1、Unit 3Looking good, feeling goodNon-restrictive attributive clauses & Question tags1. 定語從句定語從句 (attributive clauses) 通常由關(guān)通常由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。常見的關(guān)系代系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。常見的關(guān)系代詞有：詞有：which (指物指物)，that (既可指人又既可指人又可指物可指物)，who (指人，在定語從句中作指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語主語或賓語)，whom (指人，在定語從句指人，在定語從句中作賓語中作賓語)，whose (指人或物，作定語指人或物，作定語)等

2、。關(guān)系副詞有等。關(guān)系副詞有: when (指時間指時間)，where (指地點(diǎn)指地點(diǎn))，why (指原因指原因)等。等。2. 定語從句分為限制性定語從句定語從句分為限制性定語從句(restrictive ) 和非限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句(non-restrictive) 兩種。兩種。限制性限制性定語定語從句緊跟先行詞，與先行詞之間一從句緊跟先行詞，與先行詞之間一般般不加逗號不加逗號；非限制性非限制性定語從句與定語從句與主句之間通常用主句之間通常用逗號分開逗號分開。1. My mother, who you met last year, keeps telling me not to t

3、ake them because they are dangerous.2. Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.Non-restrictive attributive clauses:3. My mother insisted on sending me to the hospital, where I received good medical treatment.4. Its the same in Chinamany people, som

4、e of whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.Differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.DiscussionLook at the following examples and tell the differences between the sentences.1. His father, who

5、works in Beijing, came back yesterday.2. Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing rapidly.Example 1Conclusion 1當(dāng)先行詞是地名、人名、世界上獨(dú)當(dāng)先行詞是地名、人名、世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，通常只用非限制性定語從句修飾。通常只用非限制性定語從句修飾。1. I have a sister who / that works in a hospital. 我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。2. I have a sis

6、ter, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在醫(yī)院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在醫(yī)院工作。Example 2不只一位姐姐不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3. The magazines here have nice pictures in them were written by him. 里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。4. The magazines here, which have nice pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的雜志都是他寫的，里面都有漂亮所有的雜志都是他寫的，

7、里面都有漂亮的圖畫。的圖畫。雜志有兩類雜志有兩類雜志只有一類雜志只有一類Conclusion 21. 限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，如果去是先行詞不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明確。掉它，主句意思往往不明確。 2. 非限制性定語從句是對先行詞的補(bǔ)非限制性定語從句是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充或說明，去掉它也不會影響主句充或說明，去掉它也不會影響主句的意思。的意思。This is the house (which/ that )we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。2. The

8、house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。這房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。Example 3限制性定語從句限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒領(lǐng)會我的意思，這使我心煩。他似乎沒領(lǐng)會我的意思，這使我心煩。非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句Conclusion 31. 限制性定語從句可以由關(guān)系代詞，限制性定語從句可以由關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞作賓

9、語關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略。時可以省略。2. 非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞，非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)且關(guān)系代詞不可以省略。且關(guān)系代詞不可以省略。1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black, with _ she had a wonderful time.3. I bought a car yesterd

10、ay, _ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho4. Xian, _ I visited last year, is a nice old city.5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.8. _ we all know,

11、 he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定語從句考點(diǎn)歸納：非限制性定語從句考點(diǎn)歸納： as和和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替整個主句。代替整個主句。1. As everyone knows, China is a country with a long history. 眾所周知，中國是一個眾所周知，中國是一個歷史歷史悠久的國悠久的國家。家。Example:2. She is a teacher, as is clear from her manner. 她是個教師，這一點(diǎn)從她的舉止可以她是個教師，這一點(diǎn)從她的舉止可以清楚地看出。清楚地看

12、出。3. He missed the show, which was really a great pity. 他他錯過了演出，這真是很大的遺憾。錯過了演出，這真是很大的遺憾。Conclusion1. as 和和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，時，as和和which可代替整個主句，相可代替整個主句，相當(dāng)于當(dāng)于and this或或and that。這兩個關(guān)系。這兩個關(guān)系代詞都可指代主句所表達(dá)的整個意思代詞都可指代主句所表達(dá)的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。2. as和和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的

13、不 同之處在于：同之處在于：(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不可放在句首。引導(dǎo)的定語從句不可放在句首。(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若從句中的謂語為行為動詞，則從句的若從句中的謂語為行為動詞，則從句的關(guān)系代詞只能用關(guān)系代詞只能用which。另外，。另外，as引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有非限制性從句，常帶有“正如正如”的意思。的意思。 Alice received an invitation from her boss, _

14、 came as a surprise. 2. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. 3. _ is expected, the England team won the football match.Aswhichwhich4. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.5. _ we can see, the smoke came from the little dustbin.whichAsII.

