1、Hellenistic Philosophy1. Epicureanism（伊壁鳩魯學(xué)派） (1) Physical philosophy Atomism (2) Epistemology The standards of truth (3) Ethics Pleasure, Happiness, Virtue12. Stoicism（斯多亞學(xué)派） (1) Phases of Stoicism（分期） The early, the middle, the late (2) The early Stoicism 1) Physical philosophy Pneuma（普紐馬，“火氣”） 2)

2、 Ethics Live in accordance with nature 3) Politics Cosmopolitanism（世界主義） (3) The late Stoicism23. Skepticism（懷疑派） (1) Phases of Skepticism（分期） The early：Pyrrhonists The middle：Academics The late：the Romans (2) Pyrrhonists（皮浪主義者） 1) Excessive skepticism Sensation, epoche（懸擱） 2) Tranquility of soul（靈魂

3、的寧靜） 3 (3) Academic Skeptics Arcesilaus denied that anything could be known, not even that thing itself, the one thing Socrates had left for himself; so deep did he think was the obscurity in which everything was hidden that he held that nothing could be discerned or understood. For these reasons no

4、 one must assert or affirm anything, or give the approval of assent to anything, but he should curb his rashness . . . for it would be the height of rashness to accept something either false or not certainly known; and nothing is more disgraceful than for assent and approval to outrun knowledge and

5、perception. (Cicero, Academica 1.435 = LS68A) See the detail in Chapter 14, The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy. 4 (4) the Roman skeptics 1) Aenesidemus（埃奈西德穆） Ten Modes of Skepticism 2) Agrippa（阿格里帕） Five Arguments 3) Sextus Empiricus（恩披里珂） Five Modes of Skepticism54. Neoplatonism（新柏拉圖主義） (1) Intellectual sources（思想來源） 1) Plato, Aristotle, Stoicism 2) Philo 3) Apollonios 4) Pl