蛋白130. phosphorylcholine磷脂膽堿131. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)Toll樣受體2132. lipoteichoic acid脂膜酸133. cell wall peptidoglycan細胞壁肽聚糖134. cystic fibrosis囊腫性纖維化135. bronchiectasis支氣管擴張136. sickle cell disease鐮狀細胞

18、（貧血）病137. cross-reactive antigens交叉反應抗原138. T cellindependent antigens不依賴T細胞的抗原136. delayed ontogeny（兒童）個體（B細胞防御系統(tǒng)）發(fā)育慢137. agammaglobulinemia丙種球蛋白缺乏138. chemically distinct（夾膜）化學結(jié)構(gòu)不同139. serotype specific血清型特異性抗體140. pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表現(xiàn)141. self-limited自限性疾病

19、142. life-threatening危及生命的143. differential diagnosis鑒別診斷144. convulsions抽搐145. tachypnea(>30 breaths/min)呼吸急促146. defined according to specific age strata根據(jù)特殊的年齡分層確定147. lower chest wall indrawing下胸壁凹陷148. noninvasive or invasive infection侵襲性或非侵襲性感染149. contiguous spread臨近組織器官傳播150. infection of

20、 a normally sterile body fluid無菌體液區(qū)感染151. Pneumonia（invasive with a positive blood culture）肺炎（血培養(yǎng)陽性考慮為侵襲性）152. a mild community-acquired infection輕度社區(qū)獲得性感染153. intubation插管治療154. at the outset起病時155. a viral upper respiratory infection上呼吸道病毒感染156. abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困難157. fe

21、ver發(fā)熱159. shaking chills寒戰(zhàn)158. myalgias肌肉疼痛160. nonpurulent無膿性161. purulent有膿的162. tinged with blood痰中帶血163. stabbing pleuritic chest pain胸肋膜刺痛164. parietal pleura胸膜壁層165. tachycardia心動過速166. dullness沉悶167. percussion觸診法168. consolidation實性病變169. crackles噼啪聲170. auscultation聽診171. Pleural rub胸膜摩擦音17

22、2. cyanosis蒼白173. nasal flaring鼻翼煽動174. diaphragmatic pleura胸膈膜175. upper abdominal pain上腹疼痛176. myocardial infarction心肌梗死177. heart failure with atypical pulmonary edema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水腫178. cardiac conditions心臟疾病179. pulmonary conditions肺部疾病180. atelectasis肺不張181. mycoplasmas支原體182.etiologic diagnosis o

23、f pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原學診斷183. pathologic examination of lung tissue肺組織的病理學檢查184. In lieu of代替185. an infiltrate on chest radiography 胸部影像學表現(xiàn)滲出186. lobar or segmental consolidation大葉性或節(jié)段性實變187. patchy分散不均的188. pleural effusion胸腔積液189. empyema膿胸190. round pneumonia圓形肺炎（）191. Urinary pneumoc

24、occal antigen assays泌尿系統(tǒng)肺炎球菌抗原檢驗192. culture of sputum痰培養(yǎng)193. Parapneumonic effusions并發(fā)于肺炎的胸腔積液194. aggressive and complete drainage充分引流195. pyogenic condition化膿性疾病196. skull fracture頭顱骨折197. gradual-onset headache逐漸出現(xiàn)的頭痛198. stiff neck頸僵200. photophobia畏光201.altered consciousness意識狀態(tài)變化202. seizures

25、癲癇203. bradycardia心動過緩204. increased intracranial pressure顱內(nèi)壓升高206. Kernigs or Brudzinskis signKernig征、Brudzinski征207. cranial nerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)顱神經(jīng)麻痹（3、6腦神經(jīng)）208. examination of CSF腦脊液檢查209. evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)濁度（肉眼檢查）210. elevated protein level, elevated

26、 white blood cell count, and reduced glucose concentration (quantitative measurement)蛋白、白細胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量檢查）211. specific identification of the etiologic agent (culture, Grams staining, antigentesting, or PCR)病原鑒定（培養(yǎng)，革蘭染色，抗原鑒定，PCR）212. in conjunction with同時伴隨213. deafness耳聾 214. hydrocephalus腦水腫215

27、 mental retardation. 智力遲鈍216. diffuse brain swelling彌漫性腦水腫217. subarachnoid bleeding 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血218. cerebrovascular complications腦血管并發(fā)癥219. bacteremia菌血癥220. osteomyelitis骨髓炎221. septic arthritis膿毒性關(guān)節(jié)炎222. endocarditis 心內(nèi)膜炎223. pericarditis心包炎224. peritonitis腹膜炎225. sinusitis鼻竇炎226. otitis media中耳炎227.

28、 tinnitus耳鳴228. upper respiratory tract infection上呼吸道感染229. bulging tympanic membrane鼓膜突出230. reduced movement on insufflation or tympanography注氣法或鼓室造影法顯示活動減少231. facial pain面部疼痛232. congestion充血233. persistent nighttime cough持續(xù)夜間咳嗽234. aspiration and culture of sinus material鼻竇分泌物吸出及培養(yǎng)235. parenter

29、al penicillin G靜脈給予青霉素G236. the drug of choice for disease首選藥物237. 50,000 U/kg for minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis輕度感染：50,000U/kg腦膜炎：300,000U/kg238. parenteral -lactam drugs靜脈給予內(nèi)酰胺類藥物239. ampicillin阿莫西林240. cefuroxime頭孢呋辛241. penicillin-susceptible strains青霉素敏感的菌株242. offer little ad

30、vantage over penicillin與青霉素相比，沒有特殊優(yōu)勢243. Macrolides and cephalosporins大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類和頭孢菌素類244. alternatives for penicillin-allergic patients青霉素過敏患者的替代藥物245. clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四環(huán)素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧芐啶-磺胺甲氧異惡唑248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249. tetracycline-, fluoroq

31、uinolone-and macrolide-resistant strains四環(huán)素耐藥，氟喹諾酮類耐藥，大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類耐藥的菌株250. Multidrug-resistant strains多重耐藥菌251. alteration of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes青霉素結(jié)合蛋白基因的改變252. transformation and horizontal transfer of DNA from related streptococcal species基因轉(zhuǎn)導以及從鏈球菌傳遞的DNA253. lower affinity for penic

32、illins與青霉素的親和力下降254. specific PBP(s) and the number of PBPs altered根據(jù)PBPs改變的類型和數(shù)量255. level of resistance ranges from intermediate to high耐藥的程度分為中介耐藥和高度耐藥256. penicillin susceptibility breakpoints青霉素敏感性折點257. susceptible0.06 g/mL; intermediate, 0.121.0 g/mL;resistant2.0 g/mL敏感0.06 g/mL，中介0.121.0 g/m

33、L；耐藥2.0 g/mL258. were not predictiveof the response of可以預測用藥反應259. revised penicillin G breakpoints修正的青霉素G折點260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute臨床與實驗室標準學會260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐藥肺炎球菌的出現(xiàn)261. MICs of 0.12 g/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）MI

34、C大于0.12µg/mL意味著耐藥（腦膜炎）262. the breakpoints are 2 g/mL forsusceptible organisms, 4 g/mL for intermediate organisms, and 8 g/mL for resistant organisms（nonmeningitis）敏感菌2 g/mL中介4 g/mL耐藥 8 g/mL（非腦膜炎感染）263. the Infectious Diseases Society of America美國傳染病協(xié)會264.American Thoracic Society美國胸科學會265.the British Thoracic Society英國胸科學會266.the European R