1、Characteristics of Management Science管理學(xué)專業(yè)英語教程（第四版）Characteristics of Management Outlines123 Some Observations on the Discipline A Business as a System The Business as a Set of Beliefs45 Uncertainty in Business Opportunities in Management ScienceOutlines123 Some ObseSome Observations on the Discipli

2、neManagement ScienceBroadly with business activitiesBe different than the physical sciencesButSomeone do not accept the differenceBy abstracting from people as subjects only those characteristics that are ascribable to things.Some Observations on the DisciSome Observations on the DisciplineFudan Uni

3、versityRegularities can be observed directlyValues can be objectively statedManagement Science are limited to business matters already held fixedAvoid two basic issuesthe need for exploring and portraying the relations of businessmens assumptions and values to systems for attaining effective joint p

4、erformance among peoplethe need for effective means for conveying knowledge of such relationships to such people.Some Observations on the DisciSome Observations on the DisciplineFudan UniversityThe results of research work are expressed in termsThose employed for the broader study of business operat

5、ionsConclusionAll operations are constituted in ways similar to basically routine operations, and similarly are amenable to scientific arrangement in the narrow sense.SimilarSome Observations on the DisciA Business as a SystemHow men would act under a given set of circumstances How men can then be m

6、anipulated to achieve a certain result then mechanistic systems could be built of much larger scope, and they would make sense. Fudan UniversityBusinessRepresented and described Some kind of systemThe system of the Electrical Engineer or the MathematicianDescribe the behavior of peopleA Business as

7、a SystemHow men A Business as a SystemA paradox here. For: Fudan University1. Are the simple assumptions truly representative of what men seek with the systems they have created? 2. If such a function is assumed as representative, can one discover how men should behave to achieve such an objective?

8、3. If such optimal behavior is then disclosed, will not there arise in the very minds, ought we to act this way? A Business as a SystemA paradoA Business as a SystemAppears that Fudan UniversityProcess of observing, deriving and disclosingWhat has been observed.influenceButUnless the people in the b

9、usiness change their assumptions, objectives, beliefs and knowledge, there can be no hope of achieving maximization, minimization or optimization of even those simple objective functionsA Business as a SystemAppears A Business as a SystemThe important point: cannot study them as though they were tra

10、nsducers, selsyns or computers-as depersonalized elements of the system alone.Fudan UniversityTheir actions affect the systems design and performance.BecauseA Business as a SystemThe impoThe Business as a Set of BeliefsA unique property: the property of man-made purposeThe point here is again that u

11、nless beliefs are changed, there can be no change in effectiveness.Fudan UniversityThe Business as a Set of BelieUncertainty in BusinessInanimate nature: founded on the quite justifiable expectation of regularity, reproducibility and immutabilityBusiness: founded in the perception of an opportunity

12、of limited scope and variety in an environment of virtually unlimited varietyEncounter unpredictable change and inevitable riskUncertainty in BusinessInanimaUncertainty in BusinessHoweverMethods of empirically oriented sciencesmore does seem possible.An observed pattern of business events.Describe E

13、.g. “in the light of certain observations, if certain assumptions are true then certain conclusions are valid.”They are conditional, not assertive. But their value lies precisely in the way observation is assumptions and conclusions are related.Uncertainty in BusinessHoweverUncertainty in Business5

14、remarks1. Management Scientist cannot become an expert by discovering and citing immutable principles and law of relationship.2. Directly observable regularities and patterns are not usually the cause of decisive events. Reliance on such direct relationship leaves only limited opportunity for impact

15、 and in those areas where matters are held more or less fixed as a matter of policy.Uncertainty in Business5 remarUncertainty in Business3. It is in the flux of these combinations and their recognition that a business opportunity may be grasped. Nor is it likely that such combinations are easily rep

16、roduced.4. Despite its best disclosures, the business is not the abstract formulation of Management Science.5. This ability to observe, to think, to decide is their privilege, their responsibility and their risk. Uncertainty in Business3. It iUncertainty in BusinessTwo basic questions1. Is the scien

17、tists systematic approach to the study of past, existing or future possible combinations of events more reliable than the businessmans intuition? 2. What are the opportunities for Management Science and its practitioners? Uncertainty in BusinessTwo basOpportunities in Management ScienceInstitutions

18、of large numbers of people organized for effective joint performance as people -not as ciphers or machines.EphemeralContingentFinitePurposeful universePremise: AcceptOpportunities in Management ScOpportunities in Management ScienceResults of scientific workNot the study of man and his institutions f

19、or the purpose of better understanding man.Not to discover immutable law in the workings of such institutions for the purpose of their subsequent design or manipulation.To aid the men so situated in better estimating and appraising their own situation, collectively as an organization and individuall

20、y as observing, believing, thinking and acting parts of such organizations.ButOpportunities in Management ScOpportunities in Management Science3 conditions1.The tools and concepts are in hand in sufficient quantity.2. There is available a sufficient notation for the description of the business proce

21、sses.3. There is also available in the combination of analytical and enumerative method and technique a means for exploring possible expectations and related commitments under varieties of specified contingent conditions. Opportunities in Management ScOpportunities in Management ScienceNot enough3 more thingsTo test the fit of their assumptions and beliefs against appropriate descriptions of the flux of t