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1、動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWuhan Institute of Shipbuilding TechnologyPower Engineering DepartmentLuobin動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentLesson 9 Operation and Maintenance of Main Engine 第9課 主機(jī)的操作與維護(hù) 動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentOperating Procedures 操作程序動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engine

2、ering Department Medium-speed and slow-speed diesel engines will follow a fairly similar procedure for starting and manoeuvring. 中、低速柴油機(jī)的起動(dòng)和操作的程序完全相似。 Where es(換向齒輪箱) or s(變距槳) are used then engine reversing is not necessary. 當(dāng)采用換向齒輪箱或變距槳時(shí)主機(jī)換向就不必要。 變距槳:CPP(controllable pitch propeller) VPP(variable

3、pitch propeller) 定距槳:FPP(fixed pitch propeller)動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department船舶換向方法船舶換向方法 1)直接換向:主機(jī)曲軸經(jīng)軸系直接與螺旋槳相聯(lián),通過主機(jī)本身換向改變曲軸轉(zhuǎn)向,使螺旋槳軸向推力向后或向前。大、中型船舶廣泛采用這種換向方法。 2)間接換向:主機(jī)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)向不變,通過主機(jī)與螺旋槳之間特設(shè)的換向裝置(船用齒輪箱),操縱螺旋槳正轉(zhuǎn)或反轉(zhuǎn),使船舶前進(jìn)或后退。一般用于小型船舶。 3)“Z”型推進(jìn)裝置換向:它又稱為懸掛式螺旋槳裝置,主機(jī)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)向不變,船舶需要換向時(shí),只要由駕駛通過傳動(dòng)裝置使蝸桿11轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)

4、,便能通過蝸輪10帶動(dòng)尾管連同螺旋槳7一起作水平回轉(zhuǎn),螺旋槳的推力方向可隨意選定,螺旋槳可在繞垂直軸360范圍內(nèi)任意定位,將螺旋槳回轉(zhuǎn)180即為船舶倒航位置。 “Z”型換向裝置操縱靈活,回轉(zhuǎn)性能好,還能省去舵設(shè)備,便于實(shí)現(xiàn)駕機(jī)合一,軸系和螺旋槳不必進(jìn)塢拆裝修理,可縮短修期,但其結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。多用在換向較頻繁的港口作業(yè)船和拖輪上。 4)可調(diào)距螺旋槳裝置:其槳葉螺旋面與槳轂可作相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),通過轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)槳葉來達(dá)到改變螺距的目的。其主機(jī)的曲軸轉(zhuǎn)向不變,由駕駛臺(tái)通過操縱裝置(機(jī)械或液壓式)改變槳葉的螺距角。螺距越大,在相同轉(zhuǎn)速下推力越大,轉(zhuǎn)矩也越大;當(dāng)螺距為0時(shí),螺旋槳轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)不產(chǎn)生推力;當(dāng)螺距為負(fù)值時(shí),船舶即

5、能倒退。 可調(diào)距槳對(duì)船舶航行條件的適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),機(jī)動(dòng)性高,動(dòng)力裝置經(jīng)濟(jì)性好。但構(gòu)造較復(fù)雜,制造工藝要求高。適用于運(yùn)行工況較多,機(jī)動(dòng)性要求較高的船舶。 動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department A general procedure is now given for engine operation whichs(詳述) the (要點(diǎn)) in their correct sequence(順序). 如下給出的為主機(jī)操作的一般程序,它詳述了(主機(jī))正確(操作)順序的要點(diǎn)。 Where a manufacturers (說明書) is available(能得到的)

6、 this should be ed(參照) and used. 當(dāng)廠家的說明書能得到時(shí),應(yīng)參照并使用該說明書。 動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 1. Before a large diesel is started it must be ed(vt.暖機(jī)) through by circulating hot water through thes(缸套), etc. This will enable the various engine parts to expand (與相比) one another 1.在大型主機(jī)起動(dòng)前,應(yīng)利用經(jīng)過缸套循環(huán)的

7、熱水對(duì)主機(jī)進(jìn)行暖機(jī),以使主機(jī)各部分相對(duì)膨脹。Preparations for standby(備車)(備車)動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 2. The various s(補(bǔ)給柜), s(過濾器), s(閥) and s(放殘) are all to be checked. 2.檢查各補(bǔ)給柜、過濾器、閥件,并放殘。 3. The s(滑油泵) and s(循環(huán)水泵) are started and all the visible(看得見的) returns(回流) should be observed(察看). 3.起動(dòng)滑油泵、循環(huán)水泵,并察看看

