1、劉鎏6 6我眼中的語(yǔ)法起源語(yǔ)法之于法律 語(yǔ)法之于普通話語(yǔ)法不是原則，而是規(guī)范，目的在于消除歧義、避免誤解課程主線及目的 簡(jiǎn)單語(yǔ)法簡(jiǎn)單語(yǔ)法 閱讀：從此眼中無(wú)難句從此眼中無(wú)難句只有啰嗦的句子，沒(méi)有復(fù)雜的句子復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法 寫(xiě)作：規(guī)則正道在母語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作：規(guī)則正道在母語(yǔ)正確的中文思維正確的中文思維 = = 流暢的英文句子流暢的英文句子 語(yǔ)法考試：具體的語(yǔ)法常考點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法考試：具體的語(yǔ)法常考點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)單語(yǔ)法 詞法單詞的功能，如何構(gòu)成句子 連詞、表示關(guān)系的副詞及詞組連詞、表示關(guān)系的副詞及詞組 功能：連句成段功能：連句成段 連段成文連段成文一、關(guān)系詞匯 1. “因果、條件”關(guān)系詞 （as a result, resul

2、t in, result from, lead to, because of, due to, contribute to, owning to, hence, since, accordingly, consequently, therefore, in that, etc.） 2. “轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)立”關(guān)系詞 （despite, in spite of, but, although, though, while, yet, otherwise, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, etc.） 3. “比較、遞進(jìn)”關(guān)系詞 （

3、 equally, likewise, similarly, in comparison, as far as, as long as, etc.） 4. “并列、選擇”關(guān)系詞 （ first, secondfinally, and, or, as well as, one the other, notnor, etc.） 二、動(dòng)詞 By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose. People who lived in the cities and were

4、not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing 過(guò)去分詞 done 不定式 to do非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing 主動(dòng)發(fā)出，正在進(jìn)行 過(guò)去分詞 done 被動(dòng)接受，已經(jīng)完成 不定式 to do 目的意圖，將來(lái)趨勢(shì)從此眼中無(wú)難句 Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernat

5、ural beings, and mined the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the comin

6、g rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieti

7、es of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing

8、their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods. 動(dòng)詞分為兩類 及物動(dòng)詞 不及物動(dòng)詞 三、介詞 go _ school; co

9、me _ the room; Sit _ the desk ；point _ the book ; _ last year; _ Monday； _ 6:00; aim _ ; laugh _ ; throw _ ; look _ up/ down on/ out/ into/ for/ forward to/ after/ back/ over/ through介詞的功能 1 輔助不及物動(dòng)詞，補(bǔ)充動(dòng)作的程度、方向、范圍充當(dāng)副詞 An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric

10、wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the

11、end of the Pleistocene epoch介詞的功能 2 連接名詞修飾名詞，表達(dá)相互關(guān)系 A in B of C on D by E over F with G從此眼中無(wú)難句 But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.從此眼中無(wú)難句 Bu

12、t these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth. What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with in

13、creasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Ofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleAbrahamLincoln Offthepeople,buythepeople,foolthepeople介詞的功能 3 直接行使邏輯功能表示狀態(tài)（搭配be動(dòng)詞） I am over you. / Get over it ! / He is just not that into you. / Im in ! She is

14、 out of my life. We are with you. He is underbelow me.介詞的功能 3 直接行使邏輯功能表示狀態(tài)（搭配be動(dòng)詞） I am on it ! He is off / not in. You are all by your self. 四、定性的形容詞和副詞 五、名詞 抽象名詞 具體名詞+A in B of C on D by E over F with G修飾性從句名詞性從句主從表從賓從同位從What you wantis what I wantI know what you want,插入語(yǔ),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞doingdoneto do障礙 1 中

15、英文修飾成分的習(xí)慣性位置 中文前置英文后置 我是北京XX英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)教英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的老師 I am a teacher嚴(yán)重后果 倒裝句 非強(qiáng)調(diào)目的完全倒裝 主謂賓完全倒裝？ NO! 主系表才完全倒裝。 典型實(shí)例 there be 句型 非典型實(shí)例 (那些年被我們誤以為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的句子們) Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Somewhat more promising have been recent experimen

16、ts for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground.其他用于強(qiáng)調(diào)的倒裝（復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法） 表認(rèn)同 -I am from China.-So am I. -His brother is not a good-tempered boy. -nor is mine . 表凸顯 Here is your key. Here comes the bus. Only in this way can you solve this

17、problem.障礙 2 英文語(yǔ)法慣用的插入成分 定語(yǔ)從句 + 插入語(yǔ) What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.從此眼中無(wú)難句 What we today call America folk art was, indeed,

18、art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.從此眼中無(wú)難句 What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leis

19、ure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.從此眼中無(wú)難句從此眼中無(wú)難句 The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to next.從此眼中無(wú)難句 T

20、he tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food (that) these highly capable farmers stored from one year to next.從此眼中無(wú)難句 Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the

21、 High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.從此眼中無(wú)難句 Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be t

22、he abundant, inexpensive resource (that) it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.從此眼中無(wú)難句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken aw

23、ay from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small

24、 group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems f

25、air, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studie

26、s have shown that some animal possess such a sense. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown th

27、at some animal possess such a sense. 障礙 3 英文中特殊的慣用搭配 積累+練習(xí)從此眼中無(wú)難句 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, th

28、e film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or

29、taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position w

30、as not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 從此眼中無(wú)難句 Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one-quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas and at least as much resistance to constructing more

31、suburbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south.從此眼中無(wú)難句 Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one-quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas and at least as much resistance to constructing more subu

32、rbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south.從此眼中無(wú)難句 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be

33、fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles.從此眼中無(wú)難句 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would

34、 normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles.牛津動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配詞典積累加練習(xí)的目的？輸出英文口語(yǔ)和寫(xiě)作句子的形成step 1寫(xiě)出最基本的想法簡(jiǎn)單句 簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)作關(guān)系：主謂賓 對(duì)事物的表述：主系表句子的形成step 2加入時(shí)間和狀態(tài)、情感和態(tài)度時(shí)態(tài) 和 情態(tài)1.句子的時(shí)態(tài) 為什么說(shuō)話要時(shí)態(tài)？ 為了區(qū)分不同狀態(tài)的先后順序 時(shí)態(tài)的復(fù)雜化，是因?yàn)闋顟B(tài)跟參考時(shí)間點(diǎn)的疊加 時(shí) + 態(tài) 時(shí) 態(tài)過(guò)去現(xiàn)在將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般diddo/does

35、shall/will doshould/would do進(jìn)行was/were doingam/is/are doingshall/will be doing should/would be doing完成had donehave/has doneshall/will have doneshould/would have done完成進(jìn)行had been doinghave/has been doingshall/will have been doing should/would have been doing要點(diǎn) 關(guān)于時(shí)間參考點(diǎn)關(guān)于時(shí)間參考點(diǎn) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)帶有實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生的意味 所以常用th

36、ought planned expected 關(guān)于動(dòng)作狀態(tài)關(guān)于動(dòng)作狀態(tài) 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)一般需要強(qiáng)調(diào) 持續(xù)時(shí)間段 完成時(shí)態(tài)一般需要說(shuō)明 動(dòng)作結(jié)束點(diǎn)2.句子的情態(tài)情感態(tài)度will, would can, could may, mightneed, should, must, ought to, have towill, wouldwill：表示意愿will you marry me？I wont leave you.would ：表示委婉的意愿would you help me？would也可以表示1、不確定、揣測(cè)Tomorrow would be a nice day.2、不現(xiàn)實(shí)、虛擬I would

37、that I had stayed.can, couldcan ：表示能力can you make it？She can not finish her book.can not 也可表示不可能的The answer can not be true.He can not have seen me yesterday.比較：He could not see me yesterday.could ：表示不確定的可能My father could be home this afternoon. Where could a sad kid go?以上could換成can語(yǔ)氣更堅(jiān)定could ：在條件假設(shè)

38、句中，表示本來(lái)有可能但未實(shí)現(xiàn)的事If we knew our adversary well, we could have won that game.may, mightmay：表示許可You may leave after the test.反義詞是may not或must notmay ：跟be或者條件句搭配表示可能、或許might：同 may 感情一致，態(tài)度偏謙虛委婉need, should, ought to, must, have to非情態(tài)的委婉 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 條件還是假設(shè)？ 真實(shí)還是非真實(shí)？ If old Luo comes here, I will ask him some que

39、stions. If old Luo comes here, I would ask him some questions. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 能實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件通常不用虛擬 不能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)不符的：假設(shè) 1、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不符 If I had time, I would help you If I knew English, I should be able to read this. 2、與過(guò)去事實(shí)不符 If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone then. 3、與將來(lái)事實(shí)不符 If our company would settle

