1、How we did thisThis analysis focuses on whether people around the world think that homosexuality should be accepted by society or not. The full question wording was, “And which one of these comes closer to your opinion? Homosexuality should be accepted by society OR Homosexuality should not be accep

2、ted by society.”The question is a long-term trend, first asked in the U.S. by the Pew Research Center in 1994 and globally in 2002. Respondents had an option to not answer the question (they could volunteer “dont know” or refuse to answer the question). Respondents did not get any further instructio

3、ns on how to interpret the question and no significant problems were noted during the fielding of the survey.The term “homosexuality,” while sometimes considered anachronistic in the current era, is the most applicable and easily translatable term to use when asking this HYPERLINK /book.php?isbn=978

4、0520288768 question across societies and languages and has been used in other cross-national studies, including the HYPERLINK /WVSOnline.jsp World Values Survey.For this report, we used data from a survey conducted across 34 countries from May 13 to Oct. 2, 2019, totaling 38,426 respondents. The sur

5、veys were conducted face to face across Africa, Latin America and the Middle East, and on the phone in United States and Canada. In the Asia-Pacific region, face-to-face surveys were conducted in India, Indonesia and the Philippines, while phone surveys were administered in Australia, Japan and Sout

6、h Korea. Across Europe, the survey was conducted over the phone in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK, but face to face in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.Here are the HYPERLINK l _bookmark5 questions used

7、for the report, along with responses, and the survey HYPERLINK /methods/interactives/international-methodology/all-survey/all-country/2019/ methodology.The Global Divide on Homosexuality PersistsBut increasing acceptance in many countries over past two decadesDespite major changes in laws and norms

8、surrounding the issue of HYPERLINK /fact-tank/2019/10/29/global-snapshot-same-sex-marriage/ same-sex marriage and the rights of HYPERLINK /2019/06/23/world/global-lgbtq-rights.html LGBT people around the world, public opinion on the acceptance of homosexuality in society remains sharply divided by c

9、ountry, region and economic development.The global divide on acceptance of homosexuality% who say homosexuality should be accepted by societySource: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERAs it was HYPERLINK /global/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ in 2013, when th

10、e question was last asked, attitudes on the acceptance of homosexuality are shaped by the country in which people live. Those in Western Europe and the Americas are generally more accepting of homosexuality than are those in Eastern Europe, Russia, Ukraine, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa. An

11、d publics in the Asia-Pacific region generally are split.This is a function not only of economic development of nations, but also religious and political attitudes.But even with these sharp divides, views are changing in many of the countries that have been surveyed since 2002, when Pew Research Cen

12、ter first began asking this question. In many nations, there has been an increasing acceptance of homosexuality, including in the United States, where 72% say it should be accepted, compared with just 49% as recently as 2007.Rising acceptance of homosexuality by people in many countries around the w

13、orld over the past two decades% who say homosexuality should be accepted by societyNote: Only countries with double-digit increases from first survey year to 2019 shown. For more details, see Appendix A. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERMany of the countries survey

14、ed in 2002 and 2019 have seen a double-digit increase in acceptance of homosexuality. This includes a 21-point increase since 2002 in South Africa and a 19-point increase in South Korea over the same time period. India also saw a 22-point increase since 2014, the first time the question was asked of

15、 a nationally representative sample there.There also have been fairly large shifts in acceptance of homosexuality over the past 17 years in two very different places: Mexico and Japan. In both countries, just over half said they accepted homosexuality in 2002, but now closer to seven-in-ten say this

16、.In Kenya, only 1 in 100 said homosexuality should be accepted in 2002, compared with 14% who say this now. (For more on acceptance of homosexuality over time among all the countries surveyed, see HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 Appendix A.)In many of the countries surveyed, there also are differences on acc

17、eptance of homosexuality by age, education, income and, in some instances, gender and in several cases, these differences are substantial. In addition, religion and its importance in peoples lives shape opinions in many countries. For example, in some countries, those who are affiliated with a relig

18、ious group tend to be less accepting of homosexuality than those who are unaffiliated (a group sometimes referred to as religious “nones”).Political ideology also plays a role in acceptance of homosexuality. In many countries, those on the political right are less accepting of homosexuality than tho

19、se on the left. And supporters of several right-wing populist parties in Europe are also less likely to see homosexuality as acceptable. (For more on how the survey defines populist parties in Europe, see HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 Appendix B.)Attitudes on this issue are strongly correlated with a count

20、rys wealth. In general, people in wealthier and more developed economies are more accepting of homosexuality than are those in less wealthy and developed economies.For example, in Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany, all of which have a per-capita gross domestic product over $50,000, acceptance of h

21、omosexuality is among the highest measured across the 34 countries surveyed. By contrast, in Nigeria, Kenya and Ukraine, where per-capita GDP is under $10,000, less than two-in-ten say that homosexuality should be accepted by society.Wealthier countries tend to be more accepting of homosexuality% wh

22、o say homosexuality should be accepted by society100%SwedenNetherlandsSpainUKGermany FranceCanadaAustraliaArgentinaItalyPhilippinesU.S.MexicoJapanBrazilCzech RepublicSouth AfricaHungaryGreecePolandIsraelSlovakiaSouth KoreaIndiaCorrelation = +0BulgariaNorth AmericaLithuaniaEuropeTurkeyRussia and Ukra

23、iAsia-PacificKenyaUkraineLebanonRussiaMiddle East TunisiaIndonesiaSub-Saharan AfrNigeriaLatin America.71neica0%$0$10,000$20,000$30,000$40,000$50,000$60,000$70,2018 GDP per capita (PPP, current international $)Note: Figures for gross domestic product per capita from the World Development Indicators d

24、atabase, World Bank. Data accessed June 11, 2020.Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTER000These are among the major findings of a Pew Research Center survey conducted among 38,426 people in 34 countries from May 13 to Oct. 2, 2019. The study is a follow-up to a HYPERLIN

25、K /global/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ 2013 report that found many of the same patterns as seen today, although there has been an increase in acceptance of homosexuality across many of the countries surveyed in both years.Varied levels of acceptance for homosexuality across globeTh

26、e 2019 survey shows that while majorities in 16 of the 34 countries surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, global divides remain. Whereas 94% of those surveyed in Sweden say homosexuality should be accepted, only 7% of people in Nigeria say the same. Across the 34 countries survey

27、ed, a median of 52% agree that homosexuality should be accepted with 38% saying that it should be discouraged.On a regional basis, acceptance of homosexuality is highest in Western Europe and North America. Central and Eastern Europeans, however, are more divided on the subject, with a median of 46%

28、 who say homosexuality should be accepted and 44% saying it should not be.But in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Ukraine, few say that society should accept homosexuality; only in South Africa (54%) and Israel (47%) do more than a quarter hold this view.People in the Asia-Pacific reg

29、ion show little consensus on the subject. More than three- quarters of those surveyed in Australia (81%) say homosexuality should be accepted, as do 73% of Filipinos. Meanwhile, only 9% in Indonesia agree.In the three Latin American countries surveyed, strong majorities say they accept homosexuality

30、 in society.Acceptance of homosexuality varies across the globe% who say homosexuality be accepted by societyShould not Should10%2185%72CanadaU.S.5810111111209492898686867547481186Sweden NetherlandsSpain France GermanyUKItaly Greece MEDIAN4939592632484644284542474644Czech Rep. Hungary Poland Slovaki

31、a Bulgaria Lithuania MEDIAN14741469Ukraine Russia80374453682224149377381Australia PhilippinesJapan South Korea5631India Indonesia MEDIAN972855745132547Israel Turkey Lebanon Tunisia91833854South Africa4Kenya 1Nigeria 776Argentina 1967236924Mexico BrazilMEDIAN385234-COUNTRYMEDIANNote: Those who did no

32、t answer are not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERPew Research Center has been gathering data on acceptance of homosexuality in the U.S. since 1994, and there has been a relatively steady increase in the share who say that homosexuality should be accepted by

33、 society since 2000. However, while it took nearly 15 years for acceptance to rise 13 points from 2000 to just before the federal legalization of gay marriage in June 2015, there was a near equal rise in acceptance in just the four years since legalization.While acceptance has increased over the pas

34、t two decades, the partisan divide on homosexuality in the U.S. is wide. More than eight-in-ten Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (85%) say homosexuality should be accepted, but only 58% of Republicans and Republican leaners say the same.Americans are increasingly accepting of homosexual

35、ity in society% of Americans who say 100%6049 4850 4950Homosexuality should be accepted by society4849 5051 474951 49606058565762 63637072464745 4445 4644 4142 454438 413332363033 312824Homosexuality should not be accepted by society 2120181994199720002003200620092012201520190Note: From 1994 to 2000

36、 and 2003 to 2006, response options for this question were “homosexuality is a way of life that should be accepted by society,” and “homosexuality is a way of life that should be discouraged by society.” Those who did not answer are not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31. Additi

37、onal data from a Pew Research Center survey conducted June 8-18 and June 27- July 9, 2017.PEW RESEARCH CENTERAt the same time, the U.S. still maintains one of the lowest rates of acceptance among the Western European and North and South American countries surveyed. (For more on American views of hom

38、osexuality, LGBT issues and same-sex marriage, see Pew Research Centers topic page HYPERLINK /topics/gay-marriage-and-homosexuality/ here;U.S. political and partisan views on this topic can be found HYPERLINK /2019/12/17/5-gender-family-and-marriage-same-sex-marriage-and-religion/ here.)In many coun

39、tries, younger generations more accepting of homosexuality% who say homosexuality should be accepted by societyNote: Only statistically significant differences shown. In several countries, older respondents were less likely to answer the question. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW

40、 RESEARCH CENTERIn 22 of 34 countries surveyed, younger adults are significantly more likely than their older counterparts to say homosexuality should be accepted by society.This difference was most pronounced in South Korea, where 79% of 18- to 29-year-olds say homosexuality should be accepted by s

