1、?吼叫山莊?：一部女性哥特小說abstratutheringheightsisthenlynvelbyeilybrnt,anenglishanriterinthe19thentury.alsitisapieefexquisiterksftherldsliterature,hihdisplaysaseafgthilrs.thispapertriestakearesearhntheprdutinfutheringheights,basingngthitraditinfeurpeanandaerianliterature.eilybrntakesusefandbreaksthrughgthitrad

2、itininthefaetsftheprtrayalftheharatersandtheusefiage.draingnherextrardinaryiaginatin,eilysueedsinergingrealityithgthitehniqueslikesyblis,terrr,andystery,inputsthepassinatefeelingsandenergyintthelddes,andperfetlyunitesthegthifrithpassinatentents.thethesisaisatdiggingutsehiddenipliatinsinthenvelfranea

3、nddifferentperspetivetprvidethereaderithreenlightenentandspeulatinandtriesatthesaetiethelpthereadersrereadthisnvelfrtheangleffealegthibydisplayingthesurrealistidesriptinfthedevilishharatersandthenightares.keyrdsutheringheights;fealegthinvel;devilishharaters;nightares【摘要】?吼叫山莊?是19世紀(jì)英國女作家艾米莉勃朗特的惟一的一部小

4、說，也是世界文學(xué)園地中的一朵奇葩，其中展現(xiàn)了大量的哥特色彩。本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究?吼叫山莊?的創(chuàng)作，作家艾米莉在人物形象和意象等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng)并有所打破；她憑借超乎尋常的想象力，將現(xiàn)實(shí)與象征、恐懼、神秘等哥特手法完美地結(jié)合在一起，給陳舊的形式注入了劇烈情感和活力，到達(dá)哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一。筆者試圖從一個新的角度女性哥特來挖掘出?吼叫山莊?中尚未被挖掘出的一些新的意蘊(yùn)和內(nèi)涵。同時也希望通過展示魔鬼式人物和夢魘的超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫，使我們可以從女性哥特的角度解讀這部小說?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】?吼叫山莊?；女性哥特小說；魔鬼式人物；夢魘1.intrdutineilybrntisanen

5、glishanriterfsuperbtalentduringthevitrianage.sheisellknnfrhernlynvelutheringheights,astrangeandperfulbk,saidbyanytbethefinestnvelintheenglishlanguage.yetshrtlyafterthedeslateandshkingasterpieeesut,itisattakedandblaedtbefldedithrbidpsyhlgyandpaganis.“anynehdidreaditasrepulsedbythebrutalityandvileneft

6、heharaters1andbythefatthatitdifferedsuhfrtherantinvelsftheday.theydntantrealisaseilydepitsit,andtheydntantild,fiereantihereslikeheathliff-hisrelikeavillain-rillful,passinateherineslikeatherineearnsha.andthatisthereasnhysheiskeptaayfrtheainstreafthenineteenthenturyliterature,anddntreeiveherfairfaeunt

7、iltheingfthetentiethentury.btheilyandherrksareysteriusandunique.therearevariusapprahesappliedbytheritiststudyutheringheightsfrtheaspetsfthethee,theritingtehnique,lveandrevenge,andsn.hever,thereishardlyanyattepttresearhutheringheightsbybiningitsgthintextiththefeinistviepint.inviefthisblank,theauthris

8、tryingtrereadthisrkasafealegthinvelainlybasednthefllingthreefaets:firstly,inthehistryfenglishliteraturetheearlygthinvelsriginatedinthelatterhalfftheeighteenthentury.itaspprtunethatthehlestryhappened,develped,andendedintheperidfr1771t1802.atthattie,theenglishgthinvelsereathingnlikefirethrughuttheuntr

9、y.iththedevelpentfgthinvelspeplegraduallyfrgttheearlygthinvels.yetfrthebrntsistersjaneeyreandutheringheightseanstillfindthegthifeaturesevidently.sendly,sinetheindustrialrevlutininthesendhalfftheeighteenthentury,thelassstrutureandpeplesayflivinginenglishsietyhadundergneradialhanges.pepletheneretiredf

10、theldlivingdeandexpetedsethingnvelandpleasing,hihfredthesialbasisfrtheprdutinfgthinvels.finally,thereareuntlessulturaltiesbeteenutheringheightsanditsauthr.“strngerthanaan,siplerthanahild.2harlttebrntusestheserdstdesribeher.eilyisthetrulyfreespiritfthefaily,nehuldntliveaayfrherbelvedextensivethughdan

11、gerusandbleakrs-harth.herfatherisfirishstkandfausfrhisfluentspeehandiaginatin.heplaysaveryiprtantrleinshapingeilysharaterandgenius-“theteperaentftheirish-elanhly,passinate,prud,restless,elquent,andittyandtheethdistreligiusfervrandenthusiasshnbythefllersfjhnesley.3besides“envirnentalsplayeditspartinr

12、eatingtheuniquenessfeilybrnt.thevillagefharthasveryislatedandintenselyyrkshireandthepeplelivingthereereinstrngntrastttheeltiteperaent.theyereblunt,pratial,stubbrn,sparingfspeeh,vigrus,andharshtthepintfbrutality.4theprdutfthersexaltsthespiritfeilyandfillshersuliththelvefliberty.antherfatrthatinfluene

13、seilysharaterisherbrther,branell,thenetheilyhasalaysbeenlsest.branellsfallingpreytdrinkanddrugsalstakeseilysheartbrken.beausefhisdeath,eilyneverleavesthehuseagainandinsistsnkeepingupherregularrundfduties.afenthsafterbranellsdeath,eilydiesattheagefthirty.innlusin,eilybrnt“usedthestarkyrkshiresetting,

14、nttreatesuspenseandhrrr,asinthetypialgthinvel,butasanaturalpartfherstry.5nnehand,shearriesnthegthitraditininherreatinfthenvel.nthetherhand,heflling,theauthristryingtakeastudynutheringheightsfrt

15、heaspetsfthedevilishharatersandtheterrifyingnightares.2.frgthinveltfealegthinvelinstudyingutheringheightsfrtheaspetfafealegthinvel,nneanignrethedefinitinfthistergthi.tds,hever,neislikelytfallintthetrapfabiguity,frthereisndefiniteandprehensiveaytexpundit.astiegesby,thenntatinfthistergraduallyexpandsf

16、ritsriginaleaningintbradersense.“therdgthiriginallyreferredtthegths,anearlygeranitribe,thenaetsignifygerani,thenedieval.6andtheebersfthistribeinfaebeauseftheirvalianeandtruuleneduringthebattleithrans.althughafterarund7a.d.thegthsvanishesfrhistry,theyhadindiretlyaddedneeaningttherdgthithatisthenusedt

17、denteastylefarhiteturethatriginatesinfraneandflurishesduringtheedievalperid.theajrharateristisfgthibuildingsareebdiedby“theusefthehighpintedarhandvault,flyingbuttressesandintriatereesses,hihspreadthrughesterneurpebeteenthetelfthandsixteenthenturies.7asaresult,thegthiarhitetureisusuallydeeedtbeysteri

18、usandfrightening,representingtheinhuaneandthedarkages.tdaygthiiserrneuslynsideredrudeandbarbari.iththepassingftie,gthiisendedithanenntatin.arundtheearlyeighteenthentury,gthidevelpsintagenreinliteraryreal.inpartiular,“thetergthihasalsbeenextendedtatypeffitinhihlakstheextisettingftheearlierranes,butde

19、velpsabrdingatspherefglandterrr,representseventsthatareunannyraabrereldraatiallyvilent,andftendealsithaberrantpsyhlgialstates.8theattepttdefinegthiritingsusuallyfllstheethdnaedbyeugeniadelatteinnthlypublishedin1801.insuhkindfrks,“seriterssettheirstriesintheedievalperid;therssettheinaathliuntry,espei

20、allyitalyrspain.thelaleasftenaglyastlefurnishedithdungens,subterraneanpassages,andslidingpanels;thetypialstryfusednthesufferingsipsednaninnentghsts,ysteriusdisappearanes,andthersensatinalandsupernaturalurrenes.9thughthepltsandtheesfgthiritingsaredifferentspeifially,theyfusnthedepitinfaseriesfeirdand

21、siulativeeventssuhasurder,revenge,vilene,rapeandinest,thusendingthehlerkithanatspherefsuspense,ysteryandsenseffear.ithitsartifiialver-rnaentatin,itsunbridlediaginatin,itsntriusfaefseduingdegeneratinandrruptin,gthiritingsareseverelyritiizedandrejetedbyainstrealiterarygenres.“inthehistryfesternliterat

22、ure,thereareseasfshlsffitinhavingadestrngipats.flurishedduringtheendftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthentury,theenglishgthinvelisneftheshlsthatexertsatreendusinflueneandnsnsiderableuniqueness.10thetrendfbegettingraldegeneratinandetinalver-indulgenebringsgthinvelsanalternativenae“blaknvel11hihhasbeenke

23、epinggthinvelsnthebrderznefthedevelpenthistryftherldfitin.reeivinggeneraldisapprval,gthinvelsaretreatedithindiffereneandleftutintheldinbthesternandhineseliteraryritiisirles.peplehavebeeninlinedtpayattentintthenegativefaetfgthinvelshilefailtntietheirralinstrutinasthepsitiveside.althughingthinvelsthet

24、hikblakatspherespreadallvertheplae;andalthugh“theprinipalaifsuhnvelsastevkehillingterrrbyexplitingysteryandavarietyfhrrrs,12behindtheseeinglydeliberateblakandirratinalntenttherehidesinsidethesubstantialandprfundratinalntent.gthinvelsnevereaseprtrayingbatsbeteenthebrightandtheblak,thegdandthebeautifu

25、l.byadvatingandseekingtheessenefhuannatures,gthinvelsrightlyshkandaakenpeplebyitsuniquedesriptinfpliatedandeentriplts,theysteriusatsphereandthebldysenes.in1764,theenglishriterhraealpleinauguratesthegthinvelsithhistheastleftrant:agthistryinhisgthiastleunderthesettingfiddleages.thenvelisfldedithevil,v

26、ilene,andurderinldbld.anditbeesthefrerunnerftheenglishandesterngthinvels.setinedievalitaly,theastleftranttellsastryabutusurpatin,nspirayandrality.thestryendsiththegdprtedhiletheevilpunished.thenvelpavestheayfrthedevelpingfthegthinvels:thereareseretpassagesandysteriusabbey,thevillainususurperandthevi

27、rginalherine,theuprighther,thedisplayfsadistiandashistietinsandtheunbridledsexualityandsensuality.itexhibitsitsrebelliusandexessivequalities.theprtrayalfunaniatedharatersandbrashplts,theeerieandhrriblesettingsandsenery,thedepitinftheinstitutinfavalier,hever,brughtitlng-territiis.iththepubliatinfthea

28、stleftranttherealhistryftherdgthibeginsfreighteenthentury.anditainlyreferstthefllingthreeeanings:barbarus,edieval,andsupernatural.frthenn,alargenuberfgthinvelseutiththetheestikingttheexplratinfhuannatureandpassinsinfrsfindulgeneandirratinalexessarund1790s.exaplesfgthinvelsareilliabekfrdsvathek(1786)

29、,annradliffestheysteriesfudlph(1794),andatthegregryleisthenk(1796).thelattertrksarensideredtbethestutstandingandinfluentialrksangthelargenuberfthegthinvelsduringgthideade.annradliffeisnefthestfausfealenvelistshserkstuhupnthetypialgthitraditins.byinheritinganddevelpingajrfeaturesfherpredeessrs,sheatt

30、ahesuhiprtanetfealefiguresingthinvels,endingherrksithneharateristisandpreservingtheirdistintingredients.therefre,sheishighlypraisedfrtheinitiatryephasisnenandtheirsituatinsithingthintextbesideshergreatntributintgthitraditins.therearetypialgthifeatures,suhasruinedastlesandabbeys,islatedpassageaysandd

31、arkfrestsinhernvel,asellasseuniquefeatures,hihanntbefundinalegthinvels.tseextent,shestartsthetraditinfthes-alledfealegthi.fealegthi,thevariantfderngthi,firstesutfrellenersliteraryen.shedefinesfealegthias“therkthatenritershavedneintheliteraryde.13gettingflurishedinthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthe

32、ntury,fealegthinvelsusuallyfusnafealeprtagnisthishasedandtrentedbyvillainusgthifiguresithunfailiarsettingsandhrriblelandsapeasthebakgrund.“ngthinvelisithutitssufferingherine,hisbthsexualizedasanbjetfdesireandvitiizedbyaperfulaggressrhisalsaptentialrapist.thefirsttaskffeinistritiisastartiulatetheprbl

33、eftheabusefthefealeingthifitinandtexplretheaysinhihfealenvelistssubvertedrreinsribedtheulturalnrsffealesexualizatinandvitiizatin.14thefealegthiaistsializeandeduateitsfealereadersbyritiizingpatriarhaldininandservesasanexpressinffealeindependene.it“ntnlyarkstheintrdutinfgenderedperspetiveintgthistudie

34、s,butalspensupanespaefrfeinistliterarystudies.15inard,fealegthiisafrfliterature,hihexpressestheinnerseretresistane,fantasy,andterrrfthefeale.enareundertheppressinfenfralngtie,anditishightiethatenritersshuldsubvertaledinatedliterarydisurseandestablishtheirnritingtraditin.applyinggthigenreasaplatfr,th

35、efealegthiritersareinlinedtexpresstheirnunderstandingnensnditinsanduniateithreaders,espeiallythefeale.theprinentrepresentativesffealegthinvelsinludejaneaustinsnrthangerabbey(1818),aryshelleysfrankenstein(1817),andharlttebrntsjaneeyre.eilybrntseplyingffealegthi“shuldhaveanairfbeinginfetedbyhffanntisn

36、tsurprisinginantepraryfpes;eilyislikelythavereadhffannhenstudyinggeranatthebrusselssbardingshlandertainlyreadtheghastlysupernaturalstriesbyjaeshggandthersintheagazinesathe.16eily“grsupbyreadingaryshelley,hffann,andjaeshggsgthinvels.17ineilysutheringheightsthereanbefundhereandtheretheinfluenefthegthi

37、heflling,thisthesisillanalyzeutheringheightsfrfealegthiperspetives,basiallyfusingnitsdevilishharatersandterrifyingnightares.3.analysisntheebdientffealegthiinutheringheights3.1devilishharatersffealegthi3.1.1heathliff:aprinhuannstertenantr.lkdsipressinnheathliffingthinvels,theshapin

38、gftheharatersisanlyusedvehilefrgivingexpressintthegthiingredient.thisispartiularlytruefeilysutheringheights.henepenthisbk,eanseevariusterrifyingharaters.thefirstharateristheherheathliff.heseestbeaninhuannster.beingasnfthestr,hisbehavirisfldedithgthilr:ruel,iperius,andhestpstanythingtgethatheants.hat

39、sre,thelvebeteenatherineandhigesbeyndthenliitandisquiteabnralparedithlveintherrksfherage.theentireatinfthestrytakesplaeithinthethuses-utheringheightsandthrushrssgrangeandnthersliebeteen.theprinipalharater,heathliff,arundhalltheatinrevlves,eergesasstarklyasutheringheights.heaybethughtfasthepersnifiat

40、infthehuse.thereisananalgybeteenhisappearaneandhisharaterandthatftheheightsitself.henr.lkd,thetenantfthrushrssgrange,payshisvisittutheringheights,uriusabutthebrdingqualityandrubing,enaingappearaneftheheightsandtheinsriptinverthedr-thedate1500andthenaeharetnearnsha,r.lkduldliketaskhislandlrdabutthis,

41、butheathliffprvestbeunsiable,inhspitable,andbrusque.“thealkinasutteredithlsedteeth,andexpressedthesentient,gtthedeue:eventhegateverhihheleantanifestednsypathizingveentttherds;andithinkthatirustanedeterinedetaepttheinvitatin:ifeltinterestedinaanhseeedreexaggeratedlyreservedthanyself.18thisisthefirsta

42、ppearanethateilydisplayedtus.andthefirstipressinftheherheathliffaddsthelrfysteryandipliestthereadersthattheanisbundthavealngstry.bythebriefprtrayalftheher,shereatessuspensefrthehlestry,hihebdiesthegthitraditin.duringr.lkdsstayingattheheights,hefundadiary.theentryregardingthedegradinglifeheathliffasf

43、redtleadbyhindleythrsselightntheharaterfheathliffasr.lkdnfindshi.frthefirsttieesypathizeithheathliffinhisanguish,althughearestillignrantastitsause.heathliffhasbeenrevealedasaanapablefgreatetin,asellasruelty.thesenestillisintheheights.delaringthattherishaunted,r.lkddeidestspendtherestfthenightelseher

44、e.asheisabuttleavether,theddandhrriblethinghappens:“ibeyed,sfarastