1、 語(yǔ)言的形式與意義之間的關(guān)系可粗略劃分成以下三種： F1M1; F1Mx; FxM1（F代表形式，M代表意義，x1） 明辨詞義不僅是翻譯的起點(diǎn)，而且也是翻譯的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。用詞錯(cuò)誤往往會(huì)影響整個(gè)句子、乃至整篇文章的意思，正所謂“差之毫厘，謬以千里。” Operate：He took the machine to pieces to try and find out how it operated. 他把機(jī)器拆開(kāi)，想看看機(jī)器怎么運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。If theres an electrical failure, its possible to operate the lift manually. 如果

2、停電，可以由人力開(kāi)動(dòng)開(kāi)動(dòng)電梯。Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently. 變革正在進(jìn)行，以提高部門(mén)的工作工作效率。Specially equipped troops are operating undercover activities in the hills. 專(zhuān)門(mén)部隊(duì)在山上進(jìn)行進(jìn)行秘密訓(xùn)練。We have representatives operating in most countries. 我們?cè)谠S多國(guó)家都有代理開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)。Exchange rates are cur

3、rently operating to the advantage of exports. 目前的匯率走勢(shì)走勢(shì)對(duì)出口有利。Destructive forces are clearly operating within the community. 顯然社區(qū)中有破壞勢(shì)力在活動(dòng)活動(dòng)。 發(fā)展是硬硬道理。Development is the absolute / cardinal / primary principle. 假日經(jīng)濟(jì)在我國(guó)已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)出廣闊的發(fā)展前景呈現(xiàn)出廣闊的發(fā)展前景。The holiday economy promises remarkable growth. The holiday e

4、conomy holds great promise of growth. The holiday economy has remarkable potential for growth. The holiday economy has the prospect of remarkable growth. He reached his hand out for the book I offered him. 他伸出伸出手來(lái)接我給他的書(shū)。We tried to reach them by cable. 我們?cè)囍秒妶?bào)跟他們聯(lián)絡(luò)聯(lián)絡(luò)。She reached up and picked a pear

5、 off a branch. 她抬起手抬起手從一根枝上摘下一只梨。The speakers voice couldnt reach to the back of the auditorium. 禮堂后排聽(tīng)聽(tīng)不到到演講人的聲音。The insecticide was put out of the childs reach. 殺蟲(chóng)劑放在孩子夠夠不著著的地方。The upper reaches of Minjiang River serves as ecological barriers of Sichuan Province and even the west of China. 岷江上游上游是四

6、川省乃至我國(guó)西南重要的生態(tài)屏障 1. We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to the top of the mountain. 當(dāng)我們爬上了山巔時(shí)，看到了云海的壯觀壯觀景象。2. We must do away with the grandiose style of work. 我們必須擯棄浮夸的浮夸的工作作風(fēng)。3. It is indeed the most magnificent drawing-room I have ever seen. 那的確是我所見(jiàn)到的最豪華的豪華的客廳。4. The buildings a

7、round the Circus are rather nondescript, though some of them are large and quite imposing. 廣場(chǎng)周?chē)慕ㄖ锊⒉黄鹧?，不過(guò)其中有一些還比較高高大、宏偉大、宏偉。5. Whenever the stately national anthem is performed, I am invariably emotionally roused. 每當(dāng)奏起莊嚴(yán)的莊嚴(yán)的國(guó)歌時(shí)，我總是激動(dòng)不已。1. 集中精力把經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)搞搞上去 go all out for economic development 2. 不搞搞勞民傷財(cái)

8、的“形象工程” refrain from building “vanity projects ”that waste both money and manpower3. 對(duì)內(nèi)搞搞活，對(duì)外開(kāi)放 revitalize domestic economy, open up to the outside world4. 惡惡搞搞 spoof5. 堅(jiān)持對(duì)話(huà),不搞搞對(duì)抗 persist in dialogue, refrain from confrontationpersist in: do something repeatedly and showing no intention to stop堅(jiān)持做某事

9、；固執(zhí)地繼續(xù)做某事。 If you persist in doing that you will end up in trouble.你要堅(jiān)持做那件事的話(huà)，將來(lái)麻煩可多著呢。insist on:堅(jiān)決主張；堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為；堅(jiān)決要求；堅(jiān)持要 Do you still insist on your price?你們?nèi)匀粓?jiān)持自己的價(jià)格嗎? v.1. be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge例句: I must insist!2. beg persistently and urgently3. assert to be true6. 搞搞花架子 do someth

10、ing superficial7. 搞搞活國(guó)營(yíng)大中型企業(yè) invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises8. 更加注重搞搞好宏觀調(diào)控 pay more attention to exercising macro-control9. 開(kāi)放搞搞活 open up and enliven the economy 10. 靠擴(kuò)大財(cái)政赤字搞搞建設(shè) increase the deficit to spend more on development 11）With the invention of writing, a great adva

11、nce was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored, libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries. 譯文：由于文字的發(fā)明，人類(lèi)取得了巨大的進(jìn)步，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)知識(shí)不僅可以交流，而且可以?xún)?chǔ)存。圖圖書(shū)書(shū)為開(kāi)展教育活動(dòng)提供了可能性，而教育又反過(guò)來(lái)增加了圖書(shū)圖書(shū)的數(shù)量和內(nèi)容。詞義引申的手段詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化詞義的具體化詞義的抽象化1、詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化1）The factors which are li

12、kely to influence investment spending do not stop here.譯：可能影響投資開(kāi)支的因素并不止這些。2）Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.譯：不管你對(duì)它的態(tài)度如何，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為我們生活的一部分，這個(gè)趨勢(shì)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。3）Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years serv

13、ice.譯：我們的產(chǎn)品如果適當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄆ跈z修，至少可以使用20年。4）Thats a tall story about the towns high street.譯譯: 有關(guān)這城有關(guān)這城主街的說(shuō)法實(shí)在的說(shuō)法實(shí)在令人難以置信。2、詞義的具體化 1) There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness. 他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。2) The factory is famous for i

14、ts arsenal of technical geniuses. 這家工廠以擁有眾多技術(shù)精英而著稱(chēng)。3)Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease. 我們唯一的信念就是要適應(yīng)購(gòu)買(mǎi)者的需要，生產(chǎn)更可靠的、質(zhì)量更高的產(chǎn)品，讓使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。4) Dobbin had been in the coffee-room for

15、an hour or more He had tried all the papers but could not read them 杜賓在咖啡室少說(shuō)也待了一個(gè)鐘頭。他翻遍了所有的報(bào)紙，可什么也沒(méi)看進(jìn)去5) It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. 當(dāng)然油箱里裝滿(mǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)汽油倒是好事，但是駕駛室里要是坐著橫沖直撞的司機(jī)就完全是另一回事了。6) I want to be TVs Czar of s

16、cript and grammar 我真想成為電視這一行的霸主，所有節(jié)目我說(shuō)了算。3、詞義的抽象化 1）The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent. 利率一直在10到15之間不斷波動(dòng)。 2）Brain drain has been Kangdings No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. 人才外流一直是康定的頭號(hào)問(wèn)題，實(shí)際上，它已經(jīng)成為那一地區(qū)帶普遍性的嚴(yán)峻問(wèn)題。 3）There is a mixture of

17、the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝國(guó)主義者的性格既 殘暴，又狡猾。 4）Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個(gè)人的生活都有甜和苦。 5）Tony is only nineteen and the baby of our crew. 托尼只有十九歲，是我們機(jī)組里的小字輩。6. He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and deat

18、h. 他一直在沙漠上生活，這地方每一杯水都得精打細(xì)算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸關(guān)的事。7. Instead，an assassins bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had 事實(shí)正好相反，一個(gè)刺客的暗殺行徑反而使美國(guó)人忘卻了他所有的毛病。詞義的褒貶：詞義的褒貶：1）He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望名望的人。（褒）2）The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 采取各項(xiàng)新政

19、策必將帶來(lái)顯著成果成果。3）There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 若不是采取了嚴(yán)厲措施，那將會(huì)出現(xiàn)的更痛苦的后果后果。4）As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是個(gè)苛刻的苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對(duì)他忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡瘁。（貶）5）The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays ha

20、ve helped to close many theatres. But now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline. 電視普及，加上戲劇籌資困難，許多劇院被迫關(guān)門(mén)。然而經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的衰落后，現(xiàn)在劇院似乎又將重新煥發(fā)生機(jī)。6) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉過(guò)去的人注定要重蹈覆轍。（貶）7）He was polite and always gave advice willingly

21、, she recalled. 她回憶說(shuō)，“他彬彬有禮，總是誨人不倦?！保ò㏕he car in front of me stalled and i missed the green 我前頭的那輛車(chē)停住了，我錯(cuò)過(guò)了綠燈。the Vietnam war was his entre to the new Administration.越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門(mén)磚。There was no provocation for such an angry letter.寫(xiě)這樣一封充滿(mǎn)怒氣的信簡(jiǎn)直毫無(wú)道理。Nancys restaurant had become an institution in h

22、is life in the last seven years.去南希餐廳就餐，七年來(lái)已成了他生活中慣常的事情。 The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition. 那個(gè)箱子又大又笨重，裝的都是書(shū)，不過(guò)他隨身帶的箱子卻是另一回事兒。 The wedding, which Emerson still remembered with pride, was attended by a Whos Who of Boston Society. 參加婚禮的有波士頓社會(huì)名

23、流，愛(ài)默生想到這次婚禮時(shí)，仍然感到非常自豪。 The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era- the Industrial Age. Money had become the King。 機(jī)器的發(fā)明使世界進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新紀(jì)元即工業(yè)時(shí)代，金錢(qián)成了主宰一切的權(quán)威。 安居樂(lè)業(yè) 骨肉分離 各得其所 眾議紛紜 夜長(zhǎng)夢(mèng)多 live in peace and work happily family separation be properly provided for disagree on A long delay may me

24、an trouble. 時(shí)不我與 依時(shí)順勢(shì) 日漸沒(méi)落 鷸蚌相爭(zhēng) 爾虞我詐 Time and tide wait for no man. keep up with the tide being pushed out of business play A off against B sheer cunning and falsehood 備受推崇 物美價(jià)廉 不謀而合 博大精深 源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng) be rewarded and respected attractive in price and quality coincide with both extensive and profound long-st

25、anding and well-established 吃苦耐勞 當(dāng)務(wù)之急 勤儉持家 尊師重教 奇園古宅 bear hardships highest priority frugality in household management respect teachers and value education exotic gardens and old mansions 衣食住行 鳳毛麟角 天下為公 天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé) 善有善報(bào)，惡有惡報(bào) clothing, food, shelter and transportation a rarity of the rarities All under

26、 heaven are equal. Everybody is responsible for the fate of his country. The good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished 促進(jìn) promote, improve, proceed, further 加強(qiáng) advance, strengthen, enhance 加速 accelerate, speed up, step up 深化 deepen, in-depth, intensify 提升 boom 調(diào)節(jié) regulate 保持 main

27、tain 改善 improve 轉(zhuǎn)變 shift 實(shí)施 carry out 發(fā)揮 give full play to 舉辦世博會(huì)有助于中國(guó)進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)改革開(kāi)放，促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)江流域經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，加強(qiáng)中國(guó)與各國(guó)間的友好交往. Hosting the World Exposition was of benefit for China to further its reform and opening-up process, promote the economic development in the Yangtze River basin and strengthen its friendly relati

28、ons with other countries as well. The popularization and development of industry further stepped up the rapid economic growth, and new products appeared in large numbers. 例: 東西,水平, 關(guān)心 生活水平 英語(yǔ)水平 游泳水平 關(guān)心 worry, to be concerned about to care about the well-being of the people to follow the development

29、closely Issues of common concern / mutual interest Our leaders have taken great interest in the development of our bilateral relations. We would like to know if China will be able to achieve a sustainable development. 歸根到底 in the final / last analysis = in the end 人才資源 Human resources 合理 = reasonabl

30、e? Sound ?利用Use / utilization / exploitationIn the final analysis, market competition is the one in talents and rational development and exploitation of human resources.管理人才Managerial personnel 重視Pay attention to / attach importance to 分不開(kāi)Have much to do with 擁有擁有: have, own, possess boast 這家媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)擁有一

31、只專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和管理隊(duì)伍這家媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)擁有一只專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和管理隊(duì)伍. This network boasts a team of professionals and managers. 北京世界公園于北京世界公園于90年代初在北京興建年代初在北京興建,是北京是北京的新景點(diǎn)之一的新景點(diǎn)之一. Completed in the early 1990s, the Beijing World Park boasts one of the new scenic spots in Beijing. 1、假日外出旅游，成為國(guó)人最風(fēng)行的節(jié)目節(jié)目。Traveling on holidays is most popula

32、r with Chinese people. 2、企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著顯著改善。The economic performance of enterprises improved markedly. 3、生產(chǎn)生活條件明顯改善。Production and living conditions have been remarkably improved. 4、中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織后，人才市場(chǎng)會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的潮流潮流。There will be new trends in the personnel market after Chinas entry into the WTO.5、大力加強(qiáng)社會(huì)主義精神文明建設(shè)精神文

33、明建設(shè)。We should vigorously promote socialist cultural and ethic progress. 二、詞語(yǔ)的搭配二、詞語(yǔ)的搭配6、電腦的普及為網(wǎng)絡(luò)走進(jìn)千家萬(wàn)戶(hù)創(chuàng)造創(chuàng)造了條件。 The popularization of computer has paved the way for Internets entry into average families. The popularization of computer has made it possible for the Internet to enter into average famili

34、es. The popularization of computer has created conditions for Internets entry into average families. (x)7、新形勢(shì)、新趨勢(shì)、新技術(shù)，促進(jìn)促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)促進(jìn)了創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)揮，促進(jìn)了促進(jìn)了各國(guó)之間的合作與交流。 The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces, give full play to creativity, and enhance exchanges and c

35、ooperation among countries. 8、我們要維護(hù)維護(hù)人民的權(quán)力。We should maintain the peoples rights. 根據(jù)不同的上下文，“維護(hù)維護(hù)”有不同的譯法：維護(hù)維護(hù)統(tǒng)一 uphold unity維護(hù)獨(dú)立主權(quán)維護(hù)獨(dú)立主權(quán) uphold independence and sovereignty維護(hù)維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán) defend state sovereignty維護(hù)維護(hù)人民利益 safeguard the peoples interests維護(hù)維護(hù)自尊 safeguard ones self respect維護(hù)維護(hù)世界和平與安全 maintain /

36、safeguard world peace and security9、積極積極開(kāi)展資源回收利用，大力提高資源綜合利用率。 We need to increase our recycling of resources in order to utilize our resources more effectively. The recycling of resources should be promoted in order to improve the efficiency of the utilization of our resources. 10、積極積極推動(dòng)信息技術(shù)在各行業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)

37、用。 We need to extensively apply IT in enterprises in all industries. 11、我們將積極積極調(diào)整、發(fā)展發(fā)展第三產(chǎn)業(yè)。 We will be working vigorously/ energetically to restructure and develop tertiary industries. 12、工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整取得積極積極進(jìn)展。 Significant progress was made in industrial structural adjustment. 13、東部地區(qū)要積極積極支持中西部地區(qū)發(fā)展。 The ea

38、stern region should actively support the development of the central and western regions. 14、積極積極發(fā)展各項(xiàng)社會(huì)事業(yè)。 We will energetically / make great efforts to develop all social undertakings. 三、詞語(yǔ)的引申三、詞語(yǔ)的引申15、中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)取得巨大發(fā)展，中國(guó)人民終于揚(yáng)眉吐?lián)P眉吐氣氣了。 Chinese people feel proud and elated for the great economic developmen

39、t in China. 16、“五一”假期，火車(chē)票十分緊俏緊俏，人們提前10天預(yù)訂火車(chē)票。 Train tickets during the Labor Day holidays were in short supply, and people flocked to book tickets ten days in advance. 17、中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，消除貧困任重道遠(yuǎn)任重道遠(yuǎn)。 (1) China is a developing country, and it has a long way to go to shake off poverty. (2) China is a deve

40、loping country, and it is an arduous task to eradicate poverty. 18、家用電器和藝術(shù)品很受俄國(guó)商人的歡迎，但服裝和紡織品卻吃了閉門(mén)羹閉門(mén)羹。 Electric appliances and handicrafts are popular among Russian businessmen, but clothes and textile products are given the cold shoulder.19、臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局應(yīng)該審時(shí)度勢(shì)審時(shí)度勢(shì)，順應(yīng)民意順應(yīng)民意，走和平統(tǒng)一的光明大道光明大道。 The Taiwan authori

41、ties should size up the situation and go with the peoples voice to get on the right way of peaceful reunification. 20、傳統(tǒng)的人海戰(zhàn)術(shù)人海戰(zhàn)術(shù)在現(xiàn)代化高技術(shù)面前不堪一擊不堪一擊。 Compared with modern high technology, the traditional huge-crowd strategy is not competitive at all. （一）望文生義1） My shoes are the worse for wear.誤：我的皮鞋更加不好穿了。正：我的皮鞋穿破了。2） She has been a widow only six