41、ociety, compared with only 23% of those 50 and older. This staggering 56-point difference exceeds the next largest difference in Japan by 20 points, where 92% and 56% of those ages 18 to 29 and 50 and older, respectively, say homosexuality should be accepted by society.In some countries, women are s

42、ignificantly more accepting of homosexuality than men% who say homosexuality should be accepted by societyMenWomenDiff%South Korea3751+14Japan6275+13Canada7991+12Poland4153+12Argentina7181+10UK8190+9South Africa4958+9Australia7785+8Germany8390+7Spain8692+6Sweden9196+5Netherlands9094+5Note: Only stat

43、istically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERIn most of the countries surveyed, there are no significant differences between men and women. However, for all 12 countries surveyed where there was significant difference, women were more l

44、ikely to approve of homosexuality than men. South Korea shows the largest divide, with 51% of women and 37% of men saying homosexuality should be accepted by society.Those with more education express greater acceptance of homosexuality% who say homosexuality should be accepted by societyNote: Only s

45、tatistically significant double-digit differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERIn most countries surveyed, those who have greater levels of education are significantly more likely to say that homosexuality should be accepted in society than those who hav

46、e less education. HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 1For example, in Greece, 72% of those with a postsecondary education or more say homosexuality is acceptable, compared with 42% of those with a secondary education or less who say this. Significant differences of this nature are found in both countries with g

47、enerally high levels of acceptance (such as Italy) and low levels (like Ukraine).In a similar number of countries, those who earn more money than the countrys national median income also are more likely to say they accept homosexuality in society than those who earn less. In Israel, for instance, 52

48、% of higher income earners say homosexuality is acceptable in society versus only three-in-ten of lower income earners who say the same.1 For the purpose of comparing educational groups across countries, we standardize education levels based on the UNs International Standard Classification of Educat

49、ion (ISCED). The lower education category is below secondary education and the higher category is secondary or above in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, South Africa, Tunisia and Ukraine. In all other countries, the lower education category is secondary edu

50、cation or less education and the higher category is postsecondary or more education.The ideological left is generally more accepting of homosexuality in society% who say homosexuality should be accepted by societyNote: Only statistically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Atti

51、tudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERIn many of the countries where there are measurements of ideology on a left-right scale, those on the left tend to be more accepting of homosexuality than those on the ideological right. And in many cases the differences are quite large.In South Korea, for exampl

52、e, those who classify themselves on the ideological left are more than twice as likely to say homosexuality is acceptable than those on the ideological right (a 39-percentage-point difference). Similardouble-digit differences of this nature appear in many European and North American countries.People

53、 with favorable views of right-wing populist parties in Europe tend to be less accepting of homosexuality% who say homosexuality should be accepted by society among those who have a/an Unfavorable view of right-wing populist partyDiffFavorable view of right-wing populist partySpain 94 -26Vox 68Czech

54、 Rep.69-24SPD 45Poland 59 -23PiS 36Hungary 61 -21Fidesz 40Germany 90 -16AfD 74France 90 National Rally76-14UK 89 UKIP 77 -12Sweden 95 Sweden Dems 89 -6Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. For more information on European populist parties see Appendix B. UKIP was the largest UK par

55、ty in the European Parliament prior to the 2019 elections. Many supporters and elected officials left to join the new Brexit Party in early 2019. The survey was fielded around the time the new party emerged and does not include a measure of attitudes toward the Brexit Party.Source: Spring 2019 Globa

56、l Attitudes Survey. Q31.PEW RESEARCH CENTERIn a similar vein, those who support right-wing populist parties in Europe, many of which are seen by LGBT groups HYPERLINK /article/us-europe-lgbt-rights/expert-views-rising-populism-seen-threatening-lgbt-rights-in-europe-idUSKBN1X3230 as a threat to their

57、 HYPERLINK /article/us-europe-lgbt-rights/expert-views-rising-populism-seen-threatening-lgbt-rights-in-europe-idUSKBN1X3230 rights, are less supportive of homosexuality in society. In Spain, people with a favorable opinion of the Vox party, which recently has begun to HYPERLINK /article/us-spain-pol

58、itics-vox-lgbt/far-right-vox-challenges-spains-acceptance-of-lgbt-rights-idUSKCN1SU1OC oppose some gay rights, are much less likely to say that homosexuality is acceptable than those who do not support the party.And in Poland, supporters of the governing PiS (Law and Justice), which has explicitly t

59、argeted gay rights as HYPERLINK /news/world-europe-49904849 anathema to traditional Polish HYPERLINK /news/world-europe-49904849 values, are 23 percentage points less likely to say that homosexuality should be accepted by society than those who do not support the governing party.Similar differences

60、appear inneighboring Hungary, where the ruling Fidesz party, led by Prime Minister Viktor Orbn, also has HYPERLINK /feature/nbc-out/gays-hungary-facing-increased-government-hostility-rights-group-says-n1125846 shown hostility to gay rights. But even in countries like France and Germany where accepta