1、注意事項(xiàng)語言學(xué)是考研比較頭疼的課程，以下幾個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)中需要注意的問題，供你參考：第一，要注意基本概念和基本理論?；靖拍钜獱€熟于心，做到能見到概念就知道它屬于哪個(gè)章節(jié)，基本內(nèi)容是什么，對(duì)這個(gè)概念不同的語言學(xué)流派有什么不同的理解，你個(gè)人的見解又是什么?；纠碚撘宄涝趯?duì)待同一個(gè)問題時(shí)不同的理論是如何處理的，它們的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是什么？它們的理論前提是什么？它們的優(yōu)勢(shì)和弊端都是什么？你對(duì)這些理論有什么評(píng)價(jià)？第二，要注意對(duì)于基本理論的應(yīng)用。比如在音位學(xué)章節(jié)里，用區(qū)別性特征理論的研究結(jié)果來描寫音位；在形態(tài)學(xué)里，用派生形態(tài)學(xué)的理論來解釋構(gòu)詞法；在句法學(xué)里，用直接成分分析法和樹形圖來解釋歧義句等等。這些經(jīng)典

2、理論的運(yùn)用在考試中是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的。第三，要注意語言學(xué)和其他學(xué)科的聯(lián)系。雖然在考試中主要考察語言學(xué)的核心學(xué)科，可是語言學(xué)和其它學(xué)科的交叉有時(shí)也占有一定的比例。所以建議大家多看看相關(guān)的章節(jié)，掌握一下那個(gè)章節(jié)的概貌：比如說，社會(huì)語言學(xué)、二語習(xí)得、計(jì)算語言學(xué)、歷史比較語言學(xué)等等。第四，要注意創(chuàng)造性地理解和解釋新現(xiàn)象。在考試題目中，總會(huì)有些平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)沒有見過的語言材料讓你來分析。這時(shí)不要緊張，要仔細(xì)思考那其中所包含的信息，并檢索自己知識(shí)系統(tǒng)中的相關(guān)理論去解釋它。要有創(chuàng)造性的見解。第五，要多做練習(xí)。英語語言學(xué)概論重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)提示第一章概論語言的定義：語言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位、文化傳遞和互換性）

3、；語言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、詢問、表達(dá)主觀感情、喚起對(duì)方的感情和言語行為）；語言的起源（神授說，人造說，進(jìn)化說）等。語言學(xué)定義；研究語言的四大原則（窮盡、一致、簡潔、客觀）；語言學(xué)的基本概念（口語及書面語、共時(shí)及歷時(shí)、語言及言學(xué)、語言能力及言行運(yùn)用、語言潛勢(shì)及語言行為）；普通語言學(xué)的分支（語音、音位、語法、句法、語義）；語言學(xué)的應(yīng)用（語言學(xué)及語言教學(xué)、語言及社會(huì)、語言及文字、語言及心理學(xué)、人類語言學(xué)、神經(jīng)語言學(xué)、1/193數(shù)理語言學(xué)、計(jì)算語言學(xué)）等。第三章語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英語輔音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法；語音學(xué)的定義；三大分支（發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）；元音及

4、輔音的分類；嚴(yán)式及寬式標(biāo)音等。音位理論；最小對(duì)立體；自由變異；互補(bǔ)分布；語音的相似性；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué)；音節(jié)；重音（詞重音、句子重音、音高和語調(diào)）等。第三章詞法學(xué)詞法的定義；曲折詞及派生詞；構(gòu)詞法（合成及派生）；詞素的定義；詞素變體；自由詞素；粘著詞素（詞根，詞綴和詞干）等。詞的定義；語法詞及詞匯詞；變?cè)~及不變?cè)~；封閉詞及開放詞；詞的辨認(rèn)；習(xí)語及搭配。第四章句法學(xué)句法的定義；句法關(guān)系；結(jié)構(gòu)；成分；直接成分分析法；并列結(jié)構(gòu)及從屬結(jié)構(gòu)；句子成分；范疇（性，數(shù)，格）；一致；短語，從句，句子擴(kuò)展等。第五章語義學(xué)語義的定義；語義的有關(guān)理論；意義種類（傳統(tǒng)、功能、語用）；里奇的語義分類；詞匯意義關(guān)