40、 a branch abroad, we would start a different career there.假設(shè)條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣總結(jié) 現(xiàn)在： If I knew English, I should be able to read this. 過(guò)去： If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone then. 將來(lái)： If our company would settle a branch abroad, we would start a different career there.假設(shè)條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣總結(jié) 只需將動(dòng)

41、詞時(shí)態(tài)往過(guò)去提一個(gè)級(jí)別虛擬條件的其他表達(dá) 1、倒裝： 假設(shè)條件句中帶were had could should 將他們提前作倒裝可表示條件關(guān)系 Did I see your mother, I would tell her everything. Were we calling your name, will you be there?虛擬條件的其他表達(dá) 2、介詞短語(yǔ)without but for： Without computer, there would be no hi-tech industry at all. But for the new revolution, the count

42、ry wouldnt develop like this fast.虛擬條件的其他表達(dá) 3、Were it no for But that： Were it no for a railroad, we could not touch the world outside. But that he saw it, he would not believe it at all.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的注意事項(xiàng) 1、現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中 should 可以替換為 would，因?yàn)?2、could、might可以替代should、would，只是情態(tài)不同 3、當(dāng)假設(shè)從句的主語(yǔ)是第一、第三人稱時(shí)，可以使用was，但是在省略if、

43、前置was作倒裝是，無(wú)論第幾人稱，都必須使用were.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的注意事項(xiàng) 4、hope wish 表示希望時(shí)，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示希望落空. I hope that you will would come.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的注意事項(xiàng) 5、think intend mean want plan 結(jié)合過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，表示本打算做但是未做的事。 I had intended to have a dinner with you.句子的形成step 1寫(xiě)出最基本的想法:簡(jiǎn)單句step 2加入時(shí)態(tài)、情態(tài)step 3凸顯主觀意圖倒裝句表強(qiáng)調(diào) 原則：不影響含義、不產(chǎn)生歧義 將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)凸顯的內(nèi)容提前 1. only + 狀語(yǔ)或

44、狀語(yǔ)從句置于句首，句子用部分倒裝。 Only in this way can you solve this problem. Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 2. nor, hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首，句子用部

45、分倒裝。 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. Seldom do I go to work by bus. Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night . Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other. 3. so / such.that結(jié)構(gòu)中的

46、so或such位于句首可以構(gòu)成部分倒裝,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)so /such和that之間的部分。 So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. To such length did she go in rehearsal that even the director got tired. 4. 某些副詞開(kāi)頭的句子構(gòu)成的完全倒裝 here、there、now、then、thus。 前提是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，如arise、be、come、exist、go、follow等。需要注意的是，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，不能構(gòu)成倒裝。 Here comes ou

47、r headmaster。 Here is your key. 5. 感嘆句 強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞時(shí)使用what感嘆 強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞或副詞時(shí)使用how感嘆 Today is a nice day。困惑 完全倒裝 VS 局部倒裝So is it.So it is.Easy does it.Here you are.句子的形成step 1寫(xiě)出最基本的想法:簡(jiǎn)單句step 2加入時(shí)態(tài)、情態(tài)step 3凸顯主觀意圖：倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)step 4對(duì)主干進(jìn)行修飾 主謂賓 + 定狀補(bǔ) 主系表 一、一、定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)： 1、詞間的修飾、詞間的修飾 a、簡(jiǎn)單、簡(jiǎn)單定語(yǔ)的修飾順序定語(yǔ)的修飾順序 All冠代數(shù)好大形 新舊顏國(guó)材用類 All t

48、he three good big square new brown Chinese wooden writing home desks b、名詞間加介詞修飾 A in B of C on D by E over F with G c、名詞直接修飾名詞直接修飾 roomservice,machinegun,partymember d、帶動(dòng)作關(guān)系的名詞修飾、帶動(dòng)作關(guān)系的名詞修飾 music-lovingpeople man-madeplanet 區(qū)別？區(qū)別？ everlastinglove heartbrokenman 一、一、定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)： 1、用詞修飾名詞、用詞修飾名詞 2、用句子修飾名詞：、