8、得見的回流(情況)。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 4. All (控制設(shè)備) and alarms should be examined for correct operation. 4.檢查所有控制設(shè)備和報(bào)警裝置是否工作正常。 5. The s(示功器旋塞,示功考克) are opened, the (盤車機(jī)) d(嚙合,合上) and the engine turned through several s(整轉(zhuǎn)). In this way any water which may have collected in the cylinders

9、will be d (排出). 5.打開示功器旋塞,合上盤車機(jī),轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)主機(jī)幾個(gè)整轉(zhuǎn)。用這種方式,可能匯集在氣缸中的所有水將會(huì)被排出。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 6. The (燃油系統(tǒng)) is checked and circulated with hot oil. 6檢查燃油系統(tǒng),并用熱油對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行循環(huán)。 7. (輔助的) s(掃氣鼓風(fēng)機(jī)), if (手動(dòng)操作的), should be started. 7.如果輔助的掃氣鼓風(fēng)機(jī)為手動(dòng)操作,應(yīng)將其起動(dòng)。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 8. The (

10、盤車機(jī)) is d(脫開) and if possible the engine should be ed (轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)) on air before closing the s(示功器旋塞,示功考克). 8.脫開盤車機(jī),如果可能,在關(guān)閉示功器旋塞前,應(yīng)使用(壓縮)空氣轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)主機(jī)。 9. The engine is now available for standby. The length of time involved in these preparations will (取決于) the size of the engine. 9.主機(jī)現(xiàn)在已備好。備車時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短取決于主機(jī)的尺寸。 動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)

11、力工程系Power Engineering Department 1. The (轉(zhuǎn)向手柄) is ed(置于位置) ahead or astern. This handle may be built into the (車鐘傳令手柄). The (凸輪軸) is thus positioned relative to the crankshaft(曲軸) to operate the various cams for (燃油噴射), valve operation, etc. 1.將轉(zhuǎn)向手柄置于正車或倒車位置(轉(zhuǎn)向手柄可與車鐘手柄做成一體),此時(shí),凸輪軸相對(duì)曲軸處于某一位置以轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)用于燃油噴射

12、、氣閥啟閉等的各種凸輪。 crankcase 曲軸箱Engine starting(主機(jī)起動(dòng))(主機(jī)起動(dòng))動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 2. The (操縱手柄) is moved to “start”. This will admit (壓縮空氣) into the cylinders in the correct sequence to turn the engine in the (預(yù)定的方向). A separate (空氣起動(dòng)按鈕) may be used. 2.將操縱手柄置于“起動(dòng)”,此時(shí),壓縮空氣將按正確的順序依次進(jìn)入氣缸,從而使主

13、機(jī)按期望的方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。(另外)可使用單獨(dú)的空氣起動(dòng)按鈕來起動(dòng)主機(jī)。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 3. When the engine reaches its (發(fā)火轉(zhuǎn)速) the (操縱手柄) is moved to the (運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)位置). Fuel is admitted and the (燃燒過程) will accelerate the engine and starting air (進(jìn)氣) will cease(停止). 3.當(dāng)主機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到發(fā)火轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí),將操縱手柄打至運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)位置,燃油噴入氣缸,燃燒過程開始并使主機(jī)加速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),此時(shí),起動(dòng)空氣的進(jìn)氣

14、將會(huì)停止。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department When running at manoeuvring speeds: 當(dāng)機(jī)動(dòng)航行時(shí): 1. Where (手動(dòng)操作的) s(輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī)) are fitted they should be started. 如果安裝了手動(dòng)操作的輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī),則應(yīng)起動(dòng)它。Engine reversing(主機(jī)換向)(主機(jī)換向)動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 2. The fuel supply is (切斷) and the engine will quickly slow do

15、wn. 2.切斷燃油供給,主機(jī)(轉(zhuǎn)速)會(huì)迅速降低。 3. The (方向手柄) is ed(置于位置) astern. 3.將方向手柄置于倒車位置。 4. (壓縮空氣) is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction. 4.壓縮空氣進(jìn)入氣缸,從而使主機(jī)按倒車方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 5. When turning astern under the action of (壓縮空氣), fuel will be admitted. The (燃燒過程) will