15、 all / some/ of + whom / which引導(dǎo)非引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句Example: He has told us many stories, all of which are about the famous Long Match.2. The students of Class 1, some of whom came from Japan, went camping yesterday.Conclusion在非限制性定語從句中，一些表達(dá)數(shù)量或定在非限制性定語從句中，一些表達(dá)數(shù)量或定位的數(shù)詞或代詞如位的數(shù)詞或代詞如 all/ some/ one/ both/

16、 neither/ none/ any/ either/ any 等可與等可與 of 構(gòu)構(gòu)成介詞詞組修飾限制先行詞，此時先行詞在成介詞詞組修飾限制先行詞，此時先行詞在其后的定語從句中作介詞的賓語，關(guān)系代詞其后的定語從句中作介詞的賓語，關(guān)系代詞不可用不可用that。如先行詞指人則用。如先行詞指人則用whom，如先，如先行詞指物則用行詞指物則用which引導(dǎo)從句。引導(dǎo)從句。1. Many students in this school, some of which are not overweight, are going on diets.2. There are 54 students in

17、my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them3. Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by the workers here every year, 80% of whom are sold abroad. 4. I have many friends in this town, some of which are businessman. 5. I am doing different types of exercises, all of them are quite he

18、lpful to my health.whichwhich 或或 all 前加前加andwhom Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. whichPractice time2. The English play, _ my students acted at the New Years party, was a great success. A. for which B. at

19、which C. in which D. on which3. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that4. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. when B. which C. what D. that5. The British a

20、re not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _ is often the case in other countries. A. it B. that C. as D .soJoin each pair of sentences to from one sentence, using one of them as a non-restrictive attributive clause with who, whom, whose, which, where or when. Amy is

21、an actress. She is Zhou Lings friend. _1. _Amy, who is Zhou Lings friend, is an actress.2. The doctors at the hospital tried their best to save Amy. Amy spend about two months in that hospital. _ _ _3. Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables. All of them are good for her health.The doctors at the hosp

22、ital, where Amy spent about two months, tried their best to save Amy. _ _4. Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon. It is fine and warm in the afternoon. _ _ _Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables, all of which are good for her health.Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon, when it i

23、s fine and warm.5. My uncle is an engineer and is working in Beijing. I told you about him yesterday. _ _ _6. Mike has decided to visit the Great Wall next month. His hobby is travelling. _ _ _My uncle, whom I told you about yesterday, is an engineer and is working in Beijing.Mike, whose hobby is tr

24、avelling, has decided to visit the Great Wall next month.Answers to Part B:(1) who (2) where (3) which (4) which (5) which (6) which(7) whose (8) when (9) who(10) who1. What are question tags?Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements. Discussion2. What are question tags us

25、ed for?Question tags are used for agreement or confirmation.3. Look at the following examples and tell in what different situations the question tags are used. Example 1: Its a lovely day, isnt it?Situation 1: to start a conversation in spoken EnglishExample 2: Neither of you has heard the news, hav

26、e you? Situation 2: to ask for information in a polite wayExample 3: Pass the knife on the table to me, will you? Situation 3: to ask someone politely to do somethingSituation 4:1. to ask for agreement, using a falling tone. (The speaker is sure about what is said.)2. to ask for confirmation, using

27、a rising tone. (The speaker is not sure about what is said.)Example 4:1. Youre a high school student, arent you? 2. Youre a high school student, arent you?1. Looking good is important to women, isnt it? I was lucky, wasnt I?2. We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we?ExamplesAll the ques

28、tion tags above are used to ask for agreement by the writer and they should be read in a falling tone.Conclusion:Rules:陳述部分帶有陳述部分帶有seldom，hardly，never，neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little 等否定詞時，疑問部分應(yīng)用肯定。等否定詞時，疑問部分應(yīng)用肯定。如果陳述部分的否定詞如果陳述部分的否定詞僅帶否定前綴或僅帶否定前綴或后綴后綴，那么，陳述部分做肯定句處理，那么，陳述部分做肯定句處理，疑問部分仍用否定形式。疑問

