1、三、國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流英語(yǔ)1電子郵件交流慣用語(yǔ)1.1 Initiate a meetingl I would like to hold a meeting in the afternoon about our development planning for the project A.l I suggest we have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with you and Brown. Please let me know if the time is okay for you and Ben.l We'd like to have th

2、e meeting on Thu Oct 30 the same time.l Let's make a meeting next Monday at 5:30 PM Beijing time.l I want to talk to you over the phone regarding issues about report development and the XX project.1.2 Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestionsl Shall you have any problem accessing the fo

3、lders, please let me knows. l Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule.l Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon.l What is your opinion on the schedule and next steps we proposed? l What do you think about this?l Feel free to give your comments.l A

4、ny question, please don't hesitate to let me know.l Any question, please let me know.l Please contact me if you have any questions. l Your comments and suggestions are welcome! l Please let me know what you think?l Do you have any idea about this?l It would be nice if you could provide a bit mor

5、e information on the user's behavior. l At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue.1.3 Give feedbackl Please see comments below.l My answers are in blue below.l I add some comments to the document for your reference.1.4 Attachmentl I enclose the evaluation

6、report for your reference.l Attached please find today's meeting notes.l Attach is the design document, please review it.l For other issues related to individual features, please see attached release notes.1.5 Point listing l Today we would like to finish following tasks by the end of today: 1.2

7、.l Some issues in this release: 1.2.l Our team here reviewed the newest SCM policy and has following concerns: 1. .2.l Here are some more questions/issues for your team: 1.2.l The current status is as following: 12l Some items need your attention: 1.2.1.6 Raise questionl I have some questions about

8、the report ABCl For the aggrement ABC, I have the following questions: 1.7 Proposall For the next step of platform implementation, I am proposingl I suggest we can have a weekly project meeting over the phone calll Achievo team suggest to adopt option A to solve outstanding issue1.8 Thanks notel Tha

9、nk you so much for the cooperation!l I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project.l Thanks for your attention!l Your kind assistance on this are very appreciated.l Really appreciate your help!1.9 Apologyl I sincerely apologize for this misunderstanding!l I apologize

10、for the late asking but we want to make sure the correctness of our implementation ASAP. 2求職信及簡(jiǎn)歷2.1 求職信（Cover Letter）A cover letter isn't ever going to win you a job by itself, but a badly worded letter is going to cause doubts in the employers mind right from the start.A good cover letter

11、explains why you, over all the other candidates, are worth taking the time to find out more about. 格式Dear INSERT HIRING MANAGERS NAME,Regarding the INSERT JOB TITLE position currently advertised on your companys website, please find attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.Having worked w

12、ithin the industry for over INSERT YEARS EXPERIENCE, I have developed a wide range of skills that would meet, and exceed the expectations for the role. During my career I have had many achievements, including INSERT KEY ACHIEVEMENT. I am currently unemployed and would relish the opportunityto immedi

13、ately bring this level of success to your company.If you would like to get in touch to discuss my application and to arrange an interview, you can contact me via INSERT PHONE NUMBER OR EMAIL ADDRESS. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,INSERT NAME 常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤（1）Using the Wrong Cover Let

14、ter FormatThe student's cover letter looked more like a cut-and-paste email than a business letter. It had no recipient information, no return address and no date. The letter screamed unprofessional.Be sure your cover letter uses a standard business-letter format. It should include the date, the

15、 recipient's mailing address and your address.（2）Making It All About YouYour cover letter, like your resume, should be about the employer as much as it's about you. Yes, you need to tell the employer about yourself, but do so in the context of the employer's needs and the specified job r

16、equirements.（3）Not Proofing for Typos and Grammatical ErrorsEmployers tend to view typos and grammatical errors as evidence of your carelessness and inability to write. Proofread every letter you send. Get additional cover letter help by asking a friend who knows good writing double-check your lette

17、r for you.（4）Making Unsupported ClaimsToo many cover letters from college students and recent grads say the applicant has "strong written and verbal communication skills." Without evidence, it's an empty boast. Give some examples for each claim you make. Employers need proof.（5）Writing

