1、立冬Start of Winter目錄 TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc92801655 立冬Start of Winter PAGEREF _Toc92801655 h 1 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801656 一、立冬節(jié)氣 PAGEREF _Toc92801656 h 1 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801657 二、立冬氣候 PAGEREF _Toc92801657 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801658 三、立冬風(fēng)俗 PAGEREF _Toc92801658 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801659

2、立冬風(fēng)俗之補(bǔ)冬 PAGEREF _Toc92801659 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801660 立冬風(fēng)俗之冬學(xué) PAGEREF _Toc92801660 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801661 立冬風(fēng)俗之賀冬 PAGEREF _Toc92801661 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801662 立冬風(fēng)俗之吃餃子 PAGEREF _Toc92801662 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801663 立冬風(fēng)俗之拜師 PAGEREF _Toc92801663 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801664 四、立冬飲食 PA

3、GEREF _Toc92801664 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801665 吃餃子 PAGEREF _Toc92801665 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801666 五、立冬詩詞 PAGEREF _Toc92801666 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801667 立冬前一日對菊有感宋錢時(shí) PAGEREF _Toc92801667 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801668 立冬左河水 PAGEREF _Toc92801668 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801669 立冬即事二首宋仇遠(yuǎn) PAGEREF _Toc

4、92801669 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801670 立冬紫金霜 PAGEREF _Toc92801670 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801671 立冬日野外行吟宋釋文珦 PAGEREF _Toc92801671 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801672 立冬日作宋陸游 PAGEREF _Toc92801672 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801673 立冬明王稚登 PAGEREF _Toc92801673 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801674 立冬聞雷宋蘇轍 PAGEREF _Toc92801674

5、h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801675 Start of Winter PAGEREF _Toc92801675 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801676 Celebrating the arrival of winter PAGEREF _Toc92801676 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801677 Take tonic food in winter PAGEREF _Toc92801677 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801678 Eating dumplings PAGEREF _Toc92801678 h 9 HYP

6、ERLINK l _Toc92801679 Welcoming the winter in ancient times PAGEREF _Toc92801679 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801680 Yifan Festival of Mulam ethnic minority PAGEREF _Toc92801680 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801681 Nourishing the winter PAGEREF _Toc92801681 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801682 Eating Chinese pumpkins P

7、AGEREF _Toc92801682 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801683 Eating tuanzi in Wuxi PAGEREF _Toc92801683 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc92801684 Offering sacrifices to ancestors PAGEREF _Toc92801684 h 12一、立冬節(jié)氣立冬是農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣中的第十九個(gè)，其確定的依據(jù)是以太陽到達(dá)黃經(jīng)225度為準(zhǔn)。傳統(tǒng)上為冬天的第一個(gè)節(jié)氣。月令七十二候集解說：“立，建始也”，又說：“冬，終也，萬物收藏也?！币馑际钦f秋季作物全部收曬完畢，收藏入庫，動物也已藏起來準(zhǔn)

8、備冬眠?？磥恚⒍粌H僅代表著冬天的來臨。完整地說，立冬是表示冬季開始，萬物收藏，歸避寒冷的意思。立冬不僅是收獲祭祀與豐年宴會隆重舉行的時(shí)間，也是寒風(fēng)乍起的季節(jié)。有“十月朔”、“秦歲首”、“寒衣節(jié)”、“豐收節(jié)”等習(xí)俗活動。此時(shí)，在北方，正是“水結(jié)冰，地始凍”的孟冬之月，在南方卻是小陽春的天氣。立冬是十月的大節(jié)，漢魏時(shí)期，這天天子要親率群臣迎接冬氣，對為國捐軀的烈士及其家小進(jìn)行表彰與撫恤，請死者保護(hù)生靈，鼓勵(lì)民眾抵御外敵或惡寇的掠奪與侵襲，在漢族民間有祭祖、飲宴、卜歲等習(xí)俗，以時(shí)令佳品向祖靈祭祀，以盡為人子孫的義務(wù)和責(zé)任，祈求上天賜給來歲的豐年，農(nóng)民自己亦獲得飲酒與休息的酬勞。立冬習(xí)俗有的改了，