29、部分仍用否定形式。e.g. He was unsuccessful, _? 當(dāng)陳述部分是以當(dāng)陳述部分是以there開頭時，疑問開頭時，疑問 部分主語也用部分主語也用there。e.g. There is no help for it, _? There is something wrong, _?wasnt heis thereisnt there如果陳述部分是如果陳述部分是I am 的結(jié)構(gòu)，疑問部的結(jié)構(gòu)，疑問部分用分用arent I. e.g. I am late, _?如果陳述部分是一個帶有如果陳述部分是一個帶有that分句作賓分句作賓語的主從結(jié)構(gòu)時，疑問部分一般應(yīng)語的主從結(jié)構(gòu)時，疑問部分

30、一般應(yīng)與主與主句句的主語和謂語動詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系。的主語和謂語動詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系。arent Ie.g. She says that I did it, _? 注意：注意：當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe等結(jié)構(gòu)時，等結(jié)構(gòu)時，疑問部分則往往與疑問部分則往往與that分句分句中的主語中的主語和謂語動詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系，但要注和謂語動詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系，但要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。e.g. I supposed that he is serious, _? I dont think that she works hard, _?doesnt s

31、heisnt hedoes she陳述部分含有陳述部分含有ought to時，疑問部分可時，疑問部分可以用以用ought形式，也可用形式，也可用should形式。形式。e.g. The child ought to be punished, _?We ought to go there, _?陳述部分有陳述部分有used to時，疑問部分可用時，疑問部分可用used形式，也可用形式，也可用did形式。形式。e.g. He used to smoke five cigarettes a day, _?oughtnt heshouldnt wedidnt / usednt he陳述部分有陳述部分有

32、had better，would rather，would like時，疑問部分時，疑問部分要注意區(qū)別簡略要注意區(qū)別簡略形式形式。e.g. Youd better go now, _? Youd rather go there early, _? Hed like to go, _?hadnt youwouldnt hewouldnt you陳述句中陳述句中must后動詞的類屬與時態(tài)不后動詞的類屬與時態(tài)不同，反意疑問句也不同。同，反意疑問句也不同。1) must表表“必須必須”“”“必要必要”時，疑問時，疑問部分用部分用mustnt或或neednt。e.g. You must work har

33、d next term, _? You must go home right now, _?mustnt youneednt you2) mustnt 表表“禁止禁止”，疑問部分用，疑問部分用must。 e.g. You mustnt walk on grass, _?3) must 表推測時，表推測時，疑問部分不用疑問部分不用must，而要把陳述部分改寫。如：而要把陳述部分改寫。如： e.g. He must be very tired, _? (=Im sure he is very tired.)must youisnt heHe must have waited for a long

34、time, _?(=Im sure he has waited for a long time.)You must have seen the play last week, _? (=Im sure you saw the play last week.)hasnt hedidnt you陳述部分中有陳述部分中有have時時1) have意為意為“有有”時，可以有時，可以有兩種兩種形式。形式。 e.g. He doesnt have any sisters, _? He hasnt any sisters, _? You have a Rolls-Royce, _?has hedoes he

35、havent /dont you2) have 意為意為“吃，經(jīng)歷，遭受，得到吃，經(jīng)歷，遭受，得到”等其它含義時，疑問部分只用等其它含義時，疑問部分只用do的的適當(dāng)形式。適當(dāng)形式。e.g. You all had a good time, _? He often has colds, _?3) 當(dāng)含有當(dāng)含有have to，had to時，疑問部分時，疑問部分 用用do的適當(dāng)形式。的適當(dāng)形式。e.g. They had to take the early train, _?didnt youdoesnt hedidnt they當(dāng)陳述部分主語為當(dāng)陳述部分主語為this，that，everythi

36、ng，anything，something，nothing等時，反意疑問句的主語用等時，反意疑問句的主語用it。e.g. Everything is all right, _? Nothing can stop us now, _?isnt itcan it當(dāng)陳述部分中主語為當(dāng)陳述部分中主語為anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, those, these反反意疑問句中主語用意疑問句中主語用they。e.g. Everyone knows the answer, _?dont they在祈使句中在祈使句中1) 肯定與否定肯定與否定的祈使句中，疑問部分都的祈使句中，疑問部分都 用用will you。e.g. Dont move the chair, _?2) 以以lets開頭的祈使句，疑問句部分用開頭的祈使句，疑問句部分用shall we。3) 以以let