49、用句子修飾名詞： 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)1 限定限定or非限定非限定? （a）The travelers who knew about the floods took another road （b）The travelers，who knew about the floods，took another road 逗號(hào)的功能逗號(hào)的功能 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)1 限定限定or非限定非限定? 逗號(hào)的功能逗號(hào)的功能 限定性：對(duì)主句產(chǎn)生邏輯作用，不可分割， 不能加逗號(hào) 非限定：?jiǎn)渭冞M(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或修飾，加逗 號(hào)。本質(zhì)上可理解為插入語(yǔ) The deserts, which a

50、lready occupy approximately a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The applied arts also pertain

51、to the laws of physics, which can bound their shapes, size and functions. The applied arts also pertain to the laws of physics, which can bound their shapes, size and functions. 由于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用于進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，所有它也可以針對(duì)整個(gè)主句，而不是僅僅修飾名詞。 I had asked her to show me the new iphone, which she did. When deeply absorbed

52、 in work, which he often was, he would forget all other things. 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)2 同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句or定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句? it was a productivity boost that has confirmed the expert prediction that the improvement of energy sources would reform our manufacturing. 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)2 同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句or定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句? it was a productivit

53、y boost that has confirmed the expert prediction that the improvement of energy sources would reform our manufacturing. 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)3 定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞前面的介詞定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞前面的介詞? Thedoorof/towhichyoulostthekeycannotbeopened. 從句和先行詞之間存在不及物關(guān)系從句和先行詞之間存在不及物關(guān)系介詞介詞 Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked clos

54、ely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. 定語(yǔ)從句前的介詞通?？梢苑胖脧木渚湮玻藭r(shí)which可以省略 This is the lab which you ca

55、n take a laser test in. 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)4 什么情況下可省略引導(dǎo)詞什么情況下可省略引導(dǎo)詞? ThemanwhoteachesusEnglishhasneverbeentoEnglandbefore. Thebookwhichmyfatherboughttaughtmealotofthings. Doyouthinktheboyisdoingsomethingthatheshouldntdo? 定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句糾結(jié)點(diǎn)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)4 Thesoftwarethat/whichwedevelopedcanbeusedtocontroltheprocess. 充當(dāng)從句賓語(yǔ)

56、且不引起歧義的情況下可省充當(dāng)從句賓語(yǔ)且不引起歧義的情況下可省略引導(dǎo)詞略引導(dǎo)詞step 4對(duì)主干進(jìn)行修飾 主謂賓 + 定狀補(bǔ) 主系表二、狀語(yǔ) 表達(dá)句子邏輯動(dòng)作的狀況： 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、方式、頻率二、狀語(yǔ) 副詞作狀語(yǔ) 介詞詞組作狀語(yǔ) 非謂語(yǔ)形式作狀語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)1： 插入語(yǔ)插入語(yǔ)or狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)? （ 1 ） Frankly， he doesnt like music at all. （副詞作插入語(yǔ)，表示說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度） Here you should speak frankly. （副詞作狀語(yǔ)） （ 2 ） True， your daughter is at home now

57、. （形容詞作插入語(yǔ)） He came back， hungry and tired. （形容詞作狀語(yǔ)） （ 3 ） Judging from what he said， he does look down his elder brother. （現(xiàn)在分詞作插入語(yǔ)，其主語(yǔ)不是句中的主語(yǔ)，只是說(shuō)話者的附加說(shuō)明） Seeing from the window， he can see the lake. （現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是句中的主語(yǔ) he ） （ 4 ） To tell you the truth， he doesnt quite agree with this idea. （不定式作插入

58、語(yǔ)，動(dòng)作主體不是句中的主語(yǔ)，只是說(shuō)話者的附加說(shuō)明） To buy the machine， he went to Beijing. （不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是句中的主語(yǔ) he ）狀語(yǔ)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)糾結(jié)點(diǎn)2： 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)or獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格? Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow. Keeping silent, I walked through the crowd. Silently, I watched her weathered face, tears in my eyes. 兩者的區(qū)別： 動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形

59、式作狀語(yǔ)：此動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是主句的主語(yǔ)。 獨(dú)立主格作狀語(yǔ)：其中的動(dòng)作與主句的主語(yǔ)不相同，另有自己獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)。其動(dòng)詞的主被動(dòng)形式跟非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的應(yīng)用一致。 “Chairman！” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. Here are the first two volumes, the third

60、one to come out next month. 獨(dú)立主格的來(lái)由？ 當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)跟主句主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)，省略狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞，只保留其狀態(tài)為主句服務(wù)。 The meeting over, all of us went home. Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. The condition favorable, he may succeed. We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首; 表示原因時(shí)還可放在