18、 a NovelA good cover letter should be no longer than one page. Employers are drunk with resumes and cover letters, and their time is scarce. Make sure your cover letter has three or four concise but convincing paragraphs that are easy to read. If your competitor's letter rambles on for two pages

19、, guess which candidate the employer will prefer.（6）Using the Same Cover Letter for Every Job and CompanyEmployers see so many cover letters that it's easy for them to tell when you're using a one-size-fits-all approach. If you haven't addressed their company's specific concerns, the

20、y'll conclude you don't care about this particular job.It's time-consuming but worthwhile to customize each cover letter for the specific job and company.（7）Not Sending a Real Cover LetterSome job seekers - college students, recent grads and even those with years of work experience - don

21、't bother sending a cover letter with their resume. Others type up a one or two-sentence "here's my resume" cover letter, while others attach handwritten letters or sticky notes.There is no gray area here: You must include a well-written, neatly formatted cover letter with every re

22、sume you send. If you don't, you won't be considered for the job.2.2個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷（RÉSUMÉ）2.2.1 Contact（1）Full name（2）Home Address（3）Phone（office，home，cell）and fax（4）Personal e-mail address2.2.2 Career Summary/Objective（1）SummaryA career summary provides a brief, focused overview of your wor

23、k history. It tells the employer what your specialty is as an employee, and serves as an introduction to the rest of your resume. Here is an example based on someone who has been working as a Customer Service Representative for the past couple of years:A dedicated, helpful Customer Service Represent

24、ative with experience in the retail and automotive sectors. Able to work independently and use in-house resources effectively, such as online databases and problem resolution procedures. Willing to do shift work and weekends if required.Notice that a career summary is often written in paragraph form

25、, with up to four or five sentences. It can be used in all resumes regardless of how much, or how little, work experience you actually have.（2）ObjectiveWhat if youre fairly new to the workforce and dont have much to put in your career summary. Or how about if youre sending out a mass e-mail (or snai

26、l mail) to all sorts of employers without knowing if theyre hiring or not, but you want them to know what kind of job youd be most interested in.Thats when stating your career objective comes in handy. It quickly tells employers which type of role they should keep you in mind for. Just like in the f

27、ollowing example:To secure a mid-level Customer Service job with a respected employer in the hospitality or entertainment industries, with room for upward advancement based on performance.You can see that a career objective is short and sweet, with just a sentence or two that describes the kind of j

28、ob (and industry, if you want to be more specific) youd prefer to be hired for.Its possible to add those one or two sentences from your career objective directly to the end part of your career summary if youre looking to save space. However this makes the career summary longer and your career object

29、ive may get overlooked.（3）Summary or Objective?A concise career summary should appear near the top of your resume no matter if you have decades of work experience or are a recent grad. Other terms you can use as a header are “Professional Summary,” “Summary of Experience,” or even “About Me.” The ca

30、reer objective is helpful if youre not applying to a specific job posting, but instead are sending out unsolicited applications to potential employers. It can be featured under its own header, or if youre including it at the end of your summary, you could use the header “Career Summary and Employmen

31、t Objective.”Whether you use a summary, objective, or some combination of both, you are helping employers get a quick feel for who you are and what kind of work youd be best at. So take a few moments to write your own and get it into your resume!2.2.3 Major Achievements針對(duì)招聘方向的相關(guān)業(yè)績(jī)2.2.4 Working Exper

32、ience注意時(shí)間順序，是由近到遠(yuǎn)2.2.5 Professional Training針對(duì)招聘方向的相關(guān)培訓(xùn)2.2.6 Qualifications 畢業(yè)論文、資格考試證書(shū)等2.2.7 Related Skill 語(yǔ)言、軟件、編程、業(yè)余愛(ài)好等等2.2.8 Publications正規(guī)雜志、刊物上發(fā)表的論文，要列出論文及刊物名稱(chēng)、刊號(hào)、時(shí)間等信息3學(xué)術(shù)論文的撰寫(xiě)3.1科技論文的基本特征（1）原始研究結(jié)果的首次披露（內(nèi)容的原創(chuàng)性）；（2）對(duì)前人工作的評(píng)價(jià)深入透徹，本文成果表述文筆流暢（可讀性）；（3）方法獨(dú)特，或得到獨(dú)特發(fā)現(xiàn)，或有新的應(yīng)用（成果的新穎性）；（4）必須使同行們能夠重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，以審查作

