1、Unit Three合同的結(jié)構(gòu)Contract Structures31 合同的前言 Preamble of a Contract32 合同的正文 Main Body of a Contract 33 合同的結(jié)尾 Final Clauses 31 合同的前言Preamble of a Contract 國際商務(wù)合同的前言部分，在合同上被稱為“合同的效力條款”（validity clauses of Contracts）是合同生效的基本條件，在法律上具有重要的意義。 311 合同的名稱 Name of the Contracts主要寫明合同的準(zhǔn)確名稱，如“售貨確認(rèn)書” (Sales Confir

2、mation)，“中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)合同”( Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures)等。312合同各方名稱及法定地址 Name of the Parties and the legal place 合同各方的名稱第一次在合同中出現(xiàn)時(shí)一定要寫全名，不能縮寫，只有在后面重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)才能用簡稱，簡稱甲方或乙方，買方或賣方，許可方或被許可方（hereinafter referred to as/hereinafter called Party A or Party B; the Buyer or the Seller; the Licensor or Licen

3、see）等；法定地址，主要指營業(yè)地、住所地、或居所所在地，即載明合同當(dāng)事人的名稱或者姓名、國籍、主營業(yè)務(wù)或者住所(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities, principal places of business or residential addresses; the date and place for signing of the contract, etc.) registered address313訂約日期及地點(diǎn)the date and place

4、 of signing of the contract）訂約日期和地點(diǎn)時(shí)關(guān)系到合同發(fā)生糾紛時(shí)適用于法律的問題，必須寫明。314合同雙方法律關(guān)系 The legal relationship 主要是在明確了當(dāng)事人全稱后，指明誰是買方誰是賣方，或出讓方、受讓方，貸款人或借款人等等。3.1.5 簽約的背景對簽約背景和/或目的進(jìn)行事實(shí)描述The background and/or purpose or the reason for signing the contract Whereas 的意義相當(dāng)于considering/in consideration of , that being the ca

5、se 等， 有時(shí)，為了合同簡單明了，合同背景部分直接用“背景”這個(gè)詞The government of the Peoples Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America (hereinafter referred to as the Parties);Considering the offenses against Customs laws are prejudicial to the economic, fiscal and commercial interests of their respec

6、tive countries;Considering the importance of assuring the accurate assessment of Customs duties and other taxes;have agreed as follows:背景一：是考慮違反海關(guān)法的行為有損于兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì)、財(cái)政和貿(mào)易利益；二是考慮到正確計(jì)征關(guān)稅及其他稅的重要性。WHAREAS, this Agreement is supplemental to an agreement dated 5 December 2009 between the parties to this Agreeme

7、nt (the Principal Agreement) under which the Purchaser agreed to buy certain assets of the Vendor for an aggregate sum of $3 million. 本合同系為補(bǔ)充雙方當(dāng)事人此前于公元二零零九年十二月五日業(yè)已締結(jié)之合同（以下稱“主合同”所立，買方于主合同中同意向賣方購買總價(jià)值三百萬美元的資產(chǎn)。 BACKGROUND Party A wishes to obtain some professional legal support in the ProjectParty B is

8、an international law firm, quite experienced and professional in such project and is willing to provide such professional legal service to Party A, subject to and on the terms and conditions of this agreement. 背景甲方希望就該項(xiàng)目獲得一些專業(yè)的法律服務(wù)；乙方是一家國際律師事務(wù)所，在這種項(xiàng)目上有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和專業(yè)知識，愿意根據(jù)本協(xié)議條件為甲方提供專業(yè)的法律服務(wù)316 同意訂約的詞句 The

9、typical sentences used at the beginning of the contract如“雙方同意按以下條款及條件買賣下列貨物:” Both parties agree to buy and sell the following commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: This Agreement is made and entered into in Place as of the date (DD, MM, YY) by and between This Agreemen

10、t is made and concluded in duplicate in Beijing, China by and between XYZ Company, a Corporation incorporated under the law of USA having its Head Office and a place of business in the city of New York, USA, (hereinafter called XYZ) as the Party A and China Dalian Corporation (hereinafter called Par

11、ty B) as the Second Party.In consideration of the mutual convents and agreements herein contained, the ABC and the Purchaser agree on the following terms, conditions and provisions hereof: 協(xié)議書由按美國法律成立的并在美國紐約設(shè)有總部和營業(yè)地的XYZ有限公司（以下簡稱XYZ）為甲方和中國大連公司（以下簡稱買方）為乙方在北京鑒訂，一式兩份。 鑒于相互契約及約定，XYZ與買方同意以下條款：*This Agreem

