1、名詞性從句名詞性從句包括：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從 句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞有：a. 連詞：that, whether, if(這三個(gè)詞都不作從句的成分，同時(shí)，that無含義，而whether和if都表“是否”)b. 疑問代詞： who, whom, whose, what, whichc. 疑問畐U詞： when, where, why, how(一) 主語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句。l. that引導(dǎo)主語從句that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)不同于其他的連詞，既無詞義也不作成分， 只起單純的連接作用，且通常不可以省。為了強(qiáng)調(diào) that引導(dǎo)的主語 從句而置之于句首時(shí)，that不可省。 t

2、hat the driver could not con trol his car was obvious. that she was chose n made us very happy. that he will come is certa in. that he would take the risk is true. that he should have married her isn't surpris ing.通常，that引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)用it做形式主語，把從句置于句尾， 此時(shí)that有時(shí)可省。例如： it was obvious that the driver coul

3、d not control his car. it made us very happy that she was chose n. it is certa in that he will come. it is true that he would take the risk. it isn't surprising (that) he should have married her.如果以that從句為主語的句子是疑問句，就只能用先行詞it結(jié)構(gòu) 例如： is it certa in that he will come? is it true that he would take t

4、he risk? it做形式主語有以下幾種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)it + be + 形容詞+ that-從句 it is likely that he will come. it is stra nge that she has ever trusted him. it is importa nt that he(should) atte nd the meeti ng. it is best that he (should) go.此句型在表示驚訝、喜悅、遺憾等感情色彩時(shí)，that從句中的 謂語動(dòng)詞也常用(should)+ v原形。it is strange that no one should

5、 have objected to the plan. (2)it + be + 名詞 + that-從句it is com mon kno wledge that the whale is not a fish.it's a pity that he should have massed the train.it + be + -ed 分詞+ that 從句it is said that he is a famous writer.it is reported that there will be a storm this after noon. 在表示建議、要求、命令等意義的被動(dòng)結(jié)

6、構(gòu)中，that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用(should)do。(參見虛擬語氣部分)it is suggested that the meeti ng(should )be held this after noon. it is dema nded that he (should) leave at on ce.(4) it + seem/happen/appear等不及物動(dòng)詞 +that 從句。(look 不接that從句，它接to be結(jié)構(gòu)或形容詞)it seems that he is wrong.it appears that they are in urge nt n eed of help

7、.he looks (to be) surprised/happy/sad.2. whether引導(dǎo)主語從句，意為“是否”，只起連接作用，不充當(dāng) 任何成分。(置于句首時(shí)必須用whether引導(dǎo)，置于句尾時(shí)，間或可 用 if。)whether he will win the game is not clear.whether he will come is un certa in.whether she comes or not does n't concern me.it is not clear whether/if he will come.it was un certa in w

8、hether he would come.3. 連詞代詞what, who, which, whose等引導(dǎo)的主語從句。這些連接代詞作用相當(dāng)于代詞，在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定債口等。what we n eed is more time.who was resp on sible for the accide nt is not yet clear.whose book it is not importa nt.which school you want to go matters much.4. 連接副詞 when, where, why, how 引導(dǎo)的主語從句。這些連接副詞相當(dāng)于副詞

9、，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。why he did this is not known.whe n he will come is still unknown.it is not known why he did this.how he succeeded is unknown to us.where we should hold the meet ing n eeds to be discussed. 注意wh-引導(dǎo)的主語從句也常用it作形式主語。5. 也可用 whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever導(dǎo)主語從句，表示“無論什么”、“無論誰”、“無論何時(shí)”

10、論在（到）哪里”等。whoever told you to give up smoking was quite right. whatever he gave you should be han ded in.whoever told you that was lying.whoever comes is welcome.（二）表語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)表語。1. that在引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)無含義，不作成分，通常不省。1）表示事實(shí)、真理等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。the fact is that he is lying.the odds are that he will not do it.2）表示某人的意見、信

11、念等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。our belief is that thi ngs will improve.the trouble is that we are short of mon ey.2. whether引導(dǎo)表語從句（不可用if）his first questi on was whether holmes had arrived yet.the question is whether people will buy it.3. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句。this is what i want.the question is who can be chosen to be manager of th

12、e my question is which of them is better.4. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句。the problem seemed how we could make him un dersta nd it. the question is where we should go.等詞引“無compa ny.5. as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的表語從句（常用虛擬語氣）he looks as if he were an gry.it looks as if it's going to rain.（三）賓語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語。1. that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)無含義

13、，不充當(dāng)成分，常省略。 that不引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句，至于except that, in that, save that, but that等是復(fù)合從屬連詞。i know （that）you have met him.let's suppose that one day this happe ns to you.在及物動(dòng)詞和賓語從句之間常有間接賓語（指人）。例如：i told him（that） he was wrong.在少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如：think, believe, suppose, expect,imagi ne,calculate,fan cy, reck on,be suppos

14、ed , seem, appear,feel as if, look as if, look like等后面的從句中的否定詞經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動(dòng)詞上，這叫否定前置/否定轉(zhuǎn)移。（hope “希望”， guess “認(rèn)為”后的賓語從句否定不前置。i hope not. “我希望不是 那樣的”，是i hope so.的否定式。i don ' t hope so.是對(duì)hope 的否定：“我不希望如此”。）如：i don't think it will be very cold today.i don't thi nk you are right.i don't beli

15、eve he has finished his work. 并非必須否定轉(zhuǎn)移。若需要強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的否定時(shí)就不作轉(zhuǎn)移。 不可把所有可否定轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞的否定句都理解為否定賓語從句，要根據(jù)句意或語境而定。i don' t think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise. 我不認(rèn)為外交是私人可以經(jīng)營的領(lǐng)域。we didn ' t think we ' d be this late.我們沒有料到我們會(huì)來得這么晚。 當(dāng)think用在疑問句中，或主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與狀語連用，或主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞被do強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。why do you

16、thi nk we can't cha nge your no te?i do believe tom n ever tells a lie.they still didn ' t believe that the food would come.他們?nèi)匀徊幌嘈藕樗畷?huì)來臨。i can ' t believe that they are married.我不能相信他們已結(jié)婚了。 否定轉(zhuǎn)移多用在主句動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的情況。主句動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，或主句動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，就不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。此時(shí) 若主句動(dòng)詞為否定，應(yīng)考慮是否是對(duì)

17、主句動(dòng)詞的否定。i had thought that he would not come. 當(dāng)賓語從句中有 no, never, hardly, not at all, not a bit,no t.e no ugh, can' t help doing等時(shí)不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。i think i can't help laughing if i see it.i believe he n ever tells a lie.許多帶賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子要用it作形式賓語，而把賓語從句置于 句尾。we think it wrong that he told a lie to every one

18、.we thought it a pity that she should have missed the chanee.2. whether, if引導(dǎo)賓語從句：表示“是否”可互換口語中常用if。he asked if she would come.注意下列情況下whether不可用if換：1）引導(dǎo)主語從句置于句首時(shí)。2）whether后沒有單詞間隔而直接跟 or not時(shí)。i don't know whether or not he will come.3）whether從句作介詞賓語時(shí)。they are talking about whether he will win the

19、game.everythi ng depe nds on whether you agree with us.4）whether后接不定式時(shí)。i don't know whether to atte nd the meet ing.5）動(dòng)詞discuss, decide的賓語從句時(shí)。3. 連接代詞what，who, whose等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。tell me what you want.do you know who will come at the meet ing?注意who,whom按照傳統(tǒng)語法，從句中who所取代的名詞如果是賓語 應(yīng)用賓格 whom但在口語中常用 who,如：d

20、o you know whom （who） he will in vite? whose, which, what 三個(gè)詞都帶有形容詞性質(zhì)。 whose表示所有， 意為“誰的”；which意為“哪一個(gè)”，what意為“什么”。如： whose book it is not importa nt.please tell me which school you want to go.he did n't know what time it was. 一般說來，which指的是在一個(gè)具體的、較明確的、有限的、較小范圍；而what則指較廣的或不明確的范圍。如：which food，說話人一般指

21、眼前的或明確范圍的幾種“ food ”； what food則指許多“food ”，而且說話人心中沒有數(shù)。i don't know which / what food you want.如果范圍較大或者沒有什么范圍，最好用“ what food ”4. 連接副詞 when, where，why，how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。i don't know whe n the meet ing will be held.please tell me where i can find tom.he explained to me why he was absent from the meetin

22、g.can you tell me how i can get to the post office?5. 可用 whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等弓丨導(dǎo)賓語從句。please write dow n whatever he is say ing.i don't know whoever will come.i'll do whatever you ask me to.6. 表示愛憎情感的動(dòng)詞，如：enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike,don' t mi nd, rese nt,

23、appreciate（感激）等以及某些介詞結(jié)尾的短語動(dòng)詞如： count on, depend on, rely on, see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, see to,等后，即使沒有賓補(bǔ)也要先接形式賓語it，再接賓語從句。i like it whenshe smiles at me. i love it whenyou sing.i hate it if i am spoken to loudly in public.除了 but, besides, except, in, save, beyond六個(gè)介詞后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從

24、句外，其他介詞都不能。in that是“因?yàn)椤钡囊?思，其余五個(gè)與that搭配都是“除了”。（四）同位語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語。1. that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。在下列名詞后可用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句answer, belief,doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, news,opinion, pla n, suggestio n, thought, truth等。i had no idea that you were here.the story goes that william killed his wife.注意 同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞that無含義，不充當(dāng)成分，不可省略。 同位語從句與其說明的名詞或代詞為同一內(nèi)容，故可以用is把前邊 的中心詞和從句連接成一個(gè)句子。 同位語從句前一般沒有逗號(hào)。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句與引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)