9、也有沿襲至今的。二、立冬氣候天文學(xué)上把“立冬”作為冬季的開始，按照氣候?qū)W劃分，我國要推遲20天左右才入冬。在晴朗無風(fēng)之時(shí)，常會出現(xiàn)風(fēng)和日麗、溫暖舒適的十月“小陽春”天氣。立冬時(shí)節(jié)，太陽已到達(dá)黃經(jīng)225度，我們所處的北半球獲得太陽的輻射量越來越少，但由于此時(shí)地表在下半年貯存的熱量還有一定的能量，所以一般還不會太冷，但氣溫逐漸下降。冬雪不僅十分宜人，對冬作物的生長也十分有利。但是，這時(shí)北方冷空氣也已具有較強(qiáng)的勢力，常頻頻南侵，有時(shí)形成大風(fēng)、降溫并伴有雨雪的寒潮天氣。三、立冬風(fēng)俗立冬風(fēng)俗之補(bǔ)冬補(bǔ)冬吃食：立冬后，就意味著今年的冬季正式來臨。草木凋零，蟄蟲休眠，萬物活動趨向休止。人類雖沒有冬眠之說，但民

10、間卻有立冬補(bǔ)冬的習(xí)俗。在南方，人們會吃些滋陰補(bǔ)陽，熱量較高的食物，如雞鴨魚肉等，有的還會和中藥一起煮來增加藥補(bǔ)的功效。補(bǔ)冬風(fēng)氣：舊時(shí)就有補(bǔ)冬的風(fēng)氣，勞動了一年的人們，利用立冬這一天要休息一下，順便犒賞一家人一年來的辛苦。有句諺語“立冬補(bǔ)冬，補(bǔ)嘴空”就是最好的比喻，所以每到立冬，各大醫(yī)院的膏方門診就開始熱起來了。立冬風(fēng)俗之冬學(xué)冬天夜里最長，而且又是農(nóng)閑季節(jié)，在這個(gè)季節(jié)辦“冬學(xué)”是最好的時(shí)間。立冬風(fēng)俗之冬泳在哈爾濱，立冬之日，黑龍江省冬泳協(xié)會的健兒橫渡松花江，以這種方式迎接冬天的到來。立冬風(fēng)俗之賀冬賀冬亦稱“拜冬”，在漢代即有此俗。東漢崔定四民月令：“冬至之日進(jìn)酒肴，賀謁君師耆老，一如正日?！彼未?/p>

11、每逢此日，人們更換新衣，慶賀往來，一如年節(jié)。清代“至日為冬至朝，士大夫家拜賀尊長，又交相出謁。細(xì)民男女，亦必更鮮衣以相揖，謂之拜冬”。民國以來，賀冬的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗，似有簡化的趨勢。但有些活動，逐漸固定化。立冬風(fēng)俗之吃餃子餃子的原名據(jù)稱叫“嬌耳”，是我國醫(yī)圣張仲景首先發(fā)明的。他的“祛寒嬌耳湯”的故事至今還在我國民間流傳著?！傲⒍欢孙溩油?，凍掉耳朵沒人管”，立冬意味著冬天的到來，天涼了，耳朵暴露在外邊很容易就被凍傷了，因此，吃點(diǎn)長得像耳朵的餃子，補(bǔ)補(bǔ)耳朵，這可是家里人對親人最貼心的關(guān)懷了。立冬風(fēng)俗之拜師冬季里，好多村莊都舉行拜師活動，是學(xué)生拜望老師的季節(jié)。四、立冬飲食吃餃子為什么立冬吃餃子？因?yàn)轱溩?/p>

