1、F International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages.T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumersT International trade can greatly expand the market, which enables the suppliers

2、to take advantage of economies of scale.T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international tradeT Still in some cases, political reasons can outweigh economic considerations between countries.T When we p

3、rovide shipping insurance service for foreigners, it can be seen as an example of invisible trade.F Trade surplus means that a country s imports exceed its exports.T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers.T A duty levied on a specific shipment can be an import, a protective and a compo

4、und duty at the same time.is the reason why international trade first began.a. Unevendistribution of resources c. Economic benefit b. Pattern of demandd. Comparative advantageIf one country concentrates on the production of the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, and produces more than it

5、 can use, then it will sell the left to other countries. This reason for international trade is called . a. economies of scale c. specializationb. variety of style d. patterns of demandThe production cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale. This is called . a. economies of scal

6、e c. specialization b. varietyof style d. patterns of demandThe followings are the special problems for international trade except for . a. using foreign languages and foreign currencyc. having risks b. under foreign laws, customs and regulations d. numerous cultural differences 5. refers to an exch

7、ange of services, labor or other non-physicalgoods between countries. a. Invisible trade c. International trade b. Visible trade d. Balance of trade6. Invisible trade consists of the following items except for . a.transport services across national borders c. insurance services across national borde

8、rs b. foreign tourist expenses d. product exchange across national borders 7. is the difference between the value of the goods and servicesthat a country exports and the value of the goods and services that it importsTrade balance c. Trade deficit b. Trade surplus d. Trade barrierEach country has to

9、 earn to pay for imports. a. money c. cashforeign exchange d. currencyis collected according to physical quantity. a. Revenue tariffc. Specific duty b. Protection tariff d. Alternative dutyWhich is not the example of trade barriers? a. Tariffs c. Importduties b. Quotas d. Income tax國 際貿(mào)易 internation

10、al trade比較優(yōu)勢comparative advantage規(guī)模經(jīng)濟economies of scale經(jīng)濟增長economic growth外匯 foreign currency有形貿(mào)易visible trade無形貿(mào)易invisible trade貿(mào)易差額balance of trade貿(mào)易順差trade surplus貿(mào)易逆差trade deficit貿(mào)易壁壘trade barrier非關(guān)稅壁壘.non-tariff barrier財政關(guān)稅revenue tariff保護關(guān)稅revenue tariff進口關(guān)稅import duty出口關(guān)稅export duty從量稅specifi

11、c duty從價稅Ad valorem duty進口許可證import license配額 quota翻譯International trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the exchange of goods and services between countries.又稱世界貿(mào)易、 對外貿(mào)易或海外貿(mào)易， 是國與國之間商品和服務(wù)的交換交換。Trade may occur because of economies of scale, that is, the cost advantage

12、s of large-scale production.貿(mào)易可能源于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟， 即大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)帶來的成本優(yōu)勢。Visible trade refers to exports and imports of goods, while invisible trade refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries.有形貿(mào)易即產(chǎn)品的進出口， 而無形貿(mào)易則指服務(wù)和資產(chǎn)的交換。If a country s exports exceed its imports, it has a tr

13、ade surplus and thetrade balance issaid to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country has a trade deficit and its tradebalance is said to be negative.如果出口大于進口， 即為貿(mào)易順差， 稱為出超； 如果進口大于出口， 則為貿(mào)易逆差， 稱為入超。A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which u

14、sually coincides with the area of a country.關(guān)稅即當(dāng)貨物跨越關(guān)境邊界時征收的稅， 關(guān)境通常就是國境。A quota is a limitation invalue or in physical terms, imposed on import andexport of certain goods for a certain period of time.配額是對某一商品在某一特定時期的進出口加以價值或數(shù)量上的限定。各種形式的貿(mào)易壁壘主要來源于政府干預(yù)(government intervention) 。Various forms of trade b

15、arriers are largely derived from government intervention.近年來中國經(jīng)濟迅速增長， 貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)也相應(yīng)改變很大。China s economic growth has been tremendous in recent years and its trade structure has correspondingly undergone considerable transformation.當(dāng)前國際貿(mào)易中最大的困難是非關(guān)稅壁壘， 如進口配額、 出口管制等。The major difficulties in international tra

16、de today are the non-tariff barriers like quota sdttl and export controls.大多數(shù)貿(mào)易協(xié)定是多邊協(xié)定， 而非雙邊協(xié)定。Most trade agreements today are multilateral rather than bilateral.Unit2T1.A term for defining one particular grade of quality in one country may have quite a different meaning in another country.T2.In the

17、 case of sale by buyer s sample or sale by seller s sample, the quality of the commodities should be strictly the same as what of the sample. Otherwise, it should be stipulated in the contract clearly.F3.The grades of the same product are always the same in different countries.F4.In international tr

18、ade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate thequantity of goods. T5.Different ways of measurement such as by weight, by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be used for different products.F6.In reality, the quantity of goods shipped must be exactly the same with that stipulated in

19、the contract.T7.Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo.F8.Generally speaking,more packing is required for containerized consignments.T9.Marking of goods can facilitate loading, unloading, transit, storage, inspection and help avoid wrong shipment.T10.Nos.1- 150 in the shipping

20、 mark means that there are 150 packages of goodsand this package is the first one.The sample made by the seller according to the buyer s, and then sent to and confirmed by the buyer is calledd. counter sample are usually sold by trade mark or brand name?a. Manufactured goods with steady qualityThe m

21、ethods commonly used to express the quality include the followings exceptfor . a. sale by sample b. sale by materials c. sale by descriptiond. sale by trade mark or brand nameIn international trade, the goods that are demanded on special shape or thecharacteristics of color and taste should be sold

22、.a. by sample b.by specification c. by grade d. by name of originQuality standard of FAQ is usually used in the trade of .a.agricultural products b. wood c. aquatic products d. manufactured goodsIf there is a quality tolerance clause in a contract, within the range of thetolerance, the buyera. must

23、accept the goods b. can refuse the goods c. can demand the price to be adjustedQuality latitude can be stipulated in the contract in the following ways exceptfor. a. to stipulate a certain scope b. to stipulate more or less clausec. to stipulate “ max” or “ min ” d. to stipulate a toleranceA company

24、 exports 50 tons of wheat, but the exporter delivers the extra 2 tons. If there is no other regulation on quantity in the L/C, then the importer should . a. accept 52 tons b. refuse to take 52 tons c. accept extra 1 tond. refuse to accept extra 2 tonsThe more or less clause is normally used for . a.

25、 bulk goods b.packed units c. individual items d. containerized goodsThe followings are the typical examples of indicative marks except for . a. Handle with care b. Inflammable c. Keep upright d. Keep in dry place商品描述description of commodity對等樣品counter sample復(fù)樣 duplicate sample參考樣品 original sample /

26、 reference sample憑規(guī)格買賣sale by specifications良好平均品質(zhì)FAQ上好適銷品質(zhì)GMQ品牌 brand商標(biāo) trade mark品質(zhì)公差quality tolerance品質(zhì)機動幅度quality latitude數(shù)量quantity計量單位unit of measurement公噸metric ton溢短裝條款more or less clause包裝packing紙箱carton裝運標(biāo)志 / 嘜頭shipping mark指示性標(biāo)志indicative marks警告性標(biāo)志warning marksIn order to take the initia

27、tive, the seller may reproduce the buyer s sample, and send it back to the buyer as a type sample. After the buyer confirms thissample, sale by buyer s sample is changed into sale by the seller s countersample.為了采取主動，賣方可根據(jù)買方樣品加工出類似樣品交買方確認。買方確認后，憑買方樣品買賣變?yōu)閼{賣方對等樣品買賣。FAQmeans a quantity of a product tha

28、t is offered not on a particular quality specification but on the basis that is equal to the average quality of the current group or recent shipment. 良好平均品質(zhì)是指不按特定商品規(guī)格，而以近期的一批貨物或裝船貨物的平均品質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)提供的一批貨物。Tolerance means the permissible range within which the quality supplied bythe seller may be either supe

29、rior or inferior to the quality stipulated in the contract.公差指賣方交貨品質(zhì)優(yōu)于或劣于合同規(guī)定質(zhì)量的許可范圍。It is very difficult to measure accurately some agricultural and mineralproducts like corn, wheat, coal, etc., then a “ more or less clause ” , also calledplus or minus clause, may be used to allow some tolerance in

30、 the quantity.有時難以保證裝運商品的數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定完全相符， 因此會使用溢短裝條款或稱增減條款以允許數(shù)量差額。Unless there is a stipulation that the quantity of the goods must not be exceeded or reduced, or the goods are to be calculated by number of package, 5% more or less of the goods in quantity should be accepted.如果未規(guī)定商品質(zhì)量不能增加或者減少，則可有5%的增減幅度

31、。Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo. Bulk cargoesrequire little packing. General merchandises require adequate packing of various types.包裝應(yīng)按貨物的需要來設(shè)計。散裝貨幾乎不用包裝，大路貨需要不同類型的合適包裝。我方對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量很滿意，想知道它們是怎么包裝的。We appreciate the quality of your products but would like to know how they a

32、re packed.豆子是以散裝或尼龍袋供應(yīng)的。The beans are supplied in bulk or in gunny bags.我方采用紙箱而非木箱，因為紙箱同樣適用于海上運輸，但成本更少，重量更輕。Wehave now adopted carton packing instead of wooden cases as the former is just as seaworthy as the latter while the cost is less and the weight lighter.每罐裝 330 毫升零度可口可樂，每24 罐裝一紙箱。Pack the Coc

33、o Cola Zero in tins of 330ml each, 24 tins to a carton.Unit3T1.A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unitand price terms.F2. Both money of account and money of payment must be stipulated in the contract clearly.T3. The fluctuations of exchange rates may inf

34、luence the interests of traders T.4. Generally, the price of a foreign exchange is expressed in anothercurrency.T5. Generally speaking, the exporter likes to use hard currency as payment currency.T6. Commission refers to service fees, while discount is a certain percent of price reduction.F7. Commis

35、sion and discount must be stipulated in the price clause in acontract.T8. According to whether the price includes commission or not, the price can be divided into net price and commission-included price.T9. Discount is usually used as a means of promoting and expanding sales.T10. “ USD200.00 per M/T

36、 CIFC2% London” means that the seller will receive 200.00US dollars for per metric ton.Total cost of exporting includes . a. production cost duction cost and all charge before exporting b. sales priced. productioncost, all charge and taxes before exportingWhich one is the best expression of uni

37、t price in international trade?a. CIF LONDON US$1010/MT b. USD1,010.00/MT c. CIF LONDONUSD1,010.00/MT d. CIF LONDON $1,010.00The seller reduces the price by a certain percentage of the original price for the buyer, that s to say, the seller does proper favor in price for the buyer. The favor is call

38、ed. a. commissionb. discount c. advance paymentd. depositWhile choosing the money for the payment in international trade, one should . a. choose hard money b. choose soft money c. choose soft money for export and hard money for import d. choose hard money for export and soft money when importIn inte

39、rnational trade, the method of calculating plain commission is . a. net price multiplied by commission rate b. commission-included price multiplied by commission rate c. net price divided by ( one minus commission rate ) d. commission-included price divided by( one minus commission rate )In internat

40、ional trade, the commission is usually collected by .a. the exporter b. the importer c. the insurance companyd. the intermediaryWhich one is the price including commission? a. FOBS b. FOBT c.FOBSTd. FOBCWhich one of the following quotation is improper? a. FOBQINGDAOUSD10.00/PC b. CIF LIVERPOOLGBP125

41、.00/MT c. FOBSHANGHA$I 15.25/PC d. FOBJINANUSD2.00/KGThe followings are included in CFR and CPT prices expect for .a. production cost b. freightc. insurance premium d. profitIf the unit price clause is stipulated as“ USD 200.00 per metric ton CIFLondon less 3% discount ” , the seller will receive US

42、 dollars forone metric ton. a. 200.00 b. 194.00 c. 206.00 d. 196.00單價unit price總值total amount歐元EUR/Euro英鎊GBP價格術(shù)語 price term計價貨幣money/currency of account支付貨幣money/currency of payment本幣 home currency硬 （ 通 ） 貨幣hard currency軟 （通 ）貨幣 soft currency匯率exchange rate外匯保值條款exchange proviso clause中間商intermediar

43、y明傭plain commission現(xiàn)金折扣cash discount數(shù)量折扣quantity discountA unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unit and price terms.單價由四部分組成： 計價貨幣、 單位價格金額、 計量單位和價格術(shù)語。大連理工大學(xué)出 版社In ISO 4217 Currency Code List, the currency code is composed of the countrys two character Inter

44、net country code plus an extra character to denote the currency unit.在國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織4217 貨幣代碼表中， 貨幣代碼由國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)代碼的兩個字母和代表計價單位的另一個字母組成。Total amount equals to the unit price multiplied by the quantity of the goods. It is often shown in the contract not only in Arabic numbers but also in English words.總值等于單價乘以商品的數(shù)

45、量。 合同中的總值不止用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示， 還用英大連理工大學(xué)出 版社文字表示。Theoretically, use of hard currency as payment currency is more favorable to the exporter, while the importer prefers to pay in soft currency.理論上來說， 以硬通貨幣作為支付貨幣對出口商來說更有利， 而進口商更愿意用軟貨thecurrencies of two幣。Foreign exchange rate is the price relationship between co

46、untries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.大連理工大學(xué)出“ C” followed a term, for example,匯率就是兩國貨幣間的價格關(guān)系或一種貨幣相對于另一種貨幣的價格。版社Plain commission is often represented by a capital letter percentage of commission rate, which is inserted into the priceUSD200.00 per M/TCIFC2% London. 明傭通常用大寫字母“ C ”

47、 加上傭金的百分率， 嵌入價格術(shù)語中來表示， 如“ CIF 倫敦價每公噸 200 美元含2%傭金?！痹搱蟊P以我方最終確認為準(zhǔn)。The offer is subject to our final confirmation.你方如果不把價格降到市場價格水平就沒有希望做成買賣。It will be hopeless to get the business if you don t bring your price into line with the world market.請報最優(yōu)惠的 CIF 倫敦價， 包括3%傭金在內(nèi)。We d like to have your most favorable

48、 CIF London price, including 3% commission.10. 價格是上海工廠交貨價每公噸300 英鎊。The price is GBP 300 per metric ton EXW Shanghai.Unit4( F ) 1. All international business transactions are done under Incoterms 2010.( T ) 2. Trade terms can be called price terms because they stand for the price component.( T ) 3. E

49、XW in Incoterms 2010 is the trade term under which the obligations and costs borne by and risks of the seller are minimum.( F ) 4. Under FCA in Incoterms 2010, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer at the time the buyer accepts the goods.( T ) 5. Gene

50、rally speaking, under FOB in Incoterms 2010, it is the sellers responsibility to apply for the export license and pay the export duty.F ) 6. Under FOB San Francisco, San Francisco is the port of destination.F ) 7. DAT and DAP require the seller to clear the goods for export.T ) 8. The buyer has more

51、 responsibilities, costs and risks when using FOBthan using CIF. ( T ) 9. Under CPT Tokyo, Tokyo is the place of delivery.T ) 10. The DDP should not be used if the seller is unable to obtain import license directly or indirectly.The trade terms define the responsibilities and expenses of .a.both the

52、 seller and the buyer c. both the shipper and carrier b. both the consignee and the consignor d. both the seller and the operatormeans that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at thedisposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destinati

53、on. a. CPT c. DAT b. DDPd. DAPUnder , the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes whenthe goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. a. DAT c. FOB b. FAS d. CIFmeans that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel orprocures the goods already s

54、o delivered, and he must contract for transport and insurance. a. FAS c. CFR b. FOB d. CIFIn such circumstances where goods are handed over to the carrierbefore theyare on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal, should be used.a. FCA c. CPT b.

55、FOB d.DATThe buyer should note that under the seller is required to obtaininsurance only on minimum cover. a. EXW c. CIP b. FOB d. DDPmay be used for any mode or modes of transport.a. FCA CPT DAPc. FCA FAS CIF b. FCA FOB EXW d. FCA CFR DATcan only be used for waterway transport. a. CIF CIP DAT c. CP

56、TCIF FOB b. CFR CPT DAP d. CIF CFR FOBUnder , the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it handsthe goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.a. CFR CIF DAT c. CPT CIP FCA b. FCA FAS FOB d. DAT DAP DDPrequires the seller to clear the goods for export and

57、 import,where applicable. a. EXW c. DAP b. DDP d. CPTTrade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important part of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific responsibilities and obligations of both the buyer and the seller.貿(mào)易術(shù)語，又稱價格術(shù)語或交貨術(shù)語，是國際貿(mào)易中單價條款的重要組成部分， 代表 買賣

58、雙方各自特定的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.FCA 要求賣方在需要時辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。Under CPT, the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.CPT下，賣方必須訂立運輸合同，自付費用將貨物運至指定的目的地。Under CIP, the seller also co

59、ntracts for insurance cover against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.CIP 下，賣方還必須訂立保險合同以防買方貨物在運輸途中滅失或損壞風(fēng)險。WhenCPT, CIP, CFRor CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligationto deliverwhen it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the plac

60、e of destination.在 CPT, CIP, CFR 或 CIF 適用的情形下，賣方的交貨義務(wù)在將貨物交付承運人， 而非 貨物到達指定目的地時，即告完全履行。賣方必須支付在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時，貨物出口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費用。 The seller must pay, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.CFR適用于海洋運輸和內(nèi)河沿運