16、(開始) and (進(jìn)氣) (停止). 5.當(dāng)主機(jī)在壓縮空氣作用下倒車轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí),燃油噴入氣缸,燃燒過程開始,而進(jìn)氣停止。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department When running at full speed: 當(dāng)全速航行時(shí): 1. The s(輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī)), where (手動(dòng)操作的), should be started. 1.手動(dòng)操作的輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī)應(yīng)手動(dòng)起動(dòng)。 2. Fuel is (切斷) from the engine. 2.切斷主機(jī)的燃油。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 3. s(一股) of (壓

17、縮空氣) may be used to slow the engine down. 3.可以使用壓縮空氣使主機(jī)降速。 4. When the engine is stopped the (方向手柄) is positioned astern. 4.當(dāng)主機(jī)停車后,將方向手柄置于倒車位置。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 5. Compressed air is admitted to turn the engine astern and fuel is admitted to accelerate the engine.The compressed a

18、ir supply will then cease. 5.壓縮空氣進(jìn)入氣缸,使主機(jī)倒車轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),燃油噴入氣缸以加速主機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。此時(shí),壓縮空氣供給停止。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department Diesel engines are (相當(dāng)?shù)兀?simple (原理上) and require little in the way of (日常維護(hù)), although what little is required is essential to a long life. 柴油機(jī)在原理上相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單,且僅需較少的日常維護(hù),雖然該維護(hù)對(duì)于柴油機(jī)維持較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命至關(guān)重要。M

19、aintenance(維護(hù))(維護(hù))動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department The s(噴油嘴) of the engine should when necessary (清除) (積炭), which, especially when s(重油) containing (瀝青) are used, may (沉積) around and in the s(噴油孔). 必要時(shí),清除發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴油嘴處的積炭,尤其是當(dāng)使用含瀝青的重油時(shí),該積炭會(huì)沉積在噴油孔周圍及其內(nèi)部。 If these s(沉積物) become so large that the spray

20、ing(噴射) of the fuel oil is ed(妨礙的質(zhì)量), the combustion will be poor and the (冒黑煙). 如果這些沉積物(積炭)過多,以致妨礙燃油噴射的質(zhì)量,燃燒不良并且冒黑煙。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department The engine should be regularly cleaned and inspected. 應(yīng)定期清潔和檢查發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。 this should be done, s, of course, principally(主要地) the s(工況), and the engine

21、er(輪機(jī)員) (主管) the engine should therefore (判斷) himself of this guided by experience and (制訂出) a (計(jì)劃) of necessary operations. 當(dāng)然,清潔和檢查發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的頻率主要取決于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工況,因此,主管主機(jī)的輪機(jī)員(大管輪)應(yīng)該根據(jù)自身的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來判斷,并制訂出必要的保養(yǎng)計(jì)劃。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department The following schedule may be useful as a guide. 下述(保養(yǎng))計(jì)劃可作為有益參考。 It

22、assumes ordinary s(運(yùn)行狀況), (周到的) attendance and the use of suitable lubricating and fuel oils. 該計(jì)劃旨在保證運(yùn)行狀況正常、保養(yǎng)周到,并且使用合適的滑油和燃油。 A further condition is that the engine is well run in. 更進(jìn)一步是使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行良好。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department When necessary: 有必要: 1. Clean the s(噴油嘴). 1.清潔噴油嘴。 2. Clean the s

23、(滑油過濾器) and (保證) their (過濾器) inserts(濾芯) (沒有) s(缺損). 2.清洗滑油過濾器并且保證其濾芯沒有缺損。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 3. The (潤(rùn)滑劑) s(噴嘴) of the (掃氣泵)-fitted at each (閥軸承) and at the bearing and (捕捉裝置) of the (操縱機(jī)構(gòu)) - are lubricated with (潤(rùn)滑脂) from time to time(經(jīng)常). 3.掃氣泵的潤(rùn)滑劑噴嘴應(yīng)經(jīng)常用潤(rùn)滑脂潤(rùn)滑,掃氣泵安裝在各個(gè)閥軸承,以及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)

24、的軸承和捕捉裝置上。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department Some of the (潤(rùn)滑劑)s(噴嘴) are located under the (防護(hù)罩). (Does not (涉及) turbo charged engines) 某些潤(rùn)滑劑噴嘴位于防護(hù)罩之下。(不涉及渦輪增壓式柴油機(jī))動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department After about 300 hours running: 經(jīng)300 h運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后: 1. Clean the s(燃油過濾器) and see that their strainer in

25、serts are free from defects. 1.清洗燃油過濾器并且保證其濾芯沒有缺損。 2. Clean the (進(jìn)氣過濾器). 2.清洗進(jìn)氣過濾器。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 3. Check the (擰緊) of the(拉桿螺栓)s(螺母) first time and afterwards once yearly. 3.拉桿螺栓螺母初次使用時(shí)應(yīng)檢查擰緊,以后每年檢查一次。 4. Lubrication of the s(潤(rùn)滑油嘴) on the control board (when such occur). 4. 控

26、制板上潤(rùn)滑油嘴的潤(rùn)滑(如果有)。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department After about 2,000 hours running: 經(jīng)2 000 h運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后: 1. inspect the starting and s(安全閥). 1.檢查起動(dòng)閥和安全閥。 2. (吊出) and clean the working pistons. Check the (壓縮室) and measure the s(缸套). 2.吊出活塞并清潔。檢查壓縮室并測(cè)量缸套。 starting valve 起動(dòng)閥 lift out,remove 吊出動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Pow

27、er Engineering Department Replace (磨損壞的) piston and s(刮油環(huán)). When renewing s(活塞環(huán)), place then in the lower s(環(huán)槽). 更換磨損壞的活塞以及刮油環(huán)。當(dāng)活塞環(huán)換新時(shí),應(yīng)將其裝于下環(huán)槽。 氣環(huán):起密封和導(dǎo)熱的作用。 油環(huán):起布油和刮油的作用。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 3. Clean the scavenging and s(排氣口). 3.清潔掃氣口和排氣口。 (N

28、ote: Under (惡劣的) working conditions or if the fuel oil used, is of a (品質(zhì)低劣的), a more (定期的) cleaning of pistons, scavenging and exhaust ports may be necessary.) (注:在工況惡劣或使用的燃油質(zhì)量較差時(shí),有必要對(duì)活塞、掃氣口和排氣口進(jìn)行更多次的定期清潔)動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 4. Inspect the (環(huán)形活塞式鼓風(fēng)機(jī)). 4.檢查環(huán)形活塞式鼓風(fēng)機(jī)。 (拆卸) the s(排氣閥)

29、 or s(閥蓋) and inspection covers. 拆卸排氣閥或閥蓋并檢查閥蓋。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department Check the piston “(松緊度)” and the minimum (間隙) between s(活塞環(huán)) and the (部分)s(缸壁). 檢查活塞的“松緊度”,以及活塞環(huán)和部分缸壁之間的最小間隙。 Check the (外徑向間隙) between piston and (殼體). (Does not concern turbo charged engines) 檢查活塞和殼體之間的外徑向間隙。(不涉及

30、渦輪增壓式柴油機(jī))動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 5. Inspect the (彈性聯(lián)軸節(jié)) es(橡皮墊). (Does not concern turbo charged engines) 5.檢查彈性聯(lián)軸節(jié)的橡皮墊。(不涉及渦輪增壓式柴油機(jī))動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department After about 4,000 hours running: 經(jīng)4 000 h運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后: 1. At plants having s(滑油柜), drain and clean the tanks thus full wit

31、h fresh or (徹底地) cleaned oil. 1.當(dāng)動(dòng)力裝置有滑油柜時(shí),應(yīng)進(jìn)行放殘和清潔,并加滿新油或徹底清潔過的油。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department Engines with “(濕油底殼)” must (必須經(jīng)過) cleaning and replacement of oil when necessary. 如有必要,有“濕油底殼”的柴油機(jī)必須經(jīng)過清潔和更換滑油。 For all plants, more frequent cleaning and replacement of oil is necessary when the

32、engine is new. 對(duì)所有的動(dòng)力裝置,如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是新的,應(yīng)更加頻繁地清潔和更換滑油。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 2. Check the (曲軸) and its (對(duì)中) in the s(軸承). 2.檢查曲軸及其軸承的對(duì)中。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department 3. Inspect the (環(huán)形活塞式鼓風(fēng)機(jī)). 3.檢查環(huán)形活塞式鼓風(fēng)機(jī)。(拆卸) the piston. 拆卸活塞。 Check the (徑向的) and (軸向的) s(間隙) and the slackness of the piston. 檢查活塞的徑向和軸向間隙以及松弛度。動(dòng)力工程系動(dòng)力工程系Power Engineering Department Check the min. (間隙) between the piston rings(活塞環(huán)) and the partition s(缸壁). 檢查活塞環(huán)與缸壁之間的最小間隙。 Check the s(齒輪), the bearings and the (軸承間隙). (Does not concern turbo charged engines) 檢查齒輪、軸承及其軸承間隙。(不涉及渦輪增壓式柴油機(jī)

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