12、是來源于“交子之時(shí)”的說法。大年三十是舊年和新年之交，立冬是秋冬季節(jié)之交，故“交”子之時(shí)的餃子不能不吃。人們已經(jīng)逐漸恢復(fù)了這一古老習(xí)俗，立冬之日，各式各樣的餃子賣得很火。當(dāng)然冬至那天比如在山東棗莊一帶也有喝羊肉湯的習(xí)俗。五、立冬詩詞立冬前一日對菊有感宋錢時(shí)昨夜清霜冷絮裯，紛紛紅葉滿階頭。園林盡掃西風(fēng)去，惟有黃花不負(fù)秋。立冬左河水北風(fēng)往復(fù)幾寒涼，疏木搖空半綠黃。遍野修堤防旱澇，萬家曬物作冬藏。立冬即事二首宋仇遠(yuǎn)細(xì)雨生寒未有霜，庭前木葉半青黃。小春此去無多日，何處梅花一綻香。立冬紫金霜落水荷塘滿眼枯，西風(fēng)漸作北風(fēng)呼。黃楊倔強(qiáng)尤一色，白樺優(yōu)柔以半疏。門盡冷霜能醒骨，窗臨殘照好讀書。擬約三九吟梅雪，還

13、借自家小火爐。立冬日野外行吟宋釋文珦吟行不憚遙，風(fēng)景盡堪抄。天水清相入，秋冬氣始交。飲虹消海曲，宿雁下塘坳。歸去須乘月，松門許夜敲。立冬日作宋陸游室小財(cái)容膝，墻低僅及肩。方過授衣月，又遇始裘天。寸積篝爐炭，銖稱布被綿。平生師陋巷，隨處一欣然。立冬明王稚登秋風(fēng)吹盡舊庭柯，黃葉丹楓客里過。一點(diǎn)禪燈半輪月，今宵寒較昨宵多。立冬聞雷宋蘇轍陽淫不收斂，半歲苦常燠。禾黍飼蝗螟，粳稻委平陸。民饑強(qiáng)扶耒，秋晚麥當(dāng)宿。閔然候一雨，霜落水泉縮。薈蔚山朝隮，滂沱雨翻瀆。經(jīng)旬勢益暴，方冬歲愈蹙。半夜發(fā)春雷，中天轉(zhuǎn)車轂。老夫睡不寐，稚子起驚哭。平明視中庭，松菊半摧禿。潛發(fā)枯草萌，亂起蟄蟲伏。薪槱不出市，晨炊午未熟。首種

14、不入土，春餉難滿腹。書生信古語，洪范有遺牘。時(shí)無中壘君，此意誰當(dāng)告。Start of WinterThe traditional Chinese lunar calendar divides the year into 24 solar terms. Start of Winter, (Chinese: 立冬), the 19th solar term of the year, begins this year on Nov 8 and ends on Nov 22.Start of Winter is the first solar term of winter, which means w

15、inter is coming and crops harvested in autumn should be stored up.As one of the 24 solar terms, the beginning of winter comes when the “handle” of the Big Dipper points towards the northwest, and the sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 225. It begins between the 7th and 8th of November of t

16、he Gregorian calendar and marks the starting of winter. It was one of the four seasons and eight solar terms in ancient China when people would hold ritual activities. Thus classical Chinese from many regions also celebrated the first term of winter as an important festival.Start of Winter, the 19th

17、 solar term of the year, begins this year on Nov 8 and ends on Nov 22.Celebrating the arrival of winterThe four dates signifying the start of each season around a year were called “四立” (four beginnings), and Chinese people valued the Start of winter so much. As the saying of “harvesting in autumn an

18、d storing harvests in winter goes, people enjoyed fruits and took rests in winter to prepare for a bumper crop next year. In this significant season, the ancient Chinese people had the customs to worship ancestors, hold feasts, and divine of the fortune of next year. Specifically, people would worsh

19、ip their ancestors with seasonable foods to perform their obligations and duties as descendants and pray for the Heaven for another year of good harvest; meanwhile, peasants would drink and rest after a year of diligent work.Take tonic food in winterThe Start of winter officially announces the arriv

20、al of winter, featuring the withering of grass and trees, dormancy of insects, and halt of activities of all things. Although human beings dont need dormancy, they still take nourishments at the arrival of winter. The proverb of “taking dietary supplementation at the start of winter” serves as the b

21、est metaphor. Since the cold season comes, people would like to take in food to dispel coldness. In South China, they usually eat some foods which can nourishyinandyang, or those with high calories, such as chicken, ducks, and fish; some of them would even cook food with some Chinese medicinal herbs

22、 to increase the nourishing effect.The central Fujian Province call this solar term “jiao dong” (winter comes after autumn), and most families there will make soups with herb roots. They usually chop the roots of Angelica dahurica, Chinese sumac, aromatic litsea, diren (Melastoma dodecandrum Lour.),

23、 and others alike into pieces to braise soup with chicken, duck, rabbit, pork shank or pork tripe. Despite a wide variety of recipes for the herb roots, the functions are similartoning kidneys, invigorating the stomach, and strengthening the waist and knees. In Chaozhou and Shantou of Guangdong Prov

24、ince, people eat sugar canes and fried rice at the start of winter. Sugar cane is one of tonic food in winter, and people believe “taking sugar cane in winter makes toothache away.” It means that at this solar term, sugar cane has matured and will not cause ulcers but nourish your body and protect y

25、our teeth.At the start of winter, folks in North China eat dumplings as a custom.Eating dumplingsA legend has it that at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD25-220), Medical Saint Zhang Zhongjing saved many people in Henan province from a typhoid epidemic and their ears from being frostbitten arou

26、nd Start of Winter.He cooked mutton, hot peppers and herbs to dispel the cold and increase body heat. He wrapped these ingredients into a dough skin and made them into an ear shape. Since then, people have learned to make the food, which became known as a dumpling. Today there is still a saying that

27、 goes Eat dumplings on Start of Winter Day or your ears will be frostbitten.At the start of winter, folks in North China eat ear-shaped dumplings, thinking that by eating such delicacy, their ears will not feel freezing. Its better to add chopped Chinese cabbage in the stuffing and enjoy the dumplin

28、gs with vinegar and smashed garlic. Why people like eating dumplings at the Start of winter? Because Chinese people place great emphasis on the 24 solar terms since agriculture constitutes the pillar of its economy. The solar terms are used to govern agricultural arrangements in China of both ancien

29、t and modern time. Thus in the season to enjoy the excellent harvest of autumn, people choose to reward themselves with delicious food, including dumplings.Welcoming the winter in ancient timesThe four beginnings of the seasons were important festivals in ancient times. Before the Start of Winter, a

30、n ancient emperor would take a shower and eat no more meat. On that day, the emperor would lead his officials to the suburbs and perform the ceremony of welcoming the winter.Yifan Festival of Mulam ethnic minorityYifan Festival is one of the most important festivals of the Mulam ethnic minority in G

31、uangxi Zhuang autonomous region. It is held around the Start of Winter every three to five years and lasts one to three days. The festival includes inviting the gods, offering sacrifices, asking the gods to enjoy the sacrifice, singing the praises of the gods, drinking wine with the blood of a chick

32、en, and sending the gods off.Nourishing the winterOn the first day of Start of Winter, there is a custom, nourishing the winter, in Southeast China, in places such as Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan provinces. To prepare for the coming of a cold winter, people there like to eat high-calorie foods, such as chicken, duck, beef, mutton, and fish, which are usually stewed with the four traditional Chinese medicines: angelica, ligusticum wallichii, Chinese herbaceous peony and rehmannia glutinosa libosch, to enhance the effectiveness of the nourishment.Eating Chinese