5、系（同義、反義、下義）；句子語義關(guān)系。第六章語言變化語言的發(fā)展變化（詞匯變化、語音書寫文字、語法變化、語義變化）；第七章語言、思維及文化語言及文化的定義；薩丕爾-沃夫假說；語言及思維的關(guān)系；語言及文化的關(guān)系；中西文化的異同。第八章語用學(xué)語用學(xué)的定義；語義學(xué)及語用學(xué)的區(qū)別；語境及意義；言語行為理論（言內(nèi)行為、言外行為和言后行為）；合作原則。第九章語言學(xué)和外語教學(xué)語言學(xué)及外語教學(xué)的關(guān)系；各種語言觀及其在外語學(xué)習(xí)和外語教學(xué)中的意義；大綱設(shè)計(jì)；語言學(xué)習(xí)：1語法及語言學(xué)習(xí)2輸入和語言學(xué)習(xí)3中際語及語言學(xué)；錯(cuò)誤分析；測(cè)試第十章語言習(xí)得母語習(xí)得理論（行為主義，天生論）；二語習(xí)得（對(duì)比分析，錯(cuò)誤分析，中介語）

6、；二語習(xí)得中的個(gè)體差異（語言學(xué)能，認(rèn)知差異，性格特征，學(xué)習(xí)策略）；第十一章現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)理論及流派布拉格學(xué)派，倫敦學(xué)派，美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義學(xué)派，轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法2/193各流派的代表人物，重要文獻(xiàn)；各流派的理論基礎(chǔ)、特點(diǎn)、主要觀點(diǎn)、重要概念。模擬題TEST1I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(1%X15=15%)1.Modernlinguisticsd

7、iffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.subjectiveD.diachronic2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntax3._phoneticsstudiesspeechorgansandhowspeechsoundsaremade(articulated)bythevocalorgans.A.AcousticB.ArticulatoryC.Arit

8、hmeticD.Auditory4._studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology5.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_.A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulation3/193C.forceofarticulationD.BothAandB6.N.Chomskyisafamous_linguist.A.AmericanB.Br

9、itishC.GreekD.Swiss7.Thewords“petrol”and“gasoline”aresynonymsdifferingin_.A.stylesB.dialectsC.registerD.connotativemeaning8.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsaregradableantonyms?A.hot/coldB.doctor/patientC.single/marriedD.husband/wife9.WhichofthefollowingsetoffeaturesiscorrecttodescribethesoundfinEngli

10、sh?A.voicedpalatalaffricativeB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative10.Whatisthesententialrelationshipbetween“Johnsbikeneedsrepairing.”and“Johnhasabike.”?A.EntailmentB.PresuppositionC.ContradictionD.Anomaly11._isthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralco

11、nstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituentsuchasNPandVP.A.S-structureB.D-structureC.LinearstructureD.Hierarchicalstructure4/19312.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_.A.dualityB.displacementC.creativityD.reliabili

12、ty13.Theaffixeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-ing,-est”arecalled_.A.derivationalaffixesB.freemorphemesC.inflectionalaffixesD.roots14.Whichofthefollowingunderlinedletterisdifferentfromothersinpronunciation?A.sinceB.sinkC.sunglassDthank15.Thesounds/k/and/g/arese

13、parate_.A.allophonesB.phonemesC.morphemesD.allomorphsII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)1.Languageisasystemofa_vocalsymbolsusedforhuman

14、communication.2.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludesyllable,stress,toneandi_.3.Ane_constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentreofthewhole.4.C_vowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedto5/193provideafra

15、meofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.5.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale”belongstothec_antonyms.6.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes_,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.7.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc_.8.Ap_iswhatisexpressedbyadeclarati

16、vesentencewhenthesentenceisutteredtomakeastatementwithtruthvalueasitsimportantproperty.9.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermedass_linguistics.10.G_isarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminestheformofothersintermsofcertaincategory,whileconcordisknownasagreement.III.

17、Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)1.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing

18、.3.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasicmeaningsofsentences.4.Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”,“tulip”and“l(fā)ily”.6/1935.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheactualrealizationoftheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.6.Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichs

19、tudiesthesentencepatternsofalanguage.7.Allvowelsandnasalsarevoiced.8.Hallidayhastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagestoitsstructures.9.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyis

20、adiachronicstudy.11.pisavoicelessbilabialstop.12.SinceEnglishhassomanyloanwords,completesynonymsarecommonlyseen.13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword.14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.15.Ascientificstudyoflan

21、guageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.16.Foranynaturallanguage,asetofsyntacticrulesisnotcapableofyieldinganunlimitednumberofsentencesinthatlanguage.17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.7/19318.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”19.Componentialanalysi

22、sisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzesentencemeaning.20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.IV.Directions:MatchthelinguistsinColumnAwiththeirrelevanttheoriesorlinguisticcontributioninColumnB(1%X10=10%)AB1.FerdinanddeSaussureA.SemanticsB.thesemantic2.D