12、ent was made this 12th date of October 2006 in Beijing China by and between ABC Company, a company (hereinafter referred to as the Company) and the Seiji Bank Ltd. Hong Kong Branch, a bank incorporated in Japan but registered in Hong Kong (hereinafter referred to as the Bank). Whereas the Bank has a

13、greed to extend a Short-term Credit Facility for the purpose of providing general working capital to the Company, it was hereby mutually agreed as follows:本合同由在中華人民共和國注冊的ABC公司（以下簡稱公司）和在日本成立而在香港注冊的“和田”銀行（以下簡稱銀行）于2006年10月12日在北京簽訂。鑒于上述銀行同意向上述公司提供短期貸款作為周轉(zhuǎn)資金之用，合同雙方特此達(dá)成協(xié)議如下：32 合同的正文Main Body of a Contract

14、 合同的正文是合同的主干部分，是合同的實(shí)質(zhì)性條款，包括除了合同前言和合同的結(jié)尾的所有合同條款部分。具體細(xì)則如下：321 Type of Contract and Scope of the Object in the Contract合同的種類與合同的范圍322 The Contract Price，Rate，Amount，Method of Payment， Other Various Incidental Charges 合同價(jià) 格，支付金額，支付方式和各種附帶的費(fèi)用 323 The Conditions for the Assignment of Contract 合同的 轉(zhuǎn)讓條件324

15、Liability to Pay Compensation and other Liabilities for Breach of Contract 違反合同的賠償及責(zé)任325 The Ways for Settling Contract Disputes合同發(fā)生爭議 時(shí)的解決方法3 26 Insurance Clause 保險(xiǎn)條款32 7 Force Majeure 不可抗力條款32 8 A Period of Validity for the Contract 合同的有效期限321 合同的種類與合同的范圍Type of Contract and Scope of the Object in

16、 the Contract 合同的種類包括各類對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合同，如合資企業(yè)合同，涉外勞務(wù)合同，國際買賣合同、國際工程承包合同等。各類合同都有其自己的合同范圍的條款，其中包括公司的建立，業(yè)務(wù)范圍，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營目的，范圍和規(guī)模，技術(shù)條件，質(zhì)量，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)格，數(shù)量等條款。以及包括履行合同的期限，地點(diǎn)和方式等條款。322 合同價(jià)格，支付金額，支付方式和各種附帶的費(fèi)用The Contract Price，Rate，Amount，Method of Payment， Other Various Incidental(從屬的，非經(jīng)常性的） Charges。這項(xiàng)內(nèi)容實(shí)質(zhì)上由兩部分組成，即：價(jià)格條件和支付條款。價(jià)格條

17、款（terms of payment）往往涉及許多復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容。有時(shí)，它不僅是個(gè)價(jià)格問題，而且涉及合同各方應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、奉獻(xiàn)和費(fèi)用等問題。如國際貨物銷售合同中常用的兩個(gè)價(jià)格術(shù)語：FOB 和CIF，當(dāng)事人選擇不同的價(jià)格術(shù)語，其承擔(dān)的責(zé)任是截然不同的。因此，價(jià)格條款往往是雙方當(dāng)事人商談的重點(diǎn)。支付條款也是涉及合同中較敏感的條款，它不僅涉及到不同國家的貨幣、外匯制度，還涉及到結(jié)算方式等一系列復(fù)雜的問題。因此，在起草這部分條款時(shí)，應(yīng)詳細(xì)規(guī)定支付金額（amount of payment）、支付工具（instrument of payment）、支付時(shí)間（time of payment）、支付地點(diǎn)（plac

18、e of payment）和支付方式(method of payment). 有關(guān)合同價(jià)格、合同款的支付以及其他有關(guān)支付條款是涉外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同中極為重要的條款。事關(guān)重大，所以，在草擬這部分合同時(shí)，一定要做到用詞準(zhǔn)確、達(dá)意。除了當(dāng)心語言上的問題外，還要把各種其他因素考慮在內(nèi)，以避免日后發(fā)生這方面的爭議。The registered capital of the Joint Venture Company shall be the same as the total amount of the investment, i.e. 4.5 million U.S.dollars (Four million

19、 and five hundred thousand U.S. Dollars). 合資公司的注冊資本和投資總額相同，即為450萬美元。在書寫合同金額時(shí)一定要把大寫金額(amount in words) 和小寫金額(amount in figure)一并寫明。 Party A shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Contract, pay to Party B the Technical Documentation Fee of USD 2,400,000(Two million and four hundred thousand

20、U.S.Dollars only). The above price shall be firm including all expenses for sending the technical Documentation CIF Beijing Airport, Party As technical personnel and training of Party As personnel p.93 (excluding Sub-clause 4.8 of Annex 3 and Sub-clause of Annex 4).firm offernon-firm offerpersonnel

21、department根據(jù)本合同的規(guī)定，甲方應(yīng)付給乙方技術(shù)資料貳佰肆拾萬美元整。上述報(bào)價(jià)為實(shí)盤，包括技術(shù)資料托運(yùn)的北京機(jī)場交貨價(jià)（CIF北京機(jī)場），乙方技術(shù)人員服務(wù)費(fèi)和甲方人員的培訓(xùn)費(fèi)（不包括附件3的第4.8款和附件4第5.3款）。Price of the ContractPrice of the contract shall be calculated on Royalty in accordance with the content and scope stipulated in Section 2 to the contract and the currency shall be in U

22、S Dollars.Royalty under the contract shall be paid from the month after the date of coming into force of the Contract in terms of Calendar Year. The date of settling accounts shall be December 31 of each year. Royalty at the rate of % (say percent) shall be calculated in terms of net selling price a

23、fter the Contract Products are sold in the year, the Contract products which have not been sold shall not count.The report of the selling quantity, net selling amount of the Contract Products and Royalty p.70 which should be paid for the past year shall be submitted to Licensor in written form by Li

24、censee within 10 (ten) days after the date of settling accounts to Royalty. The specific methods for calculating net selling amount and Royalty are detailed in Appendix 3 to the Contract.If Licensor demands to audit the accounts of Licensee, it shall notice Licensee within 10 (ten) days after receiv

25、ing the written notice from Licensee in accordance with Section 3.4 of the Contract.The specific content and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 to the Contract.business licenseLicensing Agreement grant a license, authorize a licenseThe record shall be preserved by JEX at a saf

26、e place for a period of three(3) years following each licensing or distribution of the Products.JEX應(yīng)在本產(chǎn)品每次授權(quán)或行銷后三年內(nèi)在一個(gè)安全的地方保存此記錄。 合同價(jià)格 按照第二條規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和范圍，本合同采用提成方式計(jì)算價(jià)格，計(jì)價(jià)的貨幣為美元。 本合同提成費(fèi)的計(jì)算時(shí)間從合同生效之日后的第1個(gè)月開始，按日歷年度計(jì)算，每年的12月31日為提成費(fèi)的結(jié)算日。 提成費(fèi)按當(dāng)年度合同產(chǎn)品銷售后的凈銷售價(jià)格計(jì)算，提成率為%，合同產(chǎn)品未銷售出去的不應(yīng)計(jì)算提成費(fèi)。 在提成費(fèi)結(jié)算日后10天之內(nèi)接受方應(yīng)以書面通知的形式

27、向許可方提交上一年度合同產(chǎn)品的銷售數(shù)量、凈銷售額和應(yīng)支付的提成費(fèi)，凈銷售額和提成費(fèi)的具體計(jì)算方法詳見本合同附件三。 許可方如需查核接受方的賬目時(shí)，應(yīng)在接到接受方根據(jù)第3.4條規(guī)定開出的書面通知后10天之內(nèi)通知接受方，具體的查賬內(nèi)容和程序詳見本合同附件四。323 合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓條件 The Conditions for the Assignment of Contract 合同轉(zhuǎn)讓實(shí)質(zhì)上是一種特殊的合同變更，即合同條款一方將合同中的權(quán)利或義務(wù)的全部或部分轉(zhuǎn)讓給合同另一方或合同以外的第三方，是主體的變更。有一類合同如中外合資企業(yè)，合作企業(yè)及外資企業(yè)還有如“交鑰匙合同”等都必須有轉(zhuǎn)讓條款。在起草這部分內(nèi)

28、容時(shí)，可以明確約定合同可以轉(zhuǎn)讓以及轉(zhuǎn)讓合同的條件和程序，但這些約定必須依法進(jìn)行。If one party to the Joint Venture intends to assign all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party, consent shall be obtained from the other party to the Joint Venture and approval from the examining and approving authorities p.45is required. When o

29、ne party assigns all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party, the other party has pre-emptive right. When one party assigns its investment subscribed to a third party, the terms of assignment shall not be more favorable than those to the other party to the Joint Venture. No assignment

30、shall be effective should there be any violation of the above stipulations. subscribe. agree to contribute 中外合資企業(yè)合同中可以規(guī)定：“合營乙方如向第三方轉(zhuǎn)讓其全部或部分出資額，須經(jīng)合營他方同意，并經(jīng)審批機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)。合營一方轉(zhuǎn)讓其全部或部分出資額時(shí)，合營他方有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)，合營一方向第三方轉(zhuǎn)讓出資額的條件，不得比合營他方轉(zhuǎn)讓的條件優(yōu)惠。違反上述規(guī)定的，其轉(zhuǎn)讓無效?！盤arty B shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Contract

31、, guarantee that he is the legitimate owner of such Know-how and such Technical Documentation as are supplied to Party A and that he is lawfully in a position to transfer the Know-how to Party A. 乙方保證他是向甲方提供的專有技術(shù)資料的合法所有者；符合合同條款，依法能夠向甲方轉(zhuǎn)讓專有技術(shù)。 The Contractor shall not assign the Contract or any part

32、thereof without the written consent of the Chief Engineer. 未經(jīng)總工程師書面同意，承包商不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本合同或其中任何部分。thereof adv.=of that324 違反合同的賠償及責(zé)任Liability to Pay Compensation and other Liabilities for Breach of Contract 違反涉外合同的責(zé)任是指涉外合同的當(dāng)事人不履行合同、不完全履行合同、不符合雙方在合同中約定的條件時(shí)，依有關(guān)法律的規(guī)定或合同的約定應(yīng)當(dāng)承當(dāng)?shù)馁r償責(zé)任或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任。 關(guān)于違約責(zé)任條款，幾乎所有的涉外合同都有此條

33、，一般遵循過失原則和損害賠償原則，即違約要承擔(dān)責(zé)任，要賠償。在涉外合同中明確約定違反涉外合同承擔(dān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，對于保證合同的履行，促使合同當(dāng)事人全面履行合同中約定的業(yè)務(wù)有著重要的意義。 至于當(dāng)事人，若一方違反涉外合同應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任和承擔(dān)責(zé)任的方式，當(dāng)事人可以在合同中約定違約金（penalty），也可以約定賠償損失(compensation for losses)，也可以約定支付利息（payment of interest）、中止履行合同（suspension of the contract performance）或解除合同(cancellation of the contract). The P

34、urchaser agrees to pay Corporation the Total Purchase Price, as follows p.69: 買方同意向公司支付買價(jià)，總金額為_。The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporations respective invoices therefore, pay to Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to Corporation hereunder, including without limitation an

35、amount equal to the taxes and duties. 收到公司的各種發(fā)票后，買方必須即刻付給公司業(yè)已到期應(yīng)付的所有款項(xiàng)，包括各種稅收費(fèi)用在內(nèi)，不得有例外。If by reason of delay on the part of the Purchaser or Purchasers agent or representative, any payments due to Corporation are not made in accordance with the agreed payment schedule, Corporation reserves the righ

36、t to apply a late payment charge of one and one-half (1.5%) percent per month (19.56%per annum) on all overdue amounts and Purchaser agrees to promptly pay any such late payment charges which are properly due hereunder. In the event that one or more payments are delayed for sixty (60) days or more,

37、Corporation shall have the right to stop all work under this Agreement and shall also have the right to claim such period of work stoppage and the effects thereof as excusable delay pursuant to Article 7 hereof (Excusable Delay). Purchaser agrees to reimburse p.42Corporation for those additional rea

38、sonable costs incurred by Corporation resulting from such work stoppage(s) and restart(s). Should one or more payments be delayed for one hundred and twenty (120) days or more, this Agreement may, at Corporations option, be deemed to be cancelled under the provisions of paragraphs (b) through (e) of

39、 Article 23 hereof (Termination for Insolvency & Cancellation).如果由于買方或買方代理商或代理人的延遲，不能按議定的付款時(shí)間支付公司業(yè)已到期的款項(xiàng)，公司保留收取延付款的權(quán)利，延付費(fèi)月率為到期末付款的1.5% （年率為19.56%），買方也同意即刻交付本協(xié)議所規(guī)定的此種費(fèi)用。如一次或數(shù)次延遲付款達(dá)六十（60）天或以上，公司有權(quán)停止本協(xié)議所規(guī)定的工作，并有權(quán)根據(jù)本協(xié)議第7條（可諒解的延遲）稱此段工作停頓及其產(chǎn)生的后果為可諒解的。買方同意對公司因停工和重新開工的額外費(fèi)用作合理補(bǔ)償。如一次或數(shù)次延遲付款達(dá)一百二十（120）天或以上，根據(jù)本合

40、同第23條（因無力清償債務(wù)而終止和撤消）第2-5款規(guī)定，按公司的意愿，本協(xié)議可視為被撤消。Liabilities for Breach of Contract:Should either Party A or Party B fails to pay on schedule the contributions in accordance with Clause 5 of this Contract, the breaching Party shall pay the other Party 10% of interest of the contribution from the month a

41、fter exceeding the time limit. Should the Party fails to pay the contributions after 3 months exceeding the time limit, the other Party shall, in accordance with the Clause 53 hereof, have the right to terminate the Contract and to claim damages p.98 to the breaching Party.違約責(zé)任：如果合資一方未能按照本合同第5條規(guī)定按時(shí)入

42、資，違約方應(yīng)在預(yù)期后一個(gè)月付給合同另一方10利息。如果違約方逾期后三個(gè)月仍未入資，合同另一方營根據(jù)合同第53條款的規(guī)定有權(quán)終止合同，并向違約方索賠損失。 In the event that Party B fails to complete the Works in time owing to such reasons as Party B shall be liable for, Party B shall pay a penalty for the default based on 0.1% of the total price for work per day, i.e. (that i

43、s to say), Party B shall pay one thousand two hundred and sixty (1,260) U.S. Dollars only for day of such default. 如果乙方因自身的原因而未準(zhǔn)時(shí)完工，乙方應(yīng)付違約罰款，每天按總價(jià)的千分之一計(jì)算，即一千二百六十美元整。 If, under the Contract, the Purchaser requests p.21 to cancel the Contract, ABC Company shall, upon written request by the Purchase, a

44、dvise Purchaser of the estimated cancellation costs for which Purchaser would be liable. 如果買方根據(jù)合同要求撤銷合同時(shí)，ABC公司應(yīng)根據(jù)買方書面要求，通知買方應(yīng)承擔(dān)的撤銷費(fèi)用。 325 合同發(fā)生爭議時(shí)的解決方法The Ways for Settling Contract Dispute 在合同的執(zhí)行過程中發(fā)生爭議是正常的。涉外合同一旦發(fā)生爭議，解決的方法有和解（conciliation）、調(diào)解(mediation)、仲裁(arbitration)和訴訟(litigation/lawsuit)。在起草合同時(shí)

45、，應(yīng)明確約定爭議的解決方法，而不同的解決方法將導(dǎo)致不同的法律后果。為解決重大爭議，涉外商務(wù)合同都有仲裁條款，一般包括仲裁地點(diǎn)、仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)，仲裁程序，仲裁員的組成，仲裁費(fèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)，和仲裁裁決的權(quán)威性等細(xì)則規(guī)定。 Any disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through mutual consultations between the Parties thereto. In case no settlement can be settled through

46、 consultations, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in Beijing, China, and shall, in accordance with its rules of procedures, be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Tr

47、ade. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on/upon the parties thereto. 在履行合同時(shí)合同雙方如發(fā)生爭議，雙方應(yīng)通過相互協(xié)商解決。如經(jīng)過協(xié)商解決無效，則應(yīng)提請仲裁或司法部門解決。仲裁應(yīng)在中國北京進(jìn)行，由中國國際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)會對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會根據(jù)其仲裁程序進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。Any disputes arising out of this Contract shall first be settled by the Parties hereto through consult

48、ation with their higher authorities in accordance with the spirit of mutual trust. Should such consultation fails to settle the dispute within thirty (30) days of notification to such higher authorities, mediation may be conducted by a third party selected by the Parties hereto.合同雙方對本合同發(fā)生的任何爭議應(yīng)首先通過各

49、方主管部門以相互信賴的精神予以解決。如在30天內(nèi)本合同雙方不能解決時(shí)，雙方可推薦第三方予以調(diào)解。The arbitration shall take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance with the statutes of the institute in question. 仲裁在瑞典斯德哥爾摩商會仲裁院依據(jù)該院的仲裁規(guī)則實(shí)施。Arbitration: All disput

50、es in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. If no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration

51、 organization of the defendant country. The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.仲裁： 凡因執(zhí)行本合同或與本合同有關(guān)事項(xiàng)所發(fā)生的一切爭執(zhí)， 應(yīng)由雙方通過友好

52、的方式協(xié)商解決。如果不能取得協(xié)議時(shí)，則在被告國家根據(jù)被告仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)的仲裁程序規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁決定是終局的，對雙方具有同等約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用除非仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)另有決定外，均由敗訴一方負(fù)擔(dān)。The arbitration tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators, one appointed by each Party and, if either of the Parties fails to appoint an arbitrator within the time specified in the Arbitration Rules, the Chair

53、man of CIETAC（China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission) shall make such appointment, taking into consideration the criteria set out in this Article 18.2. (b) 仲裁庭應(yīng)由三名仲裁員組成，其中雙方各指定一名，如果任何一方不能在仲裁規(guī)則具體規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)指定一名仲裁員，貿(mào)促會主任將參考本合同第18.2 條載明的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指定仲裁員。326 Insurance Clause 保險(xiǎn)條款國際商務(wù)合同的履行，大多數(shù)時(shí)間

54、長，路途遠(yuǎn)，可能受到各種因素的干擾，產(chǎn)生各種不測的事件calamities，如洪水、火災(zāi)、盜竊、海難、經(jīng)營不善等。這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一旦發(fā)生，就做造成不同程度的損失，從而產(chǎn)生承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失的責(zé)任問題。在國際經(jīng)貿(mào)活動中，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)往往和保險(xiǎn)聯(lián)在一起，為了使風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的損失及時(shí)得到經(jīng)濟(jì)上的補(bǔ)償，就需要辦理保險(xiǎn)。因此，在合同中明確風(fēng)險(xiǎn)責(zé)任，約定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)范圍（the limits of the risks to be borne by the parties in performing the object and the coverage of insurance of the object），對于確定當(dāng)事人的投保責(zé)任、避

55、免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生后，產(chǎn)生保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任糾紛都有著重要的法律意義。 Perils of Sea海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (1) Natural Calamities 自然災(zāi)害(2) Fortuitous Accidents意外事故 Marine insurance policies or certificates in negotiable form, for 110% full CIF invoice covering the risks of War & W.A. as per the Peoples Insurance Co. of China dated 1/1/1976. with extended cover

56、up to Kuala Lumpur with claims payable in (at) Kuala Lumpur in the currency of draft (irrespective of percentage). 作為可議付格式的海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)單或憑證按照到岸價(jià)的發(fā)票金額110%投保中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司1976年1月1日的戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)和基本險(xiǎn)，負(fù)責(zé)到吉隆坡為止。按照匯票所使用的貨幣在吉隆坡賠付（不計(jì)免賠率）。 Insurance policy or certificate settling agents name is to be indicated, any additional premi

57、um to cover uplift between 10 and 17 percent may be drawn in excess of the credit value. This insurance must be valid for a period of 60 days after arrival of merchandise at inland destination. 保險(xiǎn)單或憑證須表明理賠代理人的名稱，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)如增加10-17%可在本證金額以外支付。 本保險(xiǎn)擴(kuò)展到貨物到達(dá)內(nèi)地的目的地后60天有效。Insurance p.46 to be covered against all

58、risks including war risks as per ocean marine cargo clauses and air transportation cargo insurance clauses and ocean marine cargo war risk clauses and air transportation cargo war risk clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated 按照中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司年月日海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)條款和航空運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)條款以及海洋運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)條款和航空運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)條款

59、投保?？章?lián)運(yùn)一切險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)。 327 Force Majeure 不可抗力條款不可抗力條款，也稱意外條款，是涉外商務(wù)合同中普遍采用的一項(xiàng)除外條款，或稱免責(zé)條款。條款一般規(guī)定合同一方遇到不可預(yù)見或無法預(yù)防的天災(zāi)、人禍或意外事故，以致不能履行合同時(shí)，可以免除責(zé)任，另一方無權(quán)要求其賠償損失。不可抗力條款通常包括兩大條：一是確定不可抗力事故的范圍，對此合同雙方應(yīng)在合同中有明確、具體的規(guī)定。二是在草擬合同時(shí)對不可抗力的結(jié)果要有兩種安排：合同無法繼續(xù)執(zhí)行時(shí)，要終止合同；合同仍可繼續(xù)執(zhí)行，但需要延長履行合同的期限。對于兩種情況，即終止合同和延長履行合同期限，都需要在合同中明確規(guī)定。The Sellers s

60、hall not be held liable/responsible for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Confirmation on consequence of any Force Majeure incidents. 本確認(rèn)書所述全部或部分商品，如因人力不可抗拒的原因，以致不能履約或延遲交貨，售方概不負(fù)責(zé)。 Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the