33、者的結(jié)論（方法的科學(xué)性）3.2如何選題3.2.1課題要與國(guó)際接軌想在國(guó)際核心期刊發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)，就必須了解國(guó)際研究動(dòng)態(tài)，選擇與國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研究合拍的課題。由于多方面因素的影響，我國(guó)科學(xué)研究選題與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平還有一定距離。在高校，一些教師治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重視有關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)，不能選得合適的課題。課題要有可發(fā)展性課題可發(fā)展性對(duì)高水平論文的持續(xù)產(chǎn)出具有極大作用。中國(guó)科技大學(xué)范洪義另辟蹊徑，發(fā)展了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主狄拉克（Dirac）奠定的量子論的符號(hào)法，系統(tǒng)地建立了“有序算符內(nèi)的積分理論”，1998年有24篇論文被SCI收錄。他對(duì)自己論文高產(chǎn)的解釋是，研究“具有開(kāi)創(chuàng)性，突破一點(diǎn)以

34、后就可以向縱深發(fā)展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。有人由于所接觸的問(wèn)題已處于該研究分支的末端，即使在該點(diǎn)上有所突破，也難持續(xù)發(fā)展。借助工具選題（1）查閱有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的檢索工具（2）了解SCI收錄期刊所反映的科技動(dòng)態(tài)1）2）也可從SCI印刷版每期、分冊(cè)的來(lái)源出版物目錄（Lists of Source Publications）查找3）還可從ISI引用期刊報(bào)告 （Journal Citation Reports，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)JCR）了解期刊信息，該文獻(xiàn)有印刷版、網(wǎng)絡(luò)版（JCR on the Web）和光盤(pán)版（JCR on CD-ROM）（3）利用ISI提供的選題工具幫助1）Essential Science

35、 Indicators：對(duì)正在開(kāi)展的工作進(jìn)行量化分析，以保證用戶(hù)科學(xué)研究同科學(xué)發(fā)展趨向一致2）ISI Highly C：介紹有關(guān)杰出人物研究狀況、有關(guān)領(lǐng)域研究熱點(diǎn)和發(fā)展趨向的()（4）利用網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)了解國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研究動(dòng)態(tài)及有關(guān)資料3.3學(xué)術(shù)論文的構(gòu)思3.3.1如何獲得好的idea首先需要對(duì)本研究領(lǐng)域有一個(gè)全局性的了解。無(wú)論是應(yīng)用還是基礎(chǔ)科研，最關(guān)鍵的是idea。idea的形成決定了科研水平和檔次。高水平的科學(xué)家一聽(tīng)你的科研課題方向，就能判斷你的科研水平。因此，獲得好的idea是至關(guān)重要的。必須具備敏銳的科研嗅覺(jué)，而這種敏銳性是經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的思考和實(shí)踐獲得的。通過(guò)幾天或半個(gè)月的苦思苦想，得到了一個(gè)自以

36、為很好的idea，很可能是別人十幾年前就做過(guò)的工作，但新手上路時(shí)重復(fù)一些經(jīng)典實(shí)驗(yàn)以獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)是很正常的。此外，科研要注重質(zhì)量，千萬(wàn)不要單純地追求數(shù)量而令同行的人嘲笑。最重要的，還包括不能急于求成。獲得好的 idea有以下途徑：（1）大量地、仔細(xì)地閱讀文獻(xiàn)，弄清研究現(xiàn)狀和要解決的問(wèn)題（2）自己先冥思苦想一段時(shí)間，有了自己的idea后再去查文獻(xiàn)（3）多聽(tīng)學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告、多與同行探討，從中獲得啟示（4）總結(jié)感興趣領(lǐng)域內(nèi)尚未探討過(guò)，但很有意義的課題（5）總結(jié)爭(zhēng)論性很強(qiáng)的問(wèn)題，反復(fù)比較研究方法和結(jié)論，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)切入點(diǎn)（6）科研過(guò)程中遇到的難以解釋的問(wèn)題，往往會(huì)成為思維的閃光點(diǎn)（7）但要注意，別人沒(méi)作過(guò)的，也許不是

37、因?yàn)闆](méi)想到，而是因?yàn)闆](méi)有意義或者沒(méi)有可能性。研究工作的創(chuàng)新要想在國(guó)際核心期刊上發(fā)表論文，原創(chuàng)性是其最基本的要求。原創(chuàng)性課題通常來(lái)源于實(shí)踐或?qū)Ω鞣N有關(guān)信息的研究，而不是來(lái)源于現(xiàn)成文獻(xiàn)。原創(chuàng)性不等同于新穎性，新穎性可以是別人研究的繼續(xù)，而原創(chuàng)性意味著一個(gè)新事物、新領(lǐng)域、新問(wèn)題的開(kāi)創(chuàng)。國(guó)際核心刊物發(fā)表的論文，原則上都應(yīng)當(dāng)是“在國(guó)際上首次”描述的新的觀測(cè)和實(shí)驗(yàn)事實(shí)，首次提出的新概念和新模型，首次建立的新方程，也包括對(duì)已有重大觀測(cè)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）事實(shí)的新的概括和新規(guī)律的提煉?！靶隆笔且黄谜撐牡撵`魂，通過(guò)兩條基本途徑去進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新：（1）從研究手段上創(chuàng)新1）采用新儀器、新流程，對(duì)自然過(guò)程進(jìn)行觀測(cè)，取得新資料；2）對(duì)

38、新資料進(jìn)行分析，提出新概念，在新概念的基礎(chǔ)上建立新理論；3）用新思路、新理論對(duì)前人觀測(cè)資料重新進(jìn)行分析，得到新的結(jié)論（2）從研究對(duì)象上創(chuàng)新1）立足于特殊的儲(chǔ)集-滲流條件，發(fā)現(xiàn)新的自然現(xiàn)象和自然規(guī)律；2）對(duì)前人建立的模式或理論提出質(zhì)疑，建立修正的模式3.4如何閱讀文獻(xiàn)在科研前必須彌補(bǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，這是看懂文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)。3.4.1文獻(xiàn)閱讀的數(shù)量要廣泛閱讀文獻(xiàn)，通常，每年查閱200篇，粗看100篇，細(xì)看30篇，研讀10篇，先看中文文獻(xiàn)，再閱讀英文文獻(xiàn)，并始終關(guān)注國(guó)際動(dòng)態(tài)。3.4.2文獻(xiàn)閱讀的步驟拿到一篇研究性論文，按以下步驟研究：（1）先看標(biāo)題，立即停住，問(wèn)自己幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：1）作者為什么要做這個(gè)題目？2）如

39、果是自己，將會(huì)做哪些內(nèi)容來(lái)說(shuō)明主題？（2）接下來(lái)看摘要，并問(wèn)自己：1）和自己看題目后的想法有什么差別？2）該文章準(zhǔn)備解決什么問(wèn)題？3）該文章引出了什么問(wèn)題？存在什么未解決問(wèn)題？原因？（3）看實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，再思考：1）有什么地方不完善？2）有沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步深入或拓展的空間？3.5學(xué)術(shù)論文的類(lèi)型實(shí)驗(yàn)性論文（1）結(jié)構(gòu)- 前言- 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法- 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果（數(shù)據(jù)）- 分析- 結(jié)論（2）寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)詳盡介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)的每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)和所用儀器、設(shè)備的型號(hào)、測(cè)試內(nèi)容。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與討論部分要始終圍繞研究主題，多與期刊文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較，顯示本研究的創(chuàng)新之處報(bào)道性論文（1）結(jié)構(gòu)- 前言- 研究區(qū)概況- 對(duì)所發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象的敘述、解釋- 科學(xué)意義-

40、結(jié)論（2）寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)報(bào)道某一項(xiàng)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)不是通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)，而是通過(guò)野外理論性論文（1）結(jié)構(gòu)- 前言- 理論的提出（推導(dǎo)、證明）- 理論的驗(yàn)證（如理論模型的率定）- 理論的應(yīng)用（算例，或應(yīng)用意義）- 結(jié)論（2）寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)提出一項(xiàng)理論或計(jì)算方法綜述性論文（1）綜述某一領(lǐng)域中的最新進(jìn)展，有述有評(píng)，而不只是前人工作的羅列（2）有自己觀點(diǎn)和對(duì)他人工作的評(píng)價(jià)，指出不足之處和解決問(wèn)題的設(shè)想（3）既要大量占有文獻(xiàn)，又要有所取舍，突出精華（4）要有對(duì)未來(lái)發(fā)展的展望，對(duì)他人的研究起到指導(dǎo)作用（5）盡量引用最新的工作，體現(xiàn)出時(shí)效性（6）盡可能閱讀原始文獻(xiàn)，“吃別人嚼過(guò)的饃沒(méi)味道”3.6論文的通用結(jié)構(gòu)（1）題目：體現(xiàn)

41、要研究的主題與本文的主要貢獻(xiàn)，精練并切題（2）摘要：科學(xué)問(wèn)題、研究目的、方法、主要發(fā)現(xiàn)、結(jié)果、結(jié)論（3）關(guān)鍵詞：準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范、切題（否則影響文章被引用）（4）前言：闡明主題，指出當(dāng)前的不足，引導(dǎo)出本研究的重要性（5）方法：理論或觀測(cè)技術(shù)（6）資料：資料是如何取得的，對(duì)資料代表性及精度的分析（7）分析與結(jié)果：邏輯推理、理論推導(dǎo)、建立模型、模型的驗(yàn)證（8）結(jié)論：簡(jiǎn)述本文貢獻(xiàn)，說(shuō)明其科學(xué)、合理、正確，并有代表性3.7論文初稿的編寫(xiě)過(guò)程首先撰寫(xiě)論文的初稿（writing the first draft），注意，由于此階段的文稿不是正式稿，因此其撰寫(xiě)的過(guò)程也不是按照論文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)逐一完成的，而是按照組織論文

42、的思維邏輯進(jìn)行素材的整理，提問(wèn)-答問(wèn)，然后再逐步修改，按照論文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)，形成正式文稿。材料和方法做了什么？怎樣做的？作者對(duì)本項(xiàng)研究所用的材料和方法是最熟悉的，因此這部分是文章最開(kāi)始進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作的部分，用過(guò)去時(shí)，盡可能按實(shí)驗(yàn)的先后順序描述。結(jié)果發(fā)生了什么？可用圖、表或文字表達(dá)，三者間盡量減少重復(fù)。在正文部分?jǐn)⑹鲋饕Y(jié)果和意義，用圖或表給出較詳細(xì)的數(shù)據(jù)，用過(guò)去時(shí)。討論所得結(jié)果是否為“前言”部分提出關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題的答案？結(jié)果是如何支持答案的？如何證實(shí)假說(shuō)的？集中討論與本結(jié)果有關(guān)的問(wèn)題，突出本研究的創(chuàng)新及重要性；與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較分析；給出結(jié)果所支持的結(jié)論；指出前景、不足和改進(jìn)。用現(xiàn)在時(shí)敘述已知或被證明的事

43、實(shí)，用過(guò)去時(shí)描述本研究結(jié)果。文獻(xiàn)與本研究方法、結(jié)果、討論有關(guān)的其它研究有哪些？準(zhǔn)確、完整、規(guī)范的著錄。前言本項(xiàng)研究的背景和目的是什么？試圖回答的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是什么？研究現(xiàn)狀是什么？本研究的重要性和創(chuàng)新性體現(xiàn)在哪里？ 致謝誰(shuí)提供了基金和物質(zhì)幫助？除了作者，還有誰(shuí)協(xié)助完成了本項(xiàng)研究？誰(shuí)參與了結(jié)果分析并協(xié)助撰寫(xiě)了論文？摘要論文告訴了我們什么？摘要是論文要點(diǎn)的濃縮，應(yīng)在文章各主要部分完成后再寫(xiě)，這樣有利于文章要點(diǎn)的提煉。優(yōu)秀的摘要能有效地抓住讀者的興趣。用含有技術(shù)關(guān)鍵詞匯的短句描述，以使摘要清楚而簡(jiǎn)潔，避免使用縮寫(xiě)詞和晦澀難懂的詞句，強(qiáng)調(diào)研究的創(chuàng)新性和重要性方面。3.7.8標(biāo)題本文關(guān)于什么？最佳標(biāo)題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

44、是用最少的必要術(shù)語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確描述論文的內(nèi)容。要求準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、有效和吸引人。作者誰(shuí)參與了本研究的設(shè)計(jì)、工作及論文的撰寫(xiě)？準(zhǔn)備正式文稿論文初稿完成以后，必須對(duì)內(nèi)容及格式進(jìn)行反復(fù)推敲和修改，達(dá)到“投稿須知”的一切要求。絕大多數(shù)編輯都認(rèn)為，不認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備的稿件絕不是高水平科學(xué)研究成果的良好載體。如果希望論文發(fā)表，在準(zhǔn)備投稿時(shí)必須做到單詞、語(yǔ)法無(wú)錯(cuò)、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。該過(guò)程一般分三步：（1）再次閱讀擬投期刊的“投稿須知”；（2）用“投稿須知”中提供的“稿件對(duì)照檢查表”與自己論文一一核對(duì)；（3）根據(jù)期刊要求打印輸出，完成最后一稿。3.8摘要的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)Abstracts是論文的一個(gè)縮寫(xiě)，一定要簡(jiǎn)明

45、扼要。格式不多于300個(gè)單詞，只能是一個(gè)自然段內(nèi)容按照論文的順序介紹主要研究對(duì)象（subject）、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)（design）、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟（procedures）以及最后的結(jié)果（results），這種介紹必須讓非專(zhuān)業(yè)的人員 （non-specialist）能夠看懂。3.9前言的寫(xiě)作技巧Introduction 是外刊文章最難寫(xiě)的部分之一，必須體現(xiàn)論文的研究基礎(chǔ)和創(chuàng)新要素。外刊論文對(duì)于Introduction的要求也是非常高的，一個(gè)好的Introduction相當(dāng)于文章成功了一半。Introduction同樣要保證簡(jiǎn)短，順序是：一般背景介紹、別人工作成果的總結(jié)、自己的研究目的及工作簡(jiǎn)介，其中介紹別人

46、工作時(shí)，只需介紹和自己最相關(guān)的方面，而對(duì)自己的工作介紹在此處不用說(shuō)明細(xì)節(jié)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)要放到主體中去。不要忘記在介紹自己工作之前要有一個(gè)declarative statement。要寫(xiě)好Introduction，最重要的是要保持鮮明的層次感和極強(qiáng)的邏輯性，這兩點(diǎn)是緊密結(jié)合的，即在符合邏輯性的基礎(chǔ)上建立層層遞進(jìn)的關(guān)系。按照層次結(jié)構(gòu)和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，前言的寫(xiě)作主要包括以下幾個(gè)部分：3.9.1簡(jiǎn)述研究對(duì)象簡(jiǎn)明闡述自己研究領(lǐng)域的基本內(nèi)容。須知看文章的都是該領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家，所以一些顯而易見(jiàn)的知識(shí)要用概括性的而不是敘述性的語(yǔ)言來(lái)描述。3.9.2文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)回顧文獻(xiàn)的總結(jié)回顧是Introduction的重要組成部分之一，要特

47、別著重描寫(xiě)。（1）要把該領(lǐng)域內(nèi)過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的研究狀況全面概括總結(jié)出來(lái)，不能有絲毫的遺漏，特別是最新的進(jìn)展和過(guò)去經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的引用。這往往是兩個(gè)最容易出問(wèn)題的地方，一旦審稿人指出這兩個(gè)毛病，就意味著認(rèn)為你做的調(diào)研不夠深入或全面，對(duì)整個(gè)文章的負(fù)面作用非常明顯。（2）文獻(xiàn)引用和數(shù)據(jù)提供一定要準(zhǔn)確，切忌避免片面摘錄部分結(jié)果而不反映文獻(xiàn)的總體結(jié)果。引用的數(shù)據(jù)要正確，特別是間接引用的數(shù)據(jù)（即不是從原文獻(xiàn)中查到，而是從別人文獻(xiàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的另一篇文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)）；數(shù)據(jù)出錯(cuò)會(huì)導(dǎo)致評(píng)審專(zhuān)家對(duì)文章的印象特差。（3）引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí)注意防止造成抄襲的印象。不要原文抄錄，要用自己的話進(jìn)行總結(jié)描述。如果審稿人正好是文獻(xiàn)的引用者的話，原文照抄

48、的結(jié)果一定會(huì)很糟糕。3.9.3提出創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)分析過(guò)去研究的局限性，指出當(dāng)前研究的不足，并有目的地引出自己研究的重要性，并闡明自己研究的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)，這是整個(gè)Introduction的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。在闡述局限性時(shí)，需要客觀公正評(píng)價(jià)別人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的價(jià)值建立在貶低別人的工作之上，外刊論文寫(xiě)作萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可如此，一定要遵循實(shí)事求是的原則來(lái)分析；在闡述自己的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)時(shí)，要緊緊圍繞過(guò)去研究的缺陷性來(lái)描述，完整而清晰地描述自己的解決思路。需要注意文章的攤子不要鋪的太大，要抓住一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行深入的闡述。只要能夠很好的解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題，就是一篇好文章；創(chuàng)新性描述的越多越大，越容易被審稿人抓住把柄。注意以下寫(xiě)作技巧：

49、（1）在敘述前人成果后，用However引導(dǎo)不足，提出新方法或新方向：However, little information / little attention / little work / little data / little research / few studies / few investigations / few researchers / few attempts / or none of these studies has / have been done on / focused on / attempted to / conducted / investigate

50、d / studiedPrevious research / studies / records has/have failed to consider / ignored / misinterpreted / neglected to / overestimated / underestimated / misleaded, thus, these previous results are inconclusive / misleading / unsatisfactory / questionable / controversial. Uncertainties / discrepanci

51、es still exist（2）研究方法和手段與前人一樣時(shí)，可通過(guò)以下方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作：However, data is still scarce / rare / less accurate，We need / aim / have to provide more documents / data / records / studies / increase the dataset. Further studies are still necessary / essential（3）強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹與之相反或相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。比如：- 時(shí)間問(wèn)題：如果所研究的

52、問(wèn)題在時(shí)間上比較新，可首先提及問(wèn)題研究的重要性，然后（However）表明“對(duì)時(shí)間尺度比較新的問(wèn)題研究不足”；- 研究手段問(wèn)題：如果是一種新的研究方法或研究手段，可首先提及當(dāng)前流行的研究方法，然后（However）說(shuō)目前對(duì)新方法的研究甚少；- 研究區(qū)域問(wèn)題：如果研究涉及區(qū)域問(wèn)題，就先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或其它區(qū)域的研究，然后（However）強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)這一區(qū)域的研究不足；- 不確定性：雖然前人對(duì)某一問(wèn)題研究很多，但目前有兩種或更多種觀點(diǎn)，這種uncertainties或 ambiguities值得進(jìn)一步澄清；- 提出自己的假設(shè)來(lái)驗(yàn)證：如果自己的研究是全是新的，沒(méi)有前人的工作可對(duì)比，就可以自信地說(shuō)“根據(jù)假設(shè)

53、提出的過(guò)程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果，本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility/reliability of theIt is hoped that the question will be resolved/fall away with our proposed method/approach.3.9.4概述研究?jī)?nèi)容總結(jié)性地描述本論文的研究?jī)?nèi)容，可以分為一、二、三、四等幾個(gè)方面來(lái)分別描述，為Introduction做最后的收尾工作。注意以下寫(xiě)作技巧：（1）明確提出自己的觀點(diǎn)- We aim to- This paper reports on- Th

54、is paper provides results- This paper extends the method- This paper focus on- The purpose of this paper is to- Furthermore/Moreover/In addition, we will also discuss（2）告訴讀者（包括審稿人）本文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如果處理不好，reviewer會(huì)提出嚴(yán)厲的建議，比如你沒(méi)有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等。為減少這種爭(zhēng)論，在前言的結(jié)尾就必須明確提出本文研究的時(shí)間尺度和研究區(qū)域等。1）如涉及較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)序，你可明確提出本文只關(guān)心某一特定時(shí)間范

55、圍的問(wèn)題，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)2）如有兩種時(shí)間尺度 (long-term and short term)，你可說(shuō)兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種。3）研究區(qū)域問(wèn)題，和時(shí)間問(wèn)題一樣，也需明確提出你只關(guān)心某一特定區(qū)域（3）總結(jié)性地提出“這一研究對(duì)其它研究有什么幫助”Further studies onwill be summarized in our next study.讓讀者把思路集中到要討論的問(wèn)題，盡量減少不必要的爭(zhēng)論(arguments)。至此，Introduction的寫(xiě)作算是大功告成。但是寫(xiě)完之后，還是要慎之又慎的

56、仔細(xì)修改，琢磨每一個(gè)句子是否表達(dá)得恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確。3.10方法的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)Methods 部分主要描述研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程，這一過(guò)程的寫(xiě)作相對(duì)較為簡(jiǎn)單，但要注意完整性，即實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)中的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都要注意到，不能顧此失彼，遺漏一些重要的內(nèi)容。該部分要詳盡地介紹自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)方案，以便于他人能夠重復(fù)自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程。對(duì)于通用的實(shí)驗(yàn)方案可以簡(jiǎn)略，重點(diǎn)要放到自己的獨(dú)創(chuàng)方案上面（own procedures）。按照實(shí)驗(yàn)的先后順序介紹，為了文章的閱讀方便，不要使用過(guò)多層次的subheadings，比如 subsubsubsection等等Methods部分可按實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄、實(shí)驗(yàn)分析方法等來(lái)組織文字。注意

57、以下四個(gè)方面的完整性和科學(xué)性：實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的描述對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的基本信息要描述明確、正確和準(zhǔn)確，要注意國(guó)外刊物對(duì)相似實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象描述的習(xí)慣。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備要對(duì)儀器型號(hào)、生產(chǎn)廠家、實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中的用途等作詳細(xì)說(shuō)明；實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備之間的連接要科學(xué)正確，不要給人混亂或操作錯(cuò)誤的感覺(jué)。設(shè)備中一些必要的步驟不可或缺，尤其是可能對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果造成特定影響的操作更要詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。這樣做的好處是為了在Discussion中能夠進(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng)的分析。比如，一些設(shè)備在使用前要校正（calibration），有的要求每階段實(shí)驗(yàn)之后都要重新校正，以保證結(jié)果的正確性；一定要詳細(xì)說(shuō)明你的操作步驟或校正過(guò)程，便于評(píng)審人分析你的結(jié)果。實(shí)驗(yàn)材料不同學(xué)科有不同要求，總體上來(lái)說(shuō)，要注意說(shuō)明材料選擇的必要性，也就是對(duì)為什么要選擇這種材料，最好有一定的說(shuō)明。如果這點(diǎn)描述不清，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程不成立。實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程必須附以文字和示意圖相結(jié)合的實(shí)驗(yàn)流程圖來(lái)清楚描述實(shí)驗(yàn)的整個(gè)操作流程，這樣能使評(píng)審人對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程一目了然。如果示意圖畫(huà)得漂亮，還可以增加一些印象分。描述時(shí)要有鮮明的層次感，對(duì)每個(gè)步驟之間的順序和關(guān)聯(lián)要描述清楚，不要造成實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程混亂不堪的印象，因?yàn)樵u(píng)審人最終判斷你的實(shí)驗(yàn)是否合理，是從這個(gè)過(guò)程描述得來(lái)的。3.11結(jié)論的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)使用text、table、