1、MoodoftheVerbWhatismood?MoodasasemanticcategoryInEnglishInChineseMoodasagrammaticalcategoryoftheverb?InEnglishViewsonmoodasagrammaticalcategoryThetraditionalview:threemoods:theindicativetheimperativethesubjunctiveThesubjunctivehassevenforms:were,hadbeen,be,shouldbe,wouldbe,shouldhavebeen,wouldhavebe

2、enThecontemporaryviewsThemoderateview:threemoods:theindicativetheimperativethesubjunctiveBut:Thesubjunctivehasonlytwoforms:were,be(remnantsofOldEnglish)(2)Theradicalview:ThereisnomoodatallasagrammaticalcategoryoftheverbinEnglish.Thepasttenseinunrealconditionalsisthehypotheticaluseofthepasttense.were

3、usedtobetheregularpasttenseformof"be".beisthepresenttenseformofthesecondperson.Meaningsandusesofthebe-subjunctive1.Thebe-subjunctiveexpressesindirectimperatives(indirectcommand/decision/suggestion)inthethat-clausesafterwordsdenotingcommand,decision,suggestion,importance,necessity,etc.(incl

4、udingverbs,nounsandadjectives).例句：Heorderedthatshecomebackwithoutdelay.TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston.Itisessentialthatallthefactsbeexaminedfirst.Comparethefollowing:a. Heorderedthatsheshouldcomebackwithoutdelay.b. Heorderedhertocomebackwithoutdelay.a. Theboardhasgiveninstructio

5、nsthattheagentshouldflytoBoston.b. TheboardhasgiveninstructionsfortheagenttoflytoBoston.a. Itisessentialthatallthefactsshouldbeexaminedfirstb. ItisessentialforallthefactstobeexaminedfirstComparethefollowing:Herredfacesuggeststhatsheisangry.Heinsistedthatshewaswrong.Itisoddthathehasfailed/shouldhavef

6、ailedagain.2.Thebe-subiunctiveexpresseshypotheticalimperatives(hypotheticalcondition/concession)inadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,though,whether,whatever,lest,so10ngas,etc.Thisuseofthebe-subiunctiveislimitedtoformalstyle.Ininformalstyletheindicativemoodor"should/may+infinitive"isusedinstead

7、.a.Jftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible.b.IftherumorisJtrue,everythingispossible.a. Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty.b. Whateverhisdefensemaybe,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty.a. Hehidhimselfinthebushlesthebeseen.b. Hehidhimselfinthebushlestheshouldbeseen.3.Thebe-subjunctiveexpresse

8、simperativewishes,prayers,curses,etc.insomeformulaicexpressions.LonglivethePeople'sRepublicofChina!Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun.Homeishome,beiteversohomely.Behefriendorenemy,thelawregardshimascriminal.Hewillremainhereifneedbe.【Meaningsandusesofthewere-subjunctive1. Thewere-subjunctiveexpresseshypo

9、theticalcondition,concessionandmannerinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,ifonly,asif,asthough,etc.2. Thewere-subjunctiveexpresseshypothesesinnominalclausesafterverbslikewish,wouldrather,suppose,imagine,etc.Wereisreplacedbywasafterthethirdpersonsingularexceptinsomeformulaicexpressionsinformalstyle.WereI

10、todoit,Ishouldtryadifferentway.IfIwereyou,Iwouldbeveryhappy.Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.Wereisreplacedbytheindicativeinclausesafterasif,asthough,suppose,imagineforthesakeofexpressingdifferentmeanings.Helooksasifhewere/issickShetalksasthoughshewere/isanexpe

11、rt.IntheclausesafterItis(high)time(that)andIwouldrather(that),wasistobeusedFIt'stimehewashere.I'dratherthathewasfarawayfromme.VoiceoftheVerbDefinitionsVoiceisaformoftheverbwhichindicatesthesemanticrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate.VoiceisagrammaticalcategoryoftheEnglishverb,whichm

12、irrorsthelanguageuser'sperspectiveonaneve【FormsoftheVoices1.Theactive:2.Thepassive:(unmarked)(marked)studybestudiedbestudyingbebeingstudiedhavestudiedhavebeenstudiedhavebeenstudyinghavebeenbeingstudied1. IntermsofsemanticsTheactivevoiceindicatestheagent-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthep

13、redicate,ortheactivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort,whilethepassivevoiceindicatesthepatient-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate,orthepassivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort.想XZMeaningsoftheVoices2. IntermsofsemanticsTheactivevoiceindicatestheagent-actionrelationshipbetweent

14、hesubjectandthepredicate,ortheactivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort,whilethepassivevoiceindicatesthepatient-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate,orthepassivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort.3. IntermsofcognitionTheprototypicalactivevoiceconstruesthewholeprocessofaneventfromt

15、heperspectiveoftheagent.Thepassivevoiceconstruesthewholeprocessofaneventfromtheperspectiveofthepatient.【Usesofthevoices(1) asemanticapproachTheactivevoiceisusedwhenthesubjectistheagentandthepassiveisusedwhenthesubjectisthepatient.Compare:Theraindestroyedtheflowers.Theflowersweredestroyedbytherain.(2

16、) acognitiveapproachPerspectivefSubjectfVoiceagentfactivepatientfpassive(prominenceofparticipantsintheevent)Conventionalprominence(Prominenceinconventionalcontext)AgentbeingmoreprominentthanpatientUnconventionalprominence(Prominenceinunconventionalcontext)Patientbeingmoreprominentthanagent(3)apragma

17、ticapproachContextfTopicfSubjectfVoiceparticipantpurposebackgroundknowledgecommoninterestgiveninformationExplainthefollowing:Itrainedheavilylastnight.Theraindestroyedtheflowersinthegarden.A: Theflowersareallgone.Whathashappenedtothem?B: Theyweredestroyedbytherainlastnight.Theprofessorwalkedontothepl

18、atformandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.A: WhowroteTheTrueStoryofAhQ?B: ItwaswrittenbyLuXun.Thepassiveisnotpossible:1. whentheverbisintransitive:Sincethen,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecountry.Thegoodschangedhandsveryeasily.Theylookedintotheholebutfoundnothing.They-arrivedattheirdestinationintime.

19、Compare:Theproblemhasbeenlookedintobutsofarnoconclusionhasbeenarrivedat2. whentheverbdenotesastateofrelation:Thedressfitsherverywell.Theroomcanhold100people.HehasalotofEnglishbooks.Compare:Thelaboratoryisfittedwiththelatestequipment.Themeetingistobeheldintheauditorium.Thebookcanbehadatanybookstorein

20、town.3. whentheverbtakesacognateobject:Shedreamedanawfuldream.LiuHunanlivedagreatlifeanddiedagloriousdeath.Helooked(alookof)daggersatme.Henodded(anodof)hisapproval.Theywaved(awaveof)/kissed(akissof)good-bye4. whentheverbtakestheindefiniteitortheformalitasitsobject:Ifwemissthelastbus,we'llhavetof

21、ootiLhome.Legendhas_iLthatthisiswheretheFoolishOldManremovedthemountain.Iputjjjoyouthatheisstillachildunderten.5. whentheverbtakesareflexiveorreciprocalpronounasitsobject:Helookedathimselfinthemirror.Theylookedaftereachotherwhentheywereatcollege.Thepassiveispreferred:1. whentheagentisunknown/indefin

22、ite:Itissaid/believed/thoughtthat,ThecompasswasinventedinChina.2. whentheagentisknowntoall:Thechildrenaretakengoodcareofintheschool.Thethiefwascaughtonthespot.RedFlagcarsaremadeinChina.3. whenthespeakerdoesnotwanttomentiontheagent:Aboutthismatter,muchhasbeensaidbutlittlehasbeendone.Itisgenerallycons

23、ideredimpropertospendsomuchtimeonsuchthings.Thepassiveisdifferentfromtheactive:1. ininformationalstructureTheyhavesofarbuiltonlyonehouse,nottwo.Thehousewasbuiltbytheownerhimself,notbyanybodyelse.2. inmodalityorientationHecanlifttheboxeasily.fTheboxcanbeliftedbytheboyeasily.JohniswillingtoteachMary.f

24、MaryiswillingtobetaughtbyJohn.Theboydarenotdothejob.f?Thejobdarenotbedonebytheboy.Differentverbformsexpressesdifferentmeanings.Thefloorcleanswell.Theflooriscleanedwell.Thefloorhasbeencleanedwell.Thefloorcanbecleanedwelleasily.TenseoftheVerbI. TimeandtenseTime:auniversalconceptwhichinvolvessuchtermsa

25、spresent,pastandfutureTense:agrammaticalcategoryoftheverbwhichexistsinsomelanguagesandwhichdoesnotnecessarilycorrespondwiththetimeII. Tensesandtheirformsfourtenses:thepresenttense,thepasttense,thefuturetense,thepastfuturetensethreetenses:thepresenttense,thepasttense,thefuturetensetwotenses:thepresen

26、ttense,thepasttenseFutureandmeansofexpressingfutureFuture:atimeinprediction,atimethathasnotbeenexperiencedFutureactions:actionspredicted,plannedorarrangedatpresentMeansofexpressing(present)future:present-tenseverbformsMeansofexpressingpastfuture:past-tenseverbformsIII. MeaningoftenseThetraditionalde

27、finition:Agrammaticalcategoryoftheverbwhichexpressesthetimeoftheactiondenotedbytheverb.Anewdefinition:Aformoftheverbwhichindicatesthetimerelationshipbetweentheactionstateanditsreferencetime.Actionstate:stateinwhichtheactionexistsTheyarefightingawaragainstterrorism.Hehaspublishedtwoarticlessofarthisy

28、ear.Thomasknewthreelanguageswhenhewasyoung.HowIwishIknewthreelanguages!Referencetime:timewhichhasareferentialrelationshipwiththeactionstateUnmarkedreferencetime(Inowsay)Hespeakswithanaccent.(Inowremember)Hespokewithanaccent.(Inowwrite)I'msogladtoreceiveyourletter,MarkedreferencetimeIthink/havean

29、ideaitisgoingtorain.Hearguedthatheneededalargeroffice.Whenshearrives,shewilltelluswhatshewants.Ilearnedthatshesaidshewastoldherparentshadbeenawayfromhomeeversinceshewasborn.Ifsherings,I'lltellherthatI'llbeverywellpreparedtofaceanydangerthatistooccurontheroadahead.TimerelationshipsPrioritya.

30、()Shakespearewasbornin1564.b. ShetoldusthatShakespearewasborn/hadbeenbornin1564.c. Whenyougetthere,phonetoletusknowyouarrivedsafely.Simultaneitya. ()Heistakingashowernow.b. Shetoldusthathewastakingashowerthen.c. Whenyougetthere,phonetoletusknowwhattheweatheris_likeThere.Posterioritya. ()Theywillcoop

31、eratewithus.b. Shetoldusthattheywouldcooperatewithus.c. Whenyougetthere,phonetoletusknowwhatyouaregoingtodothenextday.IV.Meaningandusesofthepasttense1. meaningofthepasttensefatimerelationshipofdistance2. usesofthepasttense(1) toexpressdistanceintime()NewChinawasfoundedin1949.ShetoldusthatNewChinawas

32、founded/hadbeenfoundedin1949.Ifwesucceed,generationstocomewillsayofusnowlivingthatwemasteredourmoment,thatwehelpedmaketheworldsafeformankind.(2) toexpressdistanceinrealitya. IwishIhadattendedtheconference.b. I'dratheryoulivednextdoortome.c. ()IfonlyIcouldgowithyou!d. Heranhomeinahurryasthoughheh

33、adseenaghost.e. Itishightimewelefthere.f. ()Iftheycametomorrow,Iwouldmeetthemattheairport.(3) toexpressdistanceinpsychologya. Iwonderedifyoucoulddomeafavour.b. Iwashopingyouwoulddothatforme.c. Wouldyoupassmethesalt?d. Carekilledthecat.V.Meaningandusesofthepresenttense1. meaningofthepresenttensefatim

34、erelationshipofconnection2. usesofthepresenttense(1) toexpressconnectionintimea. Hesayshehasworked/hasbeenworkingherefortenyears.b. Whenyoufinishthework,you'llfindyou'vedonesomethingworthdoing.a. ()NowNapierpassestheballtoAttwater,whoheadsitstraightintothegoal.b. Wewon'tknowwhatweneedfor

35、ourlifethereuntilwegetthere.a. ()TheyareplayingagainstClassBnextweek.b. Thegenerationstocomewillsaytheywillcertainlydobetterthantheirforefathers.(2) toexpressconnectioninpsychologyWhenTomisstandinguponthecoachlookingbackathisfather,thehorsessuddenlybreakintoagallop.b. ClintonCutsGulfForcesinHalfAsSh

36、owdownWithIraqRecedes.c. Theteno'clocknewssaysit'sgoingtobecold.d. Youdon'tbelieveit?I'mtellingthetruth.TenseoftheVerbI. TimeandtenseTime:auniversalconceptwhichinvolvessuchtermsaspresent,pastandfutureTense:agrammaticalcategoryoftheverbwhichexistsinsomelanguagesandwhichdoesnotnecessar

37、ilycorrespondwiththetimeII. Tensesandtheirformsfourtenses:thepresenttense,thepasttense,thefuturetense,thepastfuturetensethreetenses:thepresenttense,thepasttense,thefuturetensetwotenses:thepresenttense,thepasttenseFutureandmeansofexpressingfutureFuture:atimeinprediction,atimethathasnotbeenexperienced

38、Futureactions:actionspredicted,plannedorarrangedatpresentMeansofexpressing(present)future:present-tenseverbformsMeansofexpressingpastfuture:past-tenseverbformsIII. MeaningoftenseThetraditionaldefinition:Agrammaticalcategoryoftheverbwhichexpressesthetimeoftheactiondenotedbytheverb.Anewdefinition:Afor

39、moftheverbwhichindicatesthetimerelationshipbetweentheactionstateanditsreferencetime.Actionstate:stateinwhichtheactionexistsTheyarefightingawaragainstterrorism.Hehaspublishedtwoarticlessofarthisyear.Thomasknewthreelanguageswhenhewasyoung.HowIwishIknewthreelanguages!Referencetime:timewhichhasareferent

40、ialrelationshipwiththeactionstateUnmarkedreferencetime(Inowsay)Hespeakswithanaccent.(Inowremember)Hespokewithanaccent.(Inowwrite)I'msogladtoreceiveyourletter,MarkedreferencetimeIthink/haveanideaitisgoingtorain.Hearguedthatheneededalargeroffice.Whenshearrives,shewilltelluswhatshewants.Ilearnedtha

41、tshesaidshewastoldherparentshadbeenawayfromhomeeversinceshewasborn.Ifsherings,I'lltellherthatI'llbeverywellpreparedtofaceanydangerthatistooccurontheroadahead.TimerelationshipsPrioritya. ()Shakespearewasbornin1564.b. ShetoldusthatShakespearewasborn/hadbeenbornin1564.c. Whenyougetthere,phoneto

42、letusknowyouarrivedsafely.Simultaneitya. ()Heistakingashowernow.b. Shetoldusthathewastakingashowerthen.c. Whenyougetthere,phonetoletusknowwhattheweatherisJjkeThere.Posterioritya. ()Theywillcooperatewithus.b. Shetoldusthattheywouldcooperatewithus.c. Whenyougetthere,phonetoletusknowwhatyouaregoingtodo

43、thenextday.IV.Meaningandusesofthepasttense1. meaningofthepasttensefatimerelationshipofdistance2. usesofthepasttense(1)toexpressdistanceintime()NewChinawasfoundedin1949.ShetoldusthatNewChinawasfounded/hadbeenfoundedin1949.Ifwesucceed,generationstocomewillsayofusnowlivingthatwemasteredourmoment,thatwe

44、helpedmaketheworldsafeformankind.(2) toexpressdistanceinrealitya.IwishIhadattendedtheconference.b. I'dratheryoulivednextdoortome.c. ()IfonlyIcouldgowithyou!a. Heranhomeinahurryasthoughhehadseenaghost.b. Itishightimewelefthere.c. ()Iftheycametomorrow,Iwouldmeetthemattheairport.(3) toexpressdistan

45、ceinpsychologya. Iwonderedifyoucoulddomeafavour.b. Iwashopingyouwoulddothatforme.c. Wouldyoupassmethesalt?d. Carekilledthecat.V.Meaningandusesofthepresenttense1. meaningofthepresenttensefatimerelationshipofconnection2. usesofthepresenttense(1) toexpressconnectionintimea. Hesayshehasworked/hasbeenwor

46、kingherefortenyears.b. Whenyoufinishthework,you'llfindyou'vedonesomethingworthdoing.a. ()NowNapierpassestheballtoAttwater,whoheadsitstraightintothegoal.b. Wewon'tknowwhatweneedforourlifethereuntilwegetthere.a. ()TheyareplayingagainstClassBnextweek.b. Thegenerationstocomewillsaytheywilldc

47、ertainlydobetterthantheirforefathers.(2) toexpressconnectioninpsychologyWhenTomisstandinguponthecoachlookingbackathisfather,thehorsessuddenlybreakintoagallop.b. ClintonCutsGulfForcesinHalfAsShowdownWithIraqRecedes.c. Theteno'clocknewssaysit'sgoingtobecold.d. Youdon'tbelieveit?I'mtell

48、ingthetruth.AspectoftheVerbI. DefinitionofAspectAspectisaformoftheverbwhichindicatesthestateoftheactioninaspecifictimesphere.II. AspectsandTheirForms1. Thetwo-aspectsystem(1) Theprogressive(aspect)bestudyingbebeingstudied(2) Theperfect(aspect)havestudiedhavebeenstudied2. Thethree-aspectsystem(1)Thep

49、rogressive(aspect)bestudyingbebeingstudied(2) Theperfect(aspect)havestudiedhavebeenstudied(3) Theperfectprogressive(aspect)havebeenstudying?havebeenbeingstudied3. Thefour-aspectsystem(1) Theindefinite(aspect)studybestudied(2) Theprogressive(aspect)bestudyingbebeingstudied(3) Theperfect(aspect)havest

50、udiedhavebeenstudied(4) Theperfectprogressive(aspect)havebeenstudying?havebeenbeingstudiedNote:Thefour-aspectsystem,whichincludesallthebasicverbforms,isthemostconformabletotherealityoftheEnglishlanguageand,therefore,istobeadoptedinthislecture.Ill.PrepsarationsforLearningtheAspects1. Graspthesemantic

51、andsyntacticfeaturesofdynamicverbsandstativeverbs.2. GraspthesemanticandsyntacticfeaturesofterminativeverbsanddurativeverbsStativeverbsordynamicverbs?(1) a.TomislearningFrench.b.TomisknowingFrench.(2) a.LearnsomeFrench,foritwillhelpyouinyourwork.b.KnowsomeFrench,foritwillhelpyouinyourwork.(3) a.Iask

52、edTomtolearnsomeFrench.b.IaskedTomtoknowsomeFrench(4) a.WhatTomdoeseverydayis(to)learnFrench.b.WhatTomdoeseverydayis(to)knowFrench.(5) a.TomlearnsFrenchreluctantly.b.TomknowsFrenchreluctantly.Criterionfortheclassificationwhethertheverbdenotesa(controllable)action/processoran(incontrollable)stateTerm

53、inativeverbsordurativeverbs?(1) a.ThechildhasreadEnglishfortwohours.b.Thechildhasreadthebookfortwohours.(2) a.Hehasgonetothemuseumalltheseyears.b.Hehasoftengonetothemuseumalltheseyears.(3) a.Theaccidenthasbeenhappeningoverthere.b.Toomuchhasbeenhappeningtoday.(4) a.Ihavereceivedaletterfromhimforthree

54、months.b.Ihavereceivedlettersfromhimforthreemonths.Criterionfortheclassificationwhethertheactionoftheverbhasalimitinview,orwhethertheactionoftheverbhasadefinitetimeofendingSubclassificationofterminativeverbsRelativelyterminativeverbsAbsolutelyterminativeverbsNoteTheclassofaverbisinthefinalanalysisde

55、terminedbythecontext.Context-meaning-classIV.MeaningsandUsesoftheAspects1 .MeaningsandusesoftheindefiniteAstateofcompletion(withterminativeverbs)Shemadeanewdressforherselflastweek.He.wasknockeddownbyhisopponent.Jordanjumpsup,catchestheballandthrowsitintothebasket.*Shemakesanewdressforherself.2 2)Ast

56、ateofcontinuation(withdurativeverbs)Hisvoicetrembledwhilehespoke.(limitedcontinuation)TheylivedinPariswhentheywereyoung.(limitedcontinuation)TheXiangRiverflowsthroughChangsha.(unlimitedcontinuation)Hewhoworkshardsucceeds.(unlimitedcontinuation)2. Meaningsandusesoftheprogressive(1) Thestateofprogress

57、ionofanactionLook!Twobigbullsarefightingoverthere.Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?At8o'clocktomorrow,we'llbehavinganoraltest.Tomislivingwithhisunclethisyear.Shewasteachinginaruralschoollastmonth.We'llbeeatinginthekitchenthiswinter.(2) ThestateofprogressionofafeelingHeJsalwaysthinkingofothers.Shewaschanginghermindallthetime.Maryisbeingagoodgirltoday.Youarebeingfoolishatthemoment.Iwashopingyouwoulddomeakindness.I'mhopingyou'lldomeakindness.(3) Thestateofprogressionofanactionofiden