1、汽車專業(yè)英語翻譯Unit 1 Automotive BasicsAutomobiles, trucks, and buses are essential forms of transportation. They are complex machines made up of many parts. These parts can be grouped into a number of systems. An understanding of how the system work will help you understand how the automobile works.轎車、卡車和

2、客車是交通運(yùn)輸?shù)闹匾M成部分。它們都是由許多部件組成的復(fù)雜機(jī)器。這些部件可以歸類為汽車的幾個組成系統(tǒng)。了解這些各個小系統(tǒng)是如何工作的將有助于我們理解整個汽車系統(tǒng)是如何工作。An automobile can be divided into two basic parts: a body and a chassis. The body is the enclosure that houses the engine, passengers, and cargo. It is the part of the automobile that you see. The chassis is that p

3、art of the automobile beneath the body.汽車可以分為兩個基本部分：車身和底盤。車身包圍發(fā)動機(jī)、乘客和行李，它是汽車你所看到的部分。而車身以下的部分就是底盤。An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to kee

4、p passengers safe and comfortable. For example, insulation in the body reduces noise and protects against heat and cold. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. It is streamlined to lessen wind resistance and to keep the car from swaying at driving speed

5、s.轎車車身是一個鈑金件殼體，它上面有車窗、車門、發(fā)送機(jī)罩和行李艙門等部件，它給發(fā)動機(jī)、乘客和行李提供防護(hù)。車身設(shè)計來確保乘客乘坐的安全和舒適。比如：車身絕熱層可以減少噪音和抵御冷熱。車身造型設(shè)計使得汽車有一個華美、現(xiàn)代、吸引人的外觀。車身的流線型設(shè)計可以減少風(fēng)阻，防止汽車行馳過程中發(fā)生擺動。The automobile body has two basic parts-the upper body and the under body.車身有兩個基本部分-車身上部和車身下部。The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the ma

6、jor operating parts of a vehicle. The chassis includes everything except the body. The three important parts of the chassis are the frame, the engine, and the power train (also called the drive train). Each of these three parts is made up of a number of systems. A system is a mechanical or electrica

7、l unit that performs a specific function. Thus, each system (such as steering, brake, or fuel) has a certain job to do in running a vehicle. We shall look at each of these parts and systems to see how they fit together to form the automobile chassis.底盤集中了汽車大部分的運(yùn)動組件，它包括除了車身以外的所有部件。底盤有三個重要的系統(tǒng)：車架、發(fā)動機(jī)和傳

8、動系統(tǒng)。這三個系統(tǒng)又都有許多個完成某一個特定功能的機(jī)械或電氣系統(tǒng)組成。為了保證汽車正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，每個系統(tǒng)（比如：轉(zhuǎn)向、制動或燃油系統(tǒng)）都要實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的功能。下來我們看看這些系統(tǒng)和組件是如何相互連接從而組成汽車底盤的。The first major part of the chassis is the frame. It is made from tough steel sections welded, riveted, or bolted together. The frame looks like a steel ladder, though it sometime has an X shape

9、for extra strength. It forms a foundation for the car body and the parts of the several systems. The body is joined to the frame with bolts. Rubber shock mounts or washers are used at each joint. These reduce vibration and road noise. In most modern cars the frame is built into the body. A car with

10、the frame built into the body has a unitized body or unibody. The frame supports the suspension system, steering system, and the braking system.底盤最重要的部分就是車架。車架由鋼件通過焊接、鉚接或螺栓聯(lián)接而成，看上去就像一架鋼梯。有時為了得到額外的強(qiáng)度，車架做成了X形狀。車架為車身和很多系統(tǒng)部件提供了底座。車身和車架使用螺栓聯(lián)接。每個聯(lián)接使用橡膠防震支架或墊圈來減振降噪。現(xiàn)代轎車車架和車身做在了一起。采用這個形式的汽車車身叫做承載式車身。車架支撐懸架、

11、轉(zhuǎn)向和剎車系統(tǒng)。The front and rear wheels are attached to the chassis by a suspension system. This system is made up of springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and stabilizers. These support the vehicle and cushion it from road bumps for better ride and handling.前后輪通過懸架系統(tǒng)和底盤相連。懸架系統(tǒng)由彈簧、減振器、控制臂和橫向穩(wěn)定桿組成。它們支撐著車

12、身，并減緩由于路面不平引起的顛簸，以獲得更好的乘坐舒適性和操作穩(wěn)定性。The steering system controls the cars direction of travel. It includes a wheel and column, steering gears, rods, and linkages. As the steering wheel is turned, its motion is transferred to the idler arm and tie rods. These cause the front wheels to turn to the righ

13、t of left. On some cars, a power unit (called power steering) makes steering easier.轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)控制車輛行馳的方向。它包括方向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱、轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動裝置。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤，方向盤的運(yùn)動被傳遞到隨動臂和橫拉桿，從而使得前輪向左或向右轉(zhuǎn)動。有些車輛使用助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置，從而使得轉(zhuǎn)向更加輕便。The brake system gives the automobile its stopping power. Hydraulic brakes are found on all modern cars. As the

14、 brake pedal is pushed with the foot, brake fluid is forced through brake lines into cylinders that press the brake shoes against a drum. This stops the motion of the car. Power units (power brakes) are used to make braking easier. Most modern cars have disc brakes on the front wheels. (Some have th

15、em on both the front and rear wheels.) Disc brakes work like a pair of pliers squeezing a rotating disc. Drum brakes are also used.制動系統(tǒng)給車輛制動的動力?，F(xiàn)代轎車都使用液壓制動。當(dāng)踩下制動踏板，制動液通過制動管路流入制動缸，強(qiáng)迫制動蹄接觸制動鼓，從而阻止車輛運(yùn)動。為了使剎車更加輕便，車輛也使用助力制動。現(xiàn)代轎車在前輪裝備盤式制動器。（一些轎車在前后輪都使用盤式制動器。）盤式制動器工作原理類似一對鉗子夾住旋轉(zhuǎn)的盤片。也有前后輪都使用鼓式制動器的汽車。The eng

16、ine provides power to move the automobile. The most common type of automobile engine is the gasoline-burning piston engine. It is found in most automobiles. Diesel-fuel burning engines are also used in modern passenger cars, as well as in large trucks. All engines have fuel, exhaust, cooling, and lu

17、brication systems. Gasoline engines also have an ignition system.發(fā)動機(jī)給汽車提供動力。最常見的發(fā)動機(jī)是汽油機(jī)。大多數(shù)汽車都使用它。現(xiàn)代客車和大型卡車使用柴油機(jī)。所有的發(fā)動機(jī)都具有燃油、排放、冷卻和潤滑系統(tǒng)。汽油發(fā)動機(jī)還有一套點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。The ignition system supplies the electric spark needed to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders. When the ignition switch is turned on, current

18、 flows from the 12-volt storage battery to the ignition coil. The coil boosts the voltage to produce the strong spark of 20,000V needed to ignite the engine fuel. The distributor directs the electrical current to the right spark plug at the right time. Diesel engines use the heat caused by engine co

19、mpression to ignite the fuel charge. These engines are called compression ignition engines.點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)提供點(diǎn)燃?xì)飧變?nèi)油氣混和物的電火花。當(dāng)打開點(diǎn)火開關(guān)，電流從12V電池流向點(diǎn)火線圈。點(diǎn)火線圈升高電壓，產(chǎn)生用于點(diǎn)火的20000V尖峰電壓。分電器引導(dǎo)電流在正確的時刻流向正確的火花塞。柴油機(jī)使用壓縮發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生的熱量來點(diǎn)燃燃料，因此被稱為壓燃式發(fā)動機(jī)。The automobile supplies all the electricity it needs through its electrical system.

20、 For example, the electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator), and the regulator. The battery stores electricity. The alternator

21、changes the engines mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharge the battery. The regulator prevents damage to the system by regulating the maximum voltage in the circuit汽車通過自身的電氣系統(tǒng)給自身供電。比如：電氣系統(tǒng)給點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、喇叭、燈光、供暖系統(tǒng)和起動器供電。系統(tǒng)電壓通過充電系統(tǒng)保持穩(wěn)定。充電系統(tǒng)由電池、發(fā)電機(jī)和調(diào)節(jié)器組成。電池儲存電能。發(fā)電機(jī)將發(fā)動機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔埽⒔o電池充電。調(diào)節(jié)器調(diào)節(jié)電氣系統(tǒng)的

22、最大電壓，提供過壓保護(hù)。The fuel system stores liquid fuel and delivers it to the engines. The fuel is stored in the tank, which is connected to a fuel pump by a fuel line. The fuel is pumped from the fuel tank through the fuel lines. It is forced through a filter (which removes moisture and dirt) into the carb

