1、 講義提前看暑期強化徐綻考研閱讀理解第一部分 十大解題思路一、細節(jié)題標(biāo)志：1、題干上有五W一H提問，2、題干中明確的會提到時間、地點、人物或者事物等細節(jié)信息。3、有可能針對文章中的一句話或者幾句話發(fā)問。4、題干和選項有可能考察一種因果關(guān)系。5、解題關(guān)鍵：返回原文，準(zhǔn)確定位。做題：做題依據(jù)一定要緊扣文章本身返回原文：1、可以根據(jù)題干所列的地點、時間、人物、事物返回原文。2、根據(jù)出題的順序返回原文。3、根據(jù)題干中或四個選項中的重點詞，或同義詞返回原文。4、通過長難句返回原文。二、句子理解題1、標(biāo)志：題干中明確指出是原文中的某句話，重要的不是上下文，而是句子本身。2、步驟：（1）重點是返回原文，對該

2、句子進行語法、句法、詞法的精準(zhǔn)解析。正確（不能推）理解該句子的深刻含義。（2）若該句話的含義不能確定，則適當(dāng)依據(jù)上下文進行判斷。局部含義有整體含義決定。（3）一般來說，選項中的正確答案與原句是同義關(guān)系，只不過用其他短語表達。3、錯誤選項特征：推的過遠，做題時注意把握理解度。4、正確選項不包含過于絕對化的詞語。三、主旨大意題1、標(biāo)志：best title main idea main problem conclusion mainly disguss mainly deal with或者問作者的寫作目的purpose the author intends to do sth a digest o

3、f利用宏觀閱讀技巧作主旨題，不管是出現(xiàn)在什么位置，都把他作為最后一題來做。2、方法：（1）段落少，用串線法。(2）快速作文法：兩個選項難以分辨的時候，用這兩個選項做作文，快速給出綱。3、選項不能選擇局部信息，也不能選范圍過寬的信息。四、態(tài)度題1、標(biāo)志：題干中出現(xiàn)attitude believe consider deam regard2、作者態(tài)度可以分為三大類：（1）正態(tài)度：支持，樂觀，贊同（2）客觀、中立、公正（3） 反對、批評、懷疑3、等價選項都不選4、有些選項一定不是正確答案（永陪選項）：indifferent（漠不關(guān)心）；subjective（主觀的）biased（有偏見的）；puzz

4、led（迷惑不解的）5、識別作者態(tài)度：方法一：可以根據(jù)作者論述的主線及舉例的方式進行判斷。方法二：當(dāng)作者態(tài)度沒有明確提出時，找文章中有褒貶含義，含有感情 色彩的詞。6、特別注意作者的態(tài)度一般與文章中心相聯(lián)系。做題時不要把自己的態(tài)度納入其中，而且要注意區(qū)分作者的態(tài)度和作者引用別人的態(tài)度。五、態(tài)度題的新趨勢：1、現(xiàn)在題目的考察不僅僅局限于作者的態(tài)度，也開始考察文章中某人的觀點和態(tài)度，做題時特別應(yīng)該注意看清楚題目考察的是誰對誰的態(tài)度。2、選項可能不在是態(tài)度明確的肯定或者否定的詞，而是改為帶有程度限制的詞語，帶有如下詞語的選項往往是正確的：quarded慎重的，qualified有條件的，temper

5、ed緩和的，因為帶有保留態(tài)度的觀點比較客觀，一般帶有絕對化或者過于強烈的刺繡是的選項必然是錯誤的，如：strongly completely entirely六、推理題1、標(biāo)志：往往出現(xiàn)infer imply learn2、解題關(guān)鍵：（1）絕大多數(shù)推理題答案是文章中心或原文某句話的同義表達。正確答案與原文之間基本上不存在推理關(guān)系。（2）做題時看是否可以通過題干返回原文，或者依據(jù)選項返回原文，一般圍繞文章中的一兩個重點句進行思考，特別注意文章中含義深刻或者結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。因為對作者所表達的意思不能一下子理解的長難句是命題所在。尤其注意：做題時不能想的太多，推的太遠，是否能把原文看懂才是關(guān)鍵。七、

6、例證題的解題思路1、標(biāo)志：example exemplify illustration demonstration 2、解題關(guān)鍵：不在于是否看懂了例子，而在于是否找到了例子所支持的觀點。3、步驟：（1）返回原文，找出該例子支持的觀點。80%向上，20%向下（2）在四個選項中尋找與找到的論點表達最一致，意思最接近的一個。注意：有時候例證題所支持的觀點需要歸納總結(jié)。4、錯誤答案的論述方式：混淆論點與論據(jù)；列舉無關(guān)常識。八、判斷題1、標(biāo)志：which of the following statement is not ture? All of the following is ture except

7、.2、 思路：（1）首先判斷是三對一錯還是三錯一對，所謂對是符合原文或者符合作者態(tài)度的。所謂錯是指原文有矛盾或者原文未提及的概念，或者與作者態(tài)度相反的內(nèi)容。（2）每個選項力爭返回原文，與原文信息進行一一比較排除（3）注意這種題目的選項，有時候會集中于某段的信息或者各具一些共同特征，所以做題時可以先對比一下四個選項，找出其中可能存在的共同點，再回到原文定位。九、詞匯題1、標(biāo)志：在題目中明確指出某處的單詞或者詞組，要求辨別其意思。2、關(guān)鍵：該單詞并不重要，重要的是上下文。3、如果該單詞認(rèn)識，并且不超綱，那么他的字面意思絕對不是正確答案。其正確答案是根據(jù)上下文推出的更深層的含義，該含義也許與原單詞表

8、面意思沒有關(guān)系。4、方法借助上下文理解，在上下文中尋找同性詞或詞組，利用上下文中邏輯關(guān)系將四個選項代入替換，看語義是否通順。十、指代題1、標(biāo)志：在題干中明確指出某個代詞要求辨別it that one they2、步驟：（1）返回原文，定位代詞，并且準(zhǔn)確理解分析該句話。（2）向上搜索離其最近的名詞、短語、句子。（3）將找到的詞，短語，句子帶入替換，看是否通順。（4）在四個選項中，找與找到的詞最接近的選項。第二部分 八大宏觀閱讀技巧一、花開兩朵，各表一枝寫作的模式一般是開始提出兩個核心概念，隨后分段論述。閱讀這種類型的文章，關(guān)鍵是要把握兩個概念的定義以及它們的區(qū)別于聯(lián)系。二、問題答案型改寫作模式往

9、往是在第一段出現(xiàn)一個問題，在隨后的各段提供該問題的答案。閱讀時重點理解該文章的中心，其中心就是該問題的最直接最主要的答案三、時文特點：聳人聽聞，吸引眼球；貌似客觀，內(nèi)涵態(tài)度；拋磚引玉，一起爭論閱讀時文時，把握時文的中心出現(xiàn)在手段的末句，或者二段的首句。四、獨句段出現(xiàn)一個句子單獨成段，特別是其出現(xiàn)在文章開始或者結(jié)尾，一般其表達的是文章的中心思想。若位于文章中間部分一般是承上啟下的作用。五、開門見山文章的寫作特點是：直接給出觀點，擺出事實論據(jù)，進行推理論證，每段都緊扣文章的主題。六、啟承傳合閱讀時要抓住論點，區(qū)分論點合論據(jù)的關(guān)系，因為題目設(shè)計往往圍繞論點進行，并要注意把握文章首尾的前后呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。七

10、、平鋪直敘事實合觀點交叉出現(xiàn)，在字里行間達到闡明觀點的目的，需要大家綜合各段內(nèi)容，通過分析和歸納判斷。八、層層遞進一篇文章的整體，或者幾個段落論述的問題，由從抽象到具體，從初級到高級，從簡單到復(fù)雜的過程，且各段從開始都出現(xiàn)遞進詞，閱讀時注意把握這種文章的中心，或幾段的核心。觀點必然出現(xiàn)在層層遞進各段的最后一段。第三部分 五大微觀閱讀技巧一、虛擬語氣1、作者寫作時采用虛擬語氣，一般表示建議、態(tài)度、和觀點，用來表達一種反事實的假設(shè)。2、閱讀時，重點要體會作者利用反話正說，正話反說所傳遞的言外之意。二、長難句1、主句，從句多又長，一個主句帶多個從句，從句又含從句2、方法：（1）先抓整句話的主干，從前

11、向后讀句子，找出獨立的謂語部分，把握復(fù)雜句中，最核心的主謂賓語，再根據(jù)從句的連接詞，區(qū)分主從句，層層擴展進行理解。3、分詞短語、to do結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立主格的干擾注意理解主句最完整的特征就是有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是獨立的主謂語部分，一個看似句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果沒有獨立的諸位部分，它不是句子，而是分詞短語、to do結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立主格。三、長難句基本語法結(jié)構(gòu)1、形式主語或賓語2、強調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)3、非限制性定語從句4、同位語從句5、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)6、省略句四、標(biāo)點符號的作用1、句號：用來分割句子，以句子為單位把一個長的段落切分成為不同的句型。2、逗號：兩個逗號之間，或者一個逗號之后是用是一個補充說明成分，可以先不看。3

12、、冒號：冒號前后是從抽象到具體的過程，后面進一步是具體補充說明前面的內(nèi)容。4、分號前后是并列關(guān)系，包括結(jié)構(gòu)上并列和語義上的并列。5、破折號：兩個破折號之間或者一個破折號之后是補充說明成分，可以先不看。6、引號：一種作用是用來引用別人的觀點，用來支持作者觀點，或者是作為批判的對象。一種是說反話，表示反語。7、括號：補充說明的作用。五、類比關(guān)系1、類比，引用，舉例都是為了要說明觀點，閱讀時可以把類比看做特殊的例證，重點是要找出作者所支持的觀點。2、閱讀的時候注意識別一下類比的核心概念，作者把什么比喻成了什么，也就是類比或者比喻的對象。第四部分 其他一、閱讀三個步驟：1、通讀全文，把握中心 2、仔細

13、審題，返回原文 3、重疊選項，得出答案二、從五個角度精讀：1、抓住文章的中心，和論述的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)。（泛讀）2、認(rèn)真把握各段大意，爭取用12個詞或者短語概括其意，并把意義相近的段合并成為一個整體。3、以段為單位，對文章進行更加深入的分析，也就是對單詞，詞組的背誦以及對長句的精確翻譯，整文的朗讀和背誦。4、佳句摘錄，模仿寫作。5、換位思考，分析出題人為什么選這樣的文章，難度在哪里，論述的結(jié)構(gòu)是什么。并對每一個選項都精確分析，找出正確答案在文中的出處。三、錯誤選項的十大特征：1、無中生有，乃原文中未提及的概念2、正反混淆3、所答非所問（選項符合原文，但是不符合題干）4、擴大范圍5、因果倒置6、常識判斷

14、（符合常識的不一定是正確答案，但是不符合常識的一定不是正確答案）7、過分絕對。（never must no+名詞，若有緩和就不是錯誤的）8、推的過遠9、變換詞性10、偷換概念四、正確答案五大特征：1、正確答案通常與文章中心思想，主旨大意有關(guān)。2、正確答案所在位置（1）首段段尾句（2）轉(zhuǎn)折處（3）因果關(guān)系處（4）條件關(guān)系處3、正確答案設(shè)置的特點往往利用同義詞的替換，或者正話反說，反話正說。4、正確答案從語義上去理解經(jīng)常含有不肯定的語氣詞和委婉表達的詞：can may might尤其是推理題的答案常這樣設(shè)置，以顯示推理題所論述含義的相對性。5、正確答案具有概括性，深刻性，因為其考查的對象是閱讀文章

15、的重點和要點。五、遇到難的單詞時：A、如果影響到文章的理解時要要根據(jù)上下文進行判斷。B、不影響整體理解時可直接跳過，重要的是要相信自己能讀懂。六、關(guān)鍵的句子讀不懂時關(guān)鍵的句子讀不懂時，首先從結(jié)構(gòu)角度進行縮句，找出獨立的謂語動詞可以幫助理解句子的主干。若連謂語動詞都找不到可以借助上下文邏輯關(guān)系對這句話意思進行猜測。七、遇到文章完全看不懂時：遇到難的文章時可通讀文章第一句話和尾段第一句話看是否能把握住前后呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系猜測文章大意，與此同時快速瀏覽全文，充分做記號。記號點：1、顯示文章結(jié)構(gòu)的信息詞：but、even、although、for example。2、顯示作者態(tài)度的具有感情色彩的詞。第一講&

16、#160;   考研英語寫作解剖考研英語寫作文章的常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式考研英語寫作的文章一般包括一個開頭段、若干擴展段和一個結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴展段短。各種段落的作用、特點和寫作方法如下所示。1.開頭段開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴展段進行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可?？忌鷳?yīng)注意以下若干要點：1)開頭段的作用概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖。2)寫開頭段時考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題開頭偏離主題太遠；使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句；內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物； 使用不言自明的陳述。 3)開頭段

17、的表達方法使用引語(use a quotation) 使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。例： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to

18、make opportunities is more essential to his success.使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)(use figures or statistics)引用一些具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。 例：In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed chil

19、dbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.提出問題(ask a question) 提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。 例：What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? In

20、teresting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.給出背景(offer relevant background)描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等。 例：Onc

21、e in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the c

22、asualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.定義法(give definition)針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。例：Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as r

23、igidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you

24、must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.主題句法(use of topic sentence)文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。例：Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a m

25、astery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for ones career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.4)開頭段的常用核心句型lThe arguer may be right a

26、bout, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (takesintosaccount) the fact that.lAs opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) thatlAlthough many people believe that, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (clo

27、se examination).lThe advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.lAlthough it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that, it is unlikely to be true that.lThere is an element of truth in this argument (stat

28、ement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that.lIt is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,), but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesnt follow / it doesnt mean / it wont be the case) that.lThe main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback)

29、 with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that.lIt would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that.lIn all the discussion and debate over, one important (b

30、asic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected).lThere is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that. lLogical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) whenis takensintosconsideration(acco

31、unt).lTo assume (suggest) thatis far from being proved (to miss the point).lA close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is.lOn the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solutio

32、n / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find thatlToo much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to)may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts.lThe danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that. lWhat the arguer fails to

33、 understand (consider / mention) is that.lWe dont have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition). lHowever just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.lAmong the most convincing (important) reasons gi

34、ven (cited / offered / identified) by people for, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned).lAs far as I am concerned, however, I believe that.lI believe that the title statement is valid because (of).lI agree with the above statement because I believe that.lAlthough I appreciate that, I canno

35、t agree with the title statement.lThere is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of. Those who object toargue that. But people who favor, on the other hand, argue that.lCurrently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / gro

36、wing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in).lNow it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that. But I wonder (doubt) wh

37、ether.lThese days we are often told that (often hear about), but is this really the case?2.中間段中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。1)中間段的一般特征 篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長。 每段有相應(yīng)的主題句。包含定義、解釋、描寫，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。 不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。2)中間段的具體特點 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確、清楚，頗具說服力； 段落中一定具備主題句；段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)

38、該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節(jié)；內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；段落之間連貫自然；段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當(dāng)；詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。3)中間段展開的基本方法列舉法例文：There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example,

39、 if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction. We will certainly be in good health.比較對比法例文：The older

40、form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history, people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret e

41、asily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human beings most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets, but it too had disadvantages. The written word co

42、uld not be passed on quickly, so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication. The most recent development had been electronic means of communication, including the wireless telegraph, radio, telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the pr

43、oblems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods.因果法例文：The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expe

44、nsive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sli

45、ced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contra

46、st. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish!例證法例文：The saying“No pains, no gains”is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral

47、 it teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life

48、over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 發(fā)展過程法 例文：To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinholesintosthe opposite side high enoug

49、h so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminum foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks w

50、ith black tape.定義法 例文： Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest, without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement, or to w

51、ork persistently without any waste of time.分類法例文：Nowadays the news media mainly consists of radio, television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning

52、paper whileshavingsbreakfast, and end their day by reading the evening paper whileshavingsdinner.The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up-to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the worl

53、d a smaller place. Television is the most recently developed device for communication. It allows us to see as well as to hear the news. The fact that it enables people to see visual images has had a considerable effect on our perceptions of world event. 4)中間段的常用核心句型 lAlthough the popu

54、lar belief is that, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that.lCommon sense tells us that.lThe increase (change / failure / success) inmainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of).lThe increase (change / failure / suc

55、cess) inis due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that.lMany people would claim that.lOne may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to, butis not by itself an adequate explanation.lOne of the reasons given foris that.lWhat is also worth noticing is that.lThere are many (d

56、ifferent / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in. First,. Second,. Finally,.lThere is no evidence to suggest that.lWhy are (is / do / did)? For one thing,. For another,.lAnother reason why I dispute the a

57、bove statement is that.lIt gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences).lThere are numerous reasons why, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.lIt will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on. lA multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure /