1、Lesson 2 Chemical Equilibrium and Kinetics化學(xué)平衡與動(dòng)力學(xué)化學(xué)平衡與動(dòng)力學(xué) 漢譯英練習(xí)漢譯英練習(xí)早期的化工生產(chǎn)主要是手工操作，如食物的發(fā)酵和蒸發(fā)過程。資源的合并導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模化工廠的出現(xiàn)，推動(dòng)了化學(xué)工程的發(fā)展。化學(xué)工程學(xué)科的發(fā)展促使復(fù)雜數(shù)學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，其可用于模擬和優(yōu)化各種化工流程Read the first paragraph and answer the following questions:(1) What is the major objective of Chemist?(2) What is the equilibrium state?

2、(3) What does this lesson talk about?(4) Please translate the last two sentences.objectivesUnderstand Chemical Reaction Know whether two substances will reactDetermine reactionexothermic? endothermic?Predict the extent of reactionRead the first paragraph and answer the following questions:(1) What i

3、s the major objective of Chemist?(2) What is the equilibrium state?(3) What does this lesson talk about?(4) Please translate the last two sentences.(2) An equilibrium state, produced as a consequence of two opposing reactions occurring simultaneously, is a state in which there is no net change as lo

4、ng as there is no change in conditions.只要反應(yīng)條件不變，系統(tǒng)無凈變化的狀態(tài)只要反應(yīng)條件不變，系統(tǒng)無凈變化的狀態(tài)Read the first paragraph and answer the following questions:(1) What is the major objective of Chemist?(2) What is the equilibrium state?(3) What does this lesson talk about?(4) Please translate the last two sentences.(3) In

5、this lesson it will be shown how one can predict the equilibrium states of chemical systems from thermodynamic data, and conversely how the experimental measurements states provide useful thermodynamic data. l如何用動(dòng)力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測化工系統(tǒng)的平衡狀態(tài)如何用動(dòng)力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測化工系統(tǒng)的平衡狀態(tài)l如何利用實(shí)驗(yàn)測試狀態(tài)提供有價(jià)值的熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)如何利用實(shí)驗(yàn)測試狀態(tài)提供有價(jià)值的熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)Read the f

6、irst paragraph and answer the following questions:(1) What is the major objective of Chemist?(2) What is the equilibrium state?(3) What does this lesson talk about?(4) Please translate the last two sentences.Thermodynamics alone cannot explain the rate at which equilibrium is established, nor does i

7、t provide details of the mechanism by which equilibrium is established. Such explanations can be developed from consideration of the quantum theory of molecular structure and from statistical mechanics. 單純的熱力學(xué)并不能解釋平衡建立的速率，也不能提供平衡建立的詳細(xì)機(jī)理對(duì)它們解釋可以通過研究分子結(jié)構(gòu)的量子理論和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)機(jī)理來進(jìn)行。化學(xué)家們的主要目的是理解化學(xué)反應(yīng)，知道在給定的一系列的化學(xué)家們的主要

8、目的是理解化學(xué)反應(yīng)，知道在給定的一系列的條件下，兩個(gè)物質(zhì)混合時(shí)是否發(fā)生反應(yīng)，確定給定的反應(yīng)是放條件下，兩個(gè)物質(zhì)混合時(shí)是否發(fā)生反應(yīng)，確定給定的反應(yīng)是放熱還是吸熱，和預(yù)測一個(gè)給定的反應(yīng)在平衡狀態(tài)建立之前的反熱還是吸熱，和預(yù)測一個(gè)給定的反應(yīng)在平衡狀態(tài)建立之前的反應(yīng)程度。平衡是兩個(gè)相反的反應(yīng)同時(shí)發(fā)生所產(chǎn)生，是一種只要應(yīng)程度。平衡是兩個(gè)相反的反應(yīng)同時(shí)發(fā)生所產(chǎn)生，是一種只要條件不變，則系統(tǒng)不變的狀態(tài)。在這篇課文中將展現(xiàn)怎樣用熱條件不變，則系統(tǒng)不變的狀態(tài)。在這篇課文中將展現(xiàn)怎樣用熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)來預(yù)測反應(yīng)體系的平衡狀態(tài)，和如何利用實(shí)驗(yàn)測試狀力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)來預(yù)測反應(yīng)體系的平衡狀態(tài)，和如何利用實(shí)驗(yàn)測試狀態(tài)來提供有用的熱力學(xué)

9、數(shù)據(jù)。單純的熱力學(xué)并不能解釋平衡建態(tài)來提供有用的熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。單純的熱力學(xué)并不能解釋平衡建立時(shí)的狀態(tài)，也不能提供平衡建立的詳細(xì)機(jī)理，通過研究分子立時(shí)的狀態(tài)，也不能提供平衡建立的詳細(xì)機(jī)理，通過研究分子結(jié)構(gòu)的量子理論和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)機(jī)理可以來解釋。結(jié)構(gòu)的量子理論和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)機(jī)理可以來解釋。List the factors that influence the rates of a chemical reaction.lTemperature 溫度溫度lConcentrations of reactants 反應(yīng)物濃度反應(yīng)物濃度 Partial pressure of gaseous reactants 氣體反應(yīng)