23、anielJones3.GeoffreyLeech4.Ogden&triangleC.PhaticcommunionD.TGGrammarE.IPARichards5.J.Katz6.Malinowski7.Bloomfield8.NoamF.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsG.“TheStructureofaSemanticTheoryH.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarChomskyI.Thestructural9.M.A.K.Halliday10.J.R.FirthapproachJ.TheLondonSchool8/193V.Directions

24、:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram)morereliableinformation2.UsetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagramThestudentsawanaccidentonthestreet.VI.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)1.duality2.vo

25、wel3.hyponymy4.stop(爆破音)5.acronymVII.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary(5%X5=25%)1.Illustratethemainfunctionsoflanguage?2.Howisphonologyrelatedtoanddifferentfromphonetics?3.IllustrateChomskysdistinctionofcompetenceandperformance.4

26、.WhatarethewaysofclassifyingwordsinEnglish?5.Whatisthereferentialtheory?AdditionalPartDirections:Afteryouhavefinishedansweringtheabovequestions,commentonthefollowingparagraphifyoudlike.Yourachievementonthispartwillbeusedasreferenceforyourfinalscore.Iftimeisupwhenyoucometothispart,itwillnotinfluencet

27、heevaluationonyourperformanceinthistest.Aprofessorwritesarecommendationletterasfollows:9/193“JohnWangregularlyandpunctuallyattendedallmyclasses.Allhisassignmentswerehandedinontimeandveryneatlypresented.IgreatlyenjoyedhavingJohnWanginmyclass.”ASK:Whatishisimpliedmeaning?A卷答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：卷面成績總分為100分，占總成績的70。

28、I.第一為選擇題，共15小題，每題1分，共15分。1.B2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.B8.A9.D10.B11.B12.B13.C14.A15.BII.第二題為填空題，單詞拼寫正確方可得分。10個(gè)小題，每題1分，共10分。ernment如果第7題寫為subcategory也算正確，得1分。III.第三題為判斷題，共20小題，每題1分，共20分。1.T2.T3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.T10.F11.T12.F13.T14.F15

29、.F16.F17.F18.F19.F20.TIV.10/193第四題為匹配選擇題，按照順序選擇及語言學(xué)家相對(duì)應(yīng)的語言學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)。共10個(gè)匹配項(xiàng)，共10分。1.F2.E3.A4.B5.G6.C7.I8.D9.H10.JV.第五題要求用樹型圖顯示歧異短語或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)1.morereliableinformationmorereliableinformationAdvAdjNAdjAdjNNPAPNPNP如果只畫出上面的其中一個(gè)得3分；沒有標(biāo)記詞性的樹型圖扣1分；全部畫出得5分。畫出如下的基本樹型圖得3分，最后介詞短語畫在VP下得滿分，介詞短語畫在VP下面的NP里面也不扣分。VI.第六題為名詞解釋題，5

30、個(gè)名詞術(shù)語每個(gè)2分，共10分。每個(gè)小題答出關(guān)鍵詞(黑體字)即可得2分。1.duality:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Languagehastwolevelsofstructures,thesoundwhichismeaninglessandformunitswhicharemeaningful.2.vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstructionalongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbe

31、perceived.11/1933.hyponym:Itismeaninginclusiveness(amatterofclassmembership).Theupperterminthissenserelationiscalledsuperordinateandthelowerhyponyms.4.stop:Itisasoundproducedastheresultascompleteclosureofthearticulatorsfirstandsuddenreleaseoftheairstreams.5.acronym:Itismadeupfromthefirstletterofthen

32、ameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword,suchasWTO,BBCandWB.VII.第七題為簡答題，共5題，每題5分，共25分。答出每題的主要內(nèi)容得滿分，少幾點(diǎn)主要內(nèi)容，相應(yīng)地扣幾分。1.Languagehasmanyfunctionsinourdailylife.Formostpeople,theinformativefunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthought.Secondly,languagehastheinterpersonalfun

33、ctionbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinthesociety.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Emotivefunctionchangestheemotionalstatusofpeople.Phaticcommunionreferstothefunctionofmeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationship.Languagehasrecreati

34、onalandmetalingualfunctionaswell.(只列出關(guān)鍵詞沒有解釋其中任何一條的扣2分，只解釋一條的扣一分)2.Bothphonologyandphoneticsstudythespeechsoundsinlanguage.Phoneticsstudieshowsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages.Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsin

35、humanlanguages,whilephoneticsisthestudyofall12/193possiblespeechsounds.Phonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguageusetheselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.3.CompetenceandperformanceareafundamentaldistinctionproposedbyChomsky.Alanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscal

36、ledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Wecanobservethediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformanceinnormallanguageusers.Competenceisabstractandstable,whereasperformanceisconcreteanddependentonthesituation.4.Accordingtotheirvariability,wordscanbeclassif

37、iedintovariablewordsandinvariablewords.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedintogrammaticalwordsandlexicalwords.Thisdistinctionleadstothedistinctionofclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Awordthatbelongstotheclosedclassisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,whiletheopen-classoneisinpr

38、incipleinfiniteorunlimited.5.Thereferentialtheorywhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.Wecanexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.Butthereissomethingabstractandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Later,thesemantictriangleisemployedtoexplain

39、theindirectrelationbetweenwordsandthings.TEST2I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthe13/193statementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_.A.prescriptiveB.descriptive

40、C.subjectiveD.Latin-based2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntax3.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_.A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.forceofarticulationD.BothAandB4.Thereare_morphemesintheword“disabled”.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four5.

41、_studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology6.The_isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother.A.nasalcavityB.oralcavityC.tongueD.lips7.“hotdog”withthefirstelementstressedmeans_.A.adogwhichishotB.aba

42、rkingdogC.akindoffoodD.adeaddog8.N.Chomskyisafamous_linguist.A.AmericanB.BritishC.GreekD.Swiss14/1939.Thewordssuchashandbookandhighwayare_.A.formedbyblendingB.coinedbyback-formationC.compoundwordsD.derivations10.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsarecomplementaryantonyms?A.hot/coldB.doctor/patientC.sing

43、le/marriedD.husband/wifeII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(2%X10=20%)1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc_.2.Saussuremadethefa

44、mousdistinctionbetweenlangueandp_.3.M_isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.4.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofm_.5.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas_study.6.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale”belongstothec_antonyms.7.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes_,andthemorespecificword

45、sarecalleditshyponyms.8.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc_.15/1939.Anexpertwhostudieslinguisticsiscalledal_.10.Linguisticsisdefinedasthes_studyoflanguage.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%

46、X20=20%)1.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.3.Sincemorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage,theycanbeusedindependently.4.Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”,

47、“tulip”and“l(fā)ily”.5.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.6.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelofthelanguagesystem,thereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.7.TheEnglishsoundmisabilabialnasal.8.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmedi

48、atesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalledduality.9.Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothewrittenformoflanguage.10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronicstudy.11.bisavoicelessbilabialstop.16/19312.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyfromFrench,otherlanguageshavealsomadetheirc

49、ontributions.13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword.14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.15.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.16.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,prepositionsandadverbsareopenclassessi

50、ncewecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.18.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”19.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzelexicalmeaning.20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacri

51、ticsiscalledbroadtranscription.IV.Directions:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram)morecomfortablehouses2.UsetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagramThemotherfeedsthebaby.V.Directions:Explainthefollowingt

52、erms.(2%X5=10%)1.phonology2.vowel3.language4.syntax5.morpheme17/193VI.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary(2%X10=20%)1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卷面成績總分為100分，占總成績的70

53、。I.第一為選擇題，共10小題，每題2分，共20分。1.B2.C3.D4.C5.D6.B7.C8.A9.C10.CII.第二題為填空題，單詞拼寫正確方可得分。10個(gè)小題，每題2分，共20分。plementary7.superordinate8.consonants9.linguist10.scientificIII.第三題為判斷題，共20小題，每題1分，共20分。1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.F11.F12.T13.T14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.FIV.第五題要求用樹型圖顯示歧異短語或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)，共10分。1.18/193Morecomf

54、ortablehousesmorecomfortablehousesAdvAdjNAdjAdjNNPAPNPNP如果只畫出上面的其中一個(gè)得3分；沒有標(biāo)記詞性的樹型圖扣1分；全部畫出得5分。VI.第六題為名詞解釋題，5個(gè)名詞術(shù)語每個(gè)2分，共10分。每個(gè)小題答出關(guān)鍵詞(黑體字)即可得2分。1.Phonology:Thelinguisticstudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.2.Vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstruct

55、ionalongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbeperceived.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.4.Syntax:Itisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtofromsentencesandthesentencestructureoflanguage.5.Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunit

56、oflanguage,e.g.dis-,taste,-ful.VII.19/193第七題為簡答題，共2題，每題10分，共20分。答出每題的主要內(nèi)容得滿分，少幾點(diǎn)主要內(nèi)容，相應(yīng)地扣幾分。1.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.1)arbitrariness:Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:languageisprodu

57、ctiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels:thelowerlevelofsoundsandthehigherlevelofmeaning.4)Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.2.

58、Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;i

59、taimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.TEST3.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.(120=20)1.Saussurescollectednoteswereputtogetherbyhi

60、sstudentstoproducethegreatwork,_,in1916.Itmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.20/193A.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsB.ACourseinModernLinguisticsC.LanguageD.SyntacticStructures2.InhisbookSyntacticStructurespublishedin1957,Chomskyestablishedthewell-known_,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheChomskyanRevolution.