1、主講人：劉紅波土木工程專業(yè)外語English for Civil Engineering主講人：劉紅波土木工程專業(yè)外語English for Ci參考書目東北林業(yè)大學土木工程學院西南交通大學 參考書目東北林業(yè)大學土木工程學院西南交通大學 參考書目中南大學土木工程學院參考書目中南大學土木工程學院參考書目華中科技大學參考書目華中科技大學ContentsLesson 1 Civil Engineering（土木工程學）劉紅波Lesson 2 Construction Engineering（建筑工程）劉紅波Lesson 3 Tall Buildings（高層建筑）劉紅波Lesson 4 Steel

2、Structures（鋼結(jié)構(gòu)）蘆燕Lesson 5 Reinforced concrete structure 蘆燕Lesson 6 Bridge Engineering （橋梁工程）徐杰Lesson 7 Testing Technique （試驗技術(shù)）徐杰Lesson 8 Geotechnical Engineering （巖土工程）刁鈺Lesson 9 Engineering Mechanics（工程力學） 刁鈺ContentsLesson 1 Civil EngineeLesson 1 Civil EngineeringCivil engineeringStructural engine

3、ering Water resources engineeringGeotechnical engineeringEnvironmental engineeringTransportation engineeringPipeline engineeringConstruction engineeringCommunity and urban planningPhotogrametry，surveying，and mappingEngineering managementEngineering teachingLesson 1 Civil EngineeringCiviWords and Phr

4、asesspecialtyspelti: n. 專業(yè)，學科according to 依照，按照drainage dreinid n. 排水，放水harborh:b n. 海港，海灣power plant 發(fā)電廠sewagesu:id n. 污水，下水道population concentration 人口集中skyscraperskaiskreip n. 摩天大樓self-containedselfknteind adj.配套齊全的predominatepridmneit vi.居支配地位scopeskup n. 范圍，領(lǐng)域geotechnical n. 巖土工程的specifications

5、pesifikein 說明書supervisesju:pvaiz vi. 監(jiān)督，管理estimateestimeit 估計，估算subcontractor 分包商astronomicalstrnmikl 天文學的telescopeteliskup n. 望遠鏡hurricanehrikn n. 颶風 asphaltsf:lt n. 瀝青 aluminum n. 鋁 runoff n. 流量，雨量 waterfront n. 海(湖)濱，江邊 canal knl n. 運河 lock n. 水閘，閘門hydroelectrichaidrilektrik 水利發(fā)電的Impoundment n. 被

6、壩所圍住的水navigationnvigein n. 航行(學)Words and PhrasesspecialtyspWords and Phrasesevaluateivljueit vi. 評價，評估settlement n. 沉降stem from 起源于，由造成slope n. 斜坡，斜面fill n. 填土，填充物eliminateilimineit vt. 消除，排除scrubberskrb n. 洗滌器，濾清器incinerationinsinrein n. 焚化toxictksik adj. 有毒的hazardoushzds adj. 有危險的neutralizing 中和s

7、anitarysniteri: 清潔的，衛(wèi)生的Landfill n. 垃圾填埋場combustible kmbstbl 易燃的traversetrvs 穿越，橫貫ramprmp 斜道，斜坡excavate ekskveit vt. 挖掘，開鑿framework n. 框架，結(jié)構(gòu)photogrametry n. 攝影測量aerial surveying 航空攝影測量，航拍laser leiz n. 激光sonic snik adj. 音波的，音速的plot plt vt. 繪制，標出geologic dildik adj. 地質(zhì)(學)的municipalmjunisipl adj. 市政的com

8、mission n. 委員會，委托，委任slurrysl:ri n.（由水和動物糞便、土、煤末或水泥混合而成的）泥漿，稀泥Words and PhrasesevaluateivLesson 1 Civil EngineeringPredominate =pre(前、預)+dominate(控制)Geotechnical=geo(地球的、地的)+technical(技術(shù)的)Specification=specify(規(guī)定)+ation(名詞后綴) 規(guī)定、規(guī)范、說明書Supervise=super(超的、在上面的)+vise(vision 看的詞根)Subcontractor=sub(次、下)+c

9、ontractor(承包商)Combustible=combust(燃燒)+ible(可能的)=可燃的Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringPredLesson 1 Civil Engineering2. geotechnical di:uteknikl巖土工程的 geo-構(gòu)詞成分：地球、土地 geography dirfi 地理學 geobiology di:ubaildi 地理生物學 geocentric ,di(:)usentrik 以地球為中心的5. subcontractors 轉(zhuǎn)包商 sub-前綴： （1）在底下 subsoil （2）（地位、級別）低、副 subed

10、itor （3）分、再 subdivide （4）幾乎、近于 subarctic suburban Lesson 1 Civil Engineering2. gLesson 1 Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built accor

11、ding to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringCiviLesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程學作為最老的工程技術(shù)學科，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、施工和管理。這個環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施的所有根據(jù)科學原理建造的結(jié)構(gòu)物。Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringCivil engineers b

12、uild roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skysc

13、rapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.Lesson 1 Civil Engineerin

14、gCiviLesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程師建造道路，橋梁，隧道，大壩，港口，發(fā)電廠，給排水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院，學校，公共交通和其他現(xiàn)代社會和大量人口集中地區(qū)所必需的公共設(shè)施。他們也修建私有的設(shè)施，如機場、鐵路、管線、高樓大廈，和為工業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設(shè)計的其他大型建筑。此外，土木工程師規(guī)劃、設(shè)計和修建整個城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，最近已經(jīng)開始規(guī)劃和設(shè)計空間站以容納獨立的（科研）團體。 Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringThe word civil derives from the Latin for citize

15、n. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is mu

16、ch broader.Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringThe Lesson 1 Civil Engineering“土木”這個詞是從拉丁語“citizen”派生而來。 1782年，英國人John Smeaton 用這個術(shù)語來區(qū)分他的非軍事工程項目和當時占統(tǒng)治地位的軍事工程師的工程項目。從那以后，土木工程這個術(shù)語已經(jīng)被用來指那些修建公共設(shè)施的工程師們，盡管這個領(lǐng)域比以前更廣。Lesson 1 Civil Engineering“土木”scopeBecause it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a numb

17、er of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placementwater, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform s

18、oil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project.scopeBecause it is so broad, c范圍因為土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術(shù)專業(yè)。根據(jù)工程的類型，就需要土木工程師專家的各種技能。當一項工程開始時，土木工程師要勘測現(xiàn)場并繪圖，他們還要確定水管、污水管道和電線的基本設(shè)施布置。巖土工程專家要做土工試驗以確定該土是否能承受這項工程的重量。范圍因為土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術(shù)專業(yè)。根據(jù)scopeEnvironmental specialists stu

19、dy the projects impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the projects impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of fa

20、cilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project.scopeEnvironmental specialists范圍環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當?shù)?/p>

21、區(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下水污染，工程對當?shù)貏又参锏挠绊?，以及工程怎樣設(shè)計才能滿足政府對保護環(huán)境的要求。運輸專家要確定需用什么類型的設(shè)施來減輕由完工的工程產(chǎn)生的荷載對當?shù)氐缆泛推渌\輸網(wǎng)帶來的壓力。同時，結(jié)構(gòu)專家用初始資料來做工程的詳細設(shè)計，規(guī)劃和說明書。范圍環(huán)境專家要研究工程對當?shù)貐^(qū)域的影響：潛在的空氣污染和地下scopeSupervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction

22、management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other superviso

23、ry work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.scopeSupervising and coordinat范圍從工程開始到結(jié)束，施工管理專家監(jiān)督和協(xié)調(diào)這些土木工程專家們工作。根據(jù)其他專家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程師要估計材料和勞動力的數(shù)量和成本，安排所有的工作，訂購工作所需的材料和設(shè)備，雇承包商和轉(zhuǎn)包人，以及做其他的監(jiān)督管理工作以確保工程能按照說明按時完工。范圍從工程開始到結(jié)束，施工管理專家監(jiān)督和協(xié)調(diào)這些土木工程專家scopeThroughout any given project, civil eng

24、ineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to design the projects various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in det

25、ermining the best way to construct a project.scopeThroughout any given proj范圍對于任何給定的工程，土木工程師都能廣泛地利用計算機。 計算機被用來設(shè)計工程的各個部分并進行管理。計算機對于現(xiàn)代土木工程師而言是必不可少的，因為它們可使工程師高效地處理大量數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)是在確定最優(yōu)施工方案時所需要的。范圍對于任何給定的工程，土木工程師都能廣泛地利用計算機。 計Structural EngineeringIn this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures o

26、f all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the fo

27、rces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materi

28、als.Structural EngineeringIn this 結(jié)構(gòu)工程在這個專業(yè)里面，土木工程師規(guī)劃和設(shè)計所有類型的結(jié)構(gòu)，包括橋梁、大壩、電站、設(shè)備的支撐、近海工程的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)、美國的太空計劃、輸電塔、巨型天文望遠鏡和無線電望遠鏡，以及許多其他工程。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師用計算機確定結(jié)構(gòu)必須抵抗的力：自重、風力、引起建筑材料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力。他們還確定適當?shù)牟牧辖M合：鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石料、瀝青、磚、鋁或其他的建筑材料。結(jié)構(gòu)工程在這個專業(yè)里面，土木工程師規(guī)劃和設(shè)計所有類型的結(jié)構(gòu)，Water resource engineeringCivil engineers in this spec

29、ialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and l

30、ocks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting navigation.Water resource engineeringCivi水資源工程在這個專業(yè)的土木工程師處理水的自然調(diào)節(jié)的各個方面。他們的工程幫助阻擋洪水，為城市和灌溉系統(tǒng)供水，管理和控制河流流量，維修河灘和其他濱水區(qū)的設(shè)施。此外，他們還設(shè)計

31、和維修港口、運河和船閘，修建大型水力發(fā)電大壩和小型水壩以及各種類型的圍堰，他們還幫助設(shè)計海上建筑物，以及確定影響航運結(jié)構(gòu)物的位置。水資源工程在這個專業(yè)的土木工程師處理水的自然調(diào)節(jié)的各個方面。Geotechnical EngineeringCivil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to minimize the

32、 potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater.Geotechn

33、ical EngineeringCivil 巖土工程專攻此領(lǐng)域土木工程師分析支撐結(jié)構(gòu)物并影響結(jié)構(gòu)性能的土壤和巖石的特性。他們計算建筑和其他結(jié)構(gòu)由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。這些工程師還估算并確定怎樣加強邊坡和填方以及怎樣保護結(jié)構(gòu)免遭地震和地下水的影響。巖土工程專攻此領(lǐng)域土木工程師分析支撐結(jié)構(gòu)物并影響結(jié)構(gòu)性能的土Environmental EngineeringIn this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking

34、 water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air.Environmental EngineeringIn th環(huán)境工程這些工程師還估算并確定怎樣加強邊坡和填方以及怎樣保護結(jié)構(gòu)免遭地震和地下水的影響。他們也設(shè)計、修建和監(jiān)督各項工程以控制或消除土地和

35、空氣污染。環(huán)境工程這些工程師還估算并確定怎樣加強邊坡和填方以及怎樣保護Environmental EngineeringThese engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke-producing activities. They also work

36、 to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land.Environmental EngineeringThese環(huán)境工程這些工程師修建水廠和污水處理廠，設(shè)計空氣

37、凈化器和其他設(shè)備以減少或消除由工業(yè)加工、焚燒或其他一些產(chǎn)生煙霧的行為導致的空氣污染。他們也采取措施，通過修建專門的垃圾場或者進行有毒和有害物質(zhì)的無害化處理來控制有毒有害廢棄物 。此外，工程師們對垃圾填埋進行設(shè)計和處理以防止周圍土地的污染。環(huán)境工程這些工程師修建水廠和污水處理廠，設(shè)計空氣凈化器和其他Transportation EngineeringCivil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. Th

38、ey specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in

39、 designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.Transportation EngineeringCivi運輸工程從事這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師建造一些設(shè)施以確保人和物的安全和高效的運輸。他們專門研究設(shè)計和維修所有類型的運輸設(shè)施，公路和街道，公共交通系統(tǒng)，鐵路和機場，港口及海港。 運輸工程師在設(shè)計每一個工程的過程中，既要

40、運用技術(shù)知識，也要考慮經(jīng)濟、政治和社會的因素。他們與城市規(guī)劃者緊密配合，因為社區(qū)的質(zhì)量直接與運輸體系的質(zhì)量相關(guān)。 運輸工程從事這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師建造一些設(shè)施以確保人和物Pipeline EngineeringIn this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid

41、wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases.Pipeline EngineeringIn this br管道工程在土木工程的這個分支里，工程師修建運輸液體、氣體或固體的管道和相關(guān)的設(shè)施，運輸?shù)奈镔|(zhì)范圍從煤漿和半液體廢料到水、石油和不同類型的高燃性和非燃性氣體。管道工程在土木工程的這個分支里，工程師修建運輸液體、氣體或固Pipeline EngineeringThe engineers determine pipeline design, the economic

42、and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of material

43、s being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.Pipeline EngineeringThe engine管道工程 工程師要確定管道的設(shè)計，工程對它必須穿過的地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境影響，要用到的材料類型鋼材、混凝土或不同材料的組合安裝技術(shù)，檢測管道強度的方法，怎樣控制以保持適當?shù)膲毫?，以及正在被運送材料的流通速度。 管道工程 工程師要確定管道的設(shè)計，工程對它必須穿過的地區(qū)的經(jīng)Construction engineeringCivil en

44、gineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate t

45、he activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports t

46、o the owners of the structure.Construction engineeringCivil 建筑工程此領(lǐng)域的土木工程師從開始到結(jié)束一直監(jiān)督工程的施工。 他們有時被稱為項目工程師，他們不僅運用技術(shù)技能，還運用管理技能，包括施工方法、規(guī)劃、組織、籌集資金和項目管理施工方面的知識。事實上，他們協(xié)調(diào)工程中每個人的活動：勘測員、為臨時道路和斜坡定線和施工、挖基礎(chǔ)、建模和澆注混凝土的工人、以及綁扎鋼筋的工人。這些工程師還為建筑業(yè)主定期提供進度報告。建筑工程此領(lǐng)域的土木工程師從開始到結(jié)束一直監(jiān)督工程的施工。 Community and urban planningThose en

47、gaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These ci

48、vil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recrea

49、tional and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.Community and urban planningThCommunity and urban planningCommunity and urban planning社區(qū)和城市規(guī)劃從 事土木工程這一方面的工程師可能規(guī)劃和發(fā)展一個城市中的社區(qū)或整個城市。此規(guī)劃中所包括的遠遠不僅僅為工程因素，土地的開發(fā)使用和自然資源環(huán)境的，社會 的和經(jīng)濟的因素也是主要的成分。這些土木工程師對公共建設(shè)工程的規(guī)劃和私有建筑的發(fā)

50、展進行協(xié)調(diào)。他們評估所需的設(shè)施，包括街道，公路，公共運輸系統(tǒng)，機 場，港口，給排水和污水處理系統(tǒng)，公共建筑、公園和娛樂及其他設(shè)施以保證社會、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境地協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。社區(qū)和城市規(guī)劃從 事土木工程這一方面的工程師可能規(guī)劃和發(fā)展一Photogrametry，surveying，and mappingThe civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earths surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects.

51、 This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radio signal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building hi

52、ghways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.Photogrametry，surveying，and ma攝影測量、勘測和制圖在這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師精確測量地球表面以獲得可靠的信息來定位和設(shè)計工程項目。這一 方面涉及到高科技方法，如衛(wèi)星成相，航拍，和計算機成相。來自人造衛(wèi)星的無線電信號

53、，通過激光和音波柱掃描被轉(zhuǎn)換為地圖，為隧道鉆孔，建造高速公路和大壩，繪制洪水控制和灌溉方案，定位可能影響建筑項目的地下巖石構(gòu)成，以及許多其他建筑用途提供更精準的測量。 攝影測量、勘測和制圖在這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師精確測量地球表Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringTwo additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering man

54、agement and engineering teaching.Lesson 1 Civil EngineeringTwo Lesson 1 Civil Engineering還有兩個并不完全屬于土木工程范圍但對學科相當重要的附加的專業(yè)是工程管理和工程教學。 Lesson 1 Civil Engineering還有兩個Engineering managementMany civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in man

55、agement positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in governmentmunicipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian

56、 management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.Engineering managementMany civEngineering managementUS Army Corps of Engineers:美國陸軍工程兵部隊Engineering manag

57、ementUS Army 工程管理 許 多土木工程師都選擇最終通向管理的職業(yè)。其他則能讓他們的事業(yè)從管理位置開始。土木工程管理者結(jié)合技術(shù)上的知識和一種組織能力來協(xié)調(diào)勞動力，材料，機械和 錢。這些工程師可能工作在政府市政、國家、州或聯(lián)邦；在美國陸軍軍團作為軍隊或平民的管理工程師；或在半自治地區(qū)，城市主管當局或相似的組織。他們也 可能管理規(guī)模為從幾個到百個雇員的私營工程公司。 工程管理 許 多土木工程師都選擇最終通向管理的職業(yè)。其他則能Engineering teachingThe civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teach

58、es both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commis

59、sions associated with major projects.Engineering teachingThe civil Engineering teachingCommission：n. 委員會；傭金；犯；委任；委任狀 vt. 委任；使服役；委托制作Major： n. 人類 成年人；主修科目；陸軍少校 adj. 主要的；重要的；主修的；較多的 vi. 主修Engineering teachingCommission工程教學通常選擇教學事業(yè)的土木工程師教授研究生和本科生技術(shù)上的專門項目。許多從事教學的土木工程師參與會導致建筑材料和施工方法技術(shù)革新的基礎(chǔ)研究。多數(shù)也擔任工程項目或技術(shù)

60、委員會的顧問，和重大項目的代理。工程教學通常選擇教學事業(yè)的土木工程師教授研究生和本科生技術(shù)上Lesson 4 Tall Building 高層建筑New words and phrases:spectacular sway residential commercial innovation boundary eliminate apartment column demonstrate project stress truss bundle terminate facade perimeter encroachhigh-rise building 高層建筑reinforced concrete