23、uretor, where it is mixed with air, or into the fuel injection system. The fuel is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture in the carburetor, the manifold, or the cylinders themselves.燃油系統(tǒng)儲存液態(tài)燃料，并且把燃料送至發(fā)動機(jī)。燃料儲存在通過油管與油泵連接的油箱里。油泵通過油管將油箱內(nèi)的油泵出，并通過濾清器（去除濕氣和雜污）送達(dá)化油器與空氣混合或者噴油系統(tǒng)。燃油在化油器、歧管或氣缸自身內(nèi)與空氣混合，形成

24、可燃混和物。The exhaust system has four jobs:1.To collect burned gases from the engines.2.To remove dangerous emission that pollutes the air.3.To reduce exhaust noises.4.To get rid of the exhaust gases.排放系統(tǒng)要實(shí)現(xiàn)四個功能：1、收集發(fā)動機(jī)的廢氣。2、去除污染空氣的排放物。3、減少排放噪音。4、排出廢氣。Exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide, unburned hydr

25、ocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. Since all of these are harmful, the exhaust system is designed to reduce them as much as possible. In the United Stares all modern automobiles have emission control systems.汽車廢氣包含一氧化碳，未燃燒的碳?xì)浠衔锖偷趸衔?。所有的這些都是有害的，排放系統(tǒng)設(shè)計要盡可能多減少這些有害物質(zhì)。美國所有的現(xiàn)代車都配備了排放系統(tǒng)。The cooling system

26、 removes excessive heat from the engine. The temperature in engine combustion chambers is about 1094°C. Since steel melts at around 1354°C, this heat must be carried away to prevent engine damage. Air and a coolant are used to carry away the heat. The radiator is filled with a coolant. The

27、 water pump circuits this coolant through the engine and the walls of the engine block and head. Heat also is removed by the radiator fan, which draws air through the narrow fins of the radiator. This system also supplies heat to the passenger compartment and the window defroster.冷卻系統(tǒng)去除發(fā)動機(jī)多余的熱量。發(fā)動機(jī)燃

28、燒室的溫度可以達(dá)到1094攝氏度。鋼的熔點(diǎn)大約是1354攝氏度，發(fā)動機(jī)多余的熱量必須消除來防止發(fā)動機(jī)過熱?？諝夂屠鋮s劑用來帶走這個熱量。散熱器內(nèi)裝滿了冷卻劑。水泵使冷卻劑在發(fā)動機(jī)、發(fā)動機(jī)殼體和發(fā)動機(jī)蓋循環(huán)流動。也可以使用冷卻風(fēng)扇來降溫。冷卻風(fēng)扇將風(fēng)從散熱器狹窄的孔徑吹出，從而帶走熱量。這個系統(tǒng)可以給乘客艙和車窗除霜器提供熱量。The lubrication system is important in keeping the engine running smoothly. Motor oil is the lubricant used in the system. The lubricati

29、on system has four functions:1.It cuts down friction by coating moving parts with oil.2.It produces a seal between the piton rings and the cylinder walls.3.It carries away sludge, dirt, and acids.4.It cools the engine by circulating the motor oil.潤滑系統(tǒng)非常重要，它使得發(fā)動機(jī)平滑工作。潤滑系統(tǒng)使用機(jī)油作為潤滑劑。潤滑系統(tǒng)有四個功能：1、通過運(yùn)動部件油

30、膜，它可以減小摩擦。2、它在活塞環(huán)和氣缸壁之間產(chǎn)生油封。3、它可以帶走金屬碎屑、雜污和酸。4、通過機(jī)油的循環(huán)，它可以冷卻發(fā)動機(jī)。To keep this system working effectively, oil filters and motor oil must be change regularly. All other moving parts in an automobile must also be lubricated. These include the transmission, differential, wheel bearings, and steering lin

31、kage.為了使得潤滑系統(tǒng)有效工作，機(jī)油濾清器和機(jī)油必須定期更換。汽車內(nèi)所有的運(yùn)動部件都必須要潤滑，這包括變速器、差速器、輪軸軸承和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機(jī)構(gòu)。The power train, or drive system, delivers power from the engine to the wheels. The power from the engine moves through the transmission. Transmissions are either standard, with a manual shift lever and foot clutch, or automati

32、c.傳動系統(tǒng)將發(fā)動機(jī)動力傳給車輪。來自發(fā)動機(jī)的動力傳遞給變速器。變速器可以是一個帶手動換檔桿和離合器的手動變速器或者自動變速器。The transmission has gears that control the amount of power delivered to the wheels. The transmission increases the power (torque) to start the car moving. This torque is reduced when the transmission changes gears at higher speeds. The

33、 transmission also contains a set of gears that can reverse the direction of the wheels. The transmission delivers the power to the differential. A drive (or propeller) shaft with universal joints at either end of the drive shaft allows axle movement of front-engine, rear-wheel drive cars. These fle

34、xible universal joint prevent the drive shaft from breaking. The differential delivers power to the wheels through axle. Certain gears allow one wheel to turn faster than the other wheel when the vehicle is turning a corner.變速器使用齒輪來控制傳遞到車輪力矩的大小。當(dāng)車輛起步時，變速器增大扭矩。當(dāng)車速增大，變速器改變齒輪來減小扭矩。變速器還有一套使得車輪反向運(yùn)動的齒輪。變速

35、器將扭矩傳遞給差速器。發(fā)動機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動轎車的驅(qū)動軸兩側(cè)裝有萬向節(jié)，可允許產(chǎn)生軸向運(yùn)動。萬向節(jié)防止驅(qū)動軸斷裂。差速器通過半軸將扭矩傳遞給車輪。當(dāng)車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎時，齒輪使得一側(cè)車輪比另一側(cè)車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)得更快。These are the basic systems of the automobile. Each of the systems is designed for a specific job.以上就是汽車的基本系統(tǒng)。每個系統(tǒng)都為了一個專門的功能而設(shè)計。ExercisesThe automobiles further development will be determined by already

36、 existing and steadily increasing requirements, by additional further requirements and by the technical possibilities for meeting these requirements. The following focal points for development and research efforts can be discerned: 汽車的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展取決于已經(jīng)存在的、目前穩(wěn)定增長和未來的需求以及為了滿足這些需求的技術(shù)。下來給出發(fā)展研究的幾個要點(diǎn)：Further imp

37、rovements of the automobile through products innovation in all classis functions, i. e. performance, fuel economy, environmental impact, safety, comfort and reliability. Further development of new technologies such as electrics, alternative materials, new test and production methods. Long-range solu

38、tions for traffic problems such as highway congestion, smog in cities and carbon dioxide enrichment of our atmosphere.傳統(tǒng)功能的產(chǎn)品革新，比如：性能、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、環(huán)境友好、安全、舒適性和可靠性。 新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，比如：電氣、替代材料、新型測試和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。 解決交通問題的技術(shù)，比如：交通擁堵，城市煙霧和溫室效應(yīng)。Body 車身 Chassis 底盤Enclosure 外殼，盒子，套Hood 發(fā)動機(jī)罩，車篷，車頂Sway 搖擺，搖動Frame 車架Steering 轉(zhuǎn)向，操縱Brak

39、e 制動Weld 焊接，焊縫，鉚接Rivet 鉚釘，用鉚釘鉚接Bolt 螺栓，螺釘，用螺栓連接Washer 墊圈Vibration 振動，顫動Stabilizer 穩(wěn)定器，穩(wěn)定桿Ride 乘坐舒適性Handling 操作穩(wěn)定性Linkages 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機(jī)構(gòu)Plier 鉗子Distributor 分電器Alternator 交流發(fā)電機(jī)Regulator 調(diào)節(jié)器Carburetor 化油器，氣化器Radiator 散熱器，水箱Defroster 除冰裝置，防結(jié)冰裝置Sludge 金屬碎屑Transmission 變速器Differential 差速器Power train 傳動系Unitized

40、body 承載式車身，無大梁車身Suspension system 懸架系統(tǒng)Steering system 轉(zhuǎn)向系Braking system 制動系Shock absorbers 減振器Control arms 控制臂Steering wheel 轉(zhuǎn)向盤Steering column 轉(zhuǎn)向管柱Steering gears 轉(zhuǎn)向器Tie rod 橫拉桿Idler arm 隨動臂Brake shoe 制動蹄片Disc brake 盤式制動器Drum brake 鼓式制動器Ignition system 點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)Exhaust system 排氣系統(tǒng)Lubrication system 潤滑系統(tǒng)O

41、il filters 機(jī)油濾清器Drive shaft 傳動軸Universal joints 萬向節(jié) Unit 2 Automotive EngineLongitudinal 縱向的，經(jīng)度的Transverse 橫向的，橫斷的Reciprocate 往復(fù)，來回Spin 旋轉(zhuǎn)Piston 活塞Ignite 點(diǎn)火，點(diǎn)燃Rub 摩擦Quart 夸脫（容量單位）1 quart 夸脫=2 pints品脫=1.136 liters Reservoir 油箱Mechanical 機(jī)械的Enclosed 被附上的Gallon 加侖1 gallon加侖=4 quarts 夸脫Stroke 沖程，行程Camsh

42、aft 凸輪軸Combustion 燃燒，著火Disengaged 脫開的，脫離嚙合的Flywheel 飛輪，慣性輪，儲能輪Internal-combustion engine 內(nèi)燃機(jī)Diesel-fuel 柴油機(jī)燃料，柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas 液化石油氣CNG=Compressed natural gas 壓縮天然氣Spark ignition 火花點(diǎn)火Compression ignition 壓縮點(diǎn)火Spark plug 火花塞Gas-turbine engine 燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動機(jī)Steam engine 蒸汽機(jī)Stirling engine 斯特靈發(fā)動機(jī)L

43、ubricating system 潤滑系統(tǒng)Oil pan 油底殼Oil pump 機(jī)油泵Exhaust system 排氣系統(tǒng)Emission-control system 排放控制系統(tǒng)Energy conversion 能量轉(zhuǎn)換Air/fuel ratio 空燃比Connecting rod 連桿TDC=Top dead center 上止點(diǎn)BDC=Bottom dead center 上止點(diǎn)Intake stroke 進(jìn)氣沖程Compression stroke 壓縮沖程Power stroke 作功沖程Exhaust stroke 排氣沖程Compression ratio 壓縮比Th

44、e purpose of an automobile engine is to supply the power needed to move the vehicle. The engine produces this power by burning fuel inside it. Because the engine burns fuel inside, or internally, the engine is known as an internal combustion engine (ICE).汽車發(fā)動機(jī)的功用是提供汽車行馳所需的動力。發(fā)動機(jī)通過發(fā)動機(jī)內(nèi)部燃燒燃料來產(chǎn)生這個動力。由于

45、燃料燃燒在發(fā)動機(jī)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行，這種發(fā)動機(jī)被稱作內(nèi)燃機(jī)。Most automobile engines are located at the front of the vehicle. Many engines drive the rear wheels. This requires a long drive shaft extending from the front wheels to the rear wheels. Other engines drive the front wheels. In the rear-wheel-drive arrangement, the engine sit

46、s longitudinally. Its long dimension is from front to back.對于大多數(shù)汽車，發(fā)動機(jī)布置在汽車前部。許多發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動后輪，這就要求從前輪到后輪的長驅(qū)動軸。其余發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動前輪。對于后輪驅(qū)動的汽車而言，發(fā)動機(jī)由前到后縱向布置。In the front-wheel-drive arrangement, the engine sits crosswise, transversely. With either arrangement, the power is carried to the drive wheels (rear or front) b

47、y gears and shafts.對于前輪驅(qū)動的布置，發(fā)動機(jī)橫置。無論哪種布置方式，能量都是通過齒輪和傳動軸傳到驅(qū)動輪（前輪或后輪）。Some cars have the engine mounted in back of the front seat. This is called a mid-engine arrangement. Other cars have been built with the engine mounted at the rear, in back of rear seat. The Volkswagen “beettle” is an example of r

48、ear.有些汽車的發(fā)動機(jī)位于前排座椅的后面。這種布置被稱為發(fā)動機(jī)中置。還有些汽車的發(fā)動機(jī)位于后部，安置在后排座椅后面。大眾汽車的甲殼蟲就是發(fā)動機(jī)后置的一個例子。Various kinds of engine are used in automotive vehicles. The two major types are:The piston engine inwhich pistons move up and down, or reciprocate, in the engine cylinder. This is the engine used in all cares today, exc

49、ept for some models of Mazda.2. The Wankel rotary engine in which rotate, or spin. The Mazda Motor Corporation of Japan is the major manufacturer of this engine.汽車上使用著不同種類的發(fā)動機(jī)。它們可以分成兩大類：1、往復(fù)活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)：發(fā)動機(jī)在氣缸內(nèi)作上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動。除了馬自達(dá)公司的幾款以外，現(xiàn)今幾乎全部轎車都采用這種發(fā)動機(jī)。2、轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機(jī)：活塞在氣缸內(nèi)作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動。日本的馬自達(dá)公司是這類發(fā)動機(jī)的主要生產(chǎn)商。There are two typ

50、es of piston engines-spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI). Spark-ignition engines use an electric system with spark plugs. Electric sparks at the spark plugs ignite, or set fire, the fuel in the engine cylinders. The combustion of the fuel makes the engine run and produce power. This is

51、 the engine used in most produce power. This is the type of engine used in most automotive vehicles.活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)可以分為兩類：點(diǎn)燃式和壓燃式。點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動機(jī)使用帶火花塞的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。火花塞的電火花點(diǎn)燃發(fā)動機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)的燃料。燃料燃燒驅(qū)動發(fā)動機(jī)，并做功。這是大多數(shù)動力源采用的發(fā)動機(jī)，也是大多數(shù)汽車采用的發(fā)動機(jī)形式。The compression-ignition engine uses the heat of compression to ignite the fuel.When air is compr

52、essed, it gets very hot. In the diesel engine, the air is compressed so much that its temperature goes up to 538 degrees Celsius or higher. The diesel fuel is sprayed into this very hot air and is ignited by the heat. Some automobiles have diesel engines. Many heavy-duty trucks and buses are powered

53、 by diesel engines.壓燃式發(fā)動機(jī)使用壓縮產(chǎn)生的熱量來點(diǎn)燃燃料。當(dāng)空氣被壓縮，它可以達(dá)到非常高的溫度。對于柴油式發(fā)動機(jī)，壓縮空氣可以使得空氣溫度達(dá)到538度或者更高。此時，柴油被噴射到這熾熱的空氣中，被空氣的熱量點(diǎn)燃。一些轎車使用柴油發(fā)動機(jī)。重型卡車和客車普遍使用柴油發(fā)動機(jī)。There are other engines still in the experimental stage that might someday become important. These include gas-turbine engines, steam engines, Stirling en

54、gines, and electric motors.還有一些目前尚且處于試驗(yàn)階段，但未來可能會非常重要的發(fā)動機(jī)，比如：燃?xì)鉁u輪機(jī)、蒸汽機(jī)、斯特靈發(fā)動機(jī)和電動機(jī)。 A spark-ignition engine requires four basic systems to run. Diesel engines requires three of these systems. They are fuel system, ignition system (expect diesel), lubricating system and cooling system. Each performs a

55、basic job in making the engine run. These are described briefly below. 點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)需要4個基本系統(tǒng)，而柴油發(fā)動機(jī)需要3個基本系統(tǒng)。它們是燃油系統(tǒng)、點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)（柴油發(fā)動機(jī)不需要），潤滑系統(tǒng)和冷卻系統(tǒng)。每個系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個基本功能來使得發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。下文將簡短介紹這些系統(tǒng)。 The fuel system supplies gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine. This fuel is mixed with air to make a combustible mixture (a mixtu

56、re that will run). Each cylinder is repeatedly filled with the mixture. Then, the mixture is ignited or burned, producing high pressure. The high pressure makes the piston move (or rotors spin). This turns shafts that rotate the wheels, causing the vehicle to move. 燃油系統(tǒng)給發(fā)動機(jī)提供汽油或柴油燃料。燃油與空氣混合形成可燃混合氣。發(fā)

57、動機(jī)的每個氣缸重復(fù)充滿這種可燃混合氣，然后它們被點(diǎn)燃或壓燃，產(chǎn)生高壓。這個高壓使得發(fā)動機(jī)活塞運(yùn)動（或者轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)），驅(qū)動軸來旋轉(zhuǎn)車輪，從而使得汽車行駛。 Every time the fuel system delivers air/fuel mixture to a cylinder, the ignition system follows up by a delivering an electric spark. This ignite the mixture which creates the high pressure that moves the pistons and turns t

58、he car wheels. The action is repeated many times each second while the engine is running. 每當(dāng)燃油系統(tǒng)將可燃混合氣送至氣缸，點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)接著就發(fā)出電火花來點(diǎn)燃缸內(nèi)的可燃混合氣，從而產(chǎn)生高壓，使得活塞運(yùn)動和汽車行駛。當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時，每秒鐘要點(diǎn)火多次。The ignite system takes the low voltage of the battery and builds it up to a very high voltage: as high as 47,000 volts in some systems. This high voltage jumps the gaps in the spark plugs, producing the sparks that ignite the air/fuel mi