10、物分壓氣體反應(yīng)物分壓lCatalyst 催化劑催化劑Reaction rate will increase with the rising of temperature.As concentrations of reactants (partial pressure of gaseous reactants) increase, reaction rate will increase.Accelerate the reaction rate without the change of amount.Dynamic Equilibrium動(dòng)態(tài)平衡動(dòng)態(tài)平衡Nitrogen and hydrogen

11、 combine at 500oC in the presence of a catalyst to produce ammonia.(1) N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 (2) 2NH3 = N2 + 3H2 At 500oC and in the presence of a catalyst, pure ammonia decomposes into nitrogen and hydrogen.（3）N2 + 3H2 2NH3Forward reaction: reaction proceeding toward the rightReverse reaction: reaction p

12、roceeding toward the leftReversible reaction“+”: plus, react with； “=” : goes to, makes, produce, result in, becomeExpression of reaction equations反應(yīng)方程式的表達(dá)反應(yīng)方程式的表達(dá)A + B = C + DA reacts with B to produce C and D.u Reaction condition (temperature/pressure/catayst): At the temperature/pressure of # oC

13、/ # MPa/in the presence of Xu Coefficient 系數(shù)x A + y B = q C + w Dx moles/molecules of A react with y moles/molecules of B to produce q moles/molecules of C and w moles/molecules of D.舉例舉例u Elements 常見元素常見元素氫氫氧氧氮氮硫硫磷磷氯氯氟氟溴溴碘碘碳碳HydrogenOxygenCarbonNitrogenPhosphorusSulfurFluorineChlorineBromineIodineS

14、ilicon鈉鈉Sodium鎂鎂 Magnesium鋁鋁Aluminium硼硼B(yǎng)oron硅硅ucommon gas 常見氣體常見氣體氫氣氫氣氮?dú)獾獨(dú)庋鯕庋鯕舛趸级趸及睔獍睔舛趸蚨趸騂ydrogenOxygenNitrogenAmmoniaSulfur dioxideCarbon dioxide氯氣氯氣氯化氫氯化氫硫化氫硫化氫二氧化氮二氧化氮ucommon Acid and Bases 常見酸堿常見酸堿鹽酸鹽酸硫酸硫酸硝酸硝酸醋酸醋酸氫氧化鈉氫氧化鈉碳酸碳酸三乙胺三乙胺氫氧化鉀氫氧化鉀Hydrochloric acidSulfuric acidNitric acidAcetic

15、acidCarbonic acidSodium hydroxidePotassium hydroxideTriethylamineu Numerals 數(shù)詞數(shù)詞mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nonadeca-glycol monomethyl ether乙二醇單甲醚nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮ferric trichloride三氯化鐵carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳phosphorus pentoxide五氧化二磷hexamethonium六甲銨heptamethyltrisiloxane七甲基三硅氧烷octabr

16、omodiphenyl ether八溴聯(lián)苯醚nonafluoro-2-iodobutane碘九氟-2-丁烷decaborane十硼烷三甲基氯硅烷三甲基氯硅烷 五氯苯酚五氯苯酚 1,4-二溴丁烷二溴丁烷S+O2 = SO2Mg+ 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2OcombustionPracticeCH3CH2OH+CH3COOH = CH3CH2COOCH3+H2OH2SO460-70oCv How could we call a reversible reaction reach to the equilibrium state?Rate of f

17、oward reaction = Rate of reverse reactionIn a practical sense, however, some reactions go so far in one direction that the reverse reaction cannot be detected, and they are said to go to completion.然而實(shí)際上，很多反應(yīng)向一個(gè)方向進(jìn)行的多，以至于逆反應(yīng)無法檢測得到，這類反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為反應(yīng)完全。Equilibrium Constants 平衡常數(shù)平衡常數(shù)n How to obtain the equilib

18、rium constant K based on the reverse reaction?K = CD / ABK = CcDd / AaBbA + B = C + DaA + bB = cC + dD Equilibrium constant K equal to the ratio of the concentration values of the products divide by the concentration values of the reactants.The exponents of the concentration terms are the coefficien

19、ts of the respective species in the balanced chemical equation.在K的計(jì)算中，化學(xué)平衡方程中各化合物的系數(shù)作為濃度項(xiàng)的指數(shù)。n For a given reaction, if the concentration or temperature changes, does the equilibrium constant K change? The concentration of the components have no influence on equilibrium constant K. But if the reacti

20、on temperature changes, the constant K will change. Chemical Kinetics 化學(xué)動(dòng)力學(xué)化學(xué)動(dòng)力學(xué)n How many reaction variables are there affect the reaction rates? Temperature Pressure and Volume Concentration Catalystwhen the reaction occurs at constant temperature, this factor need not to be consided.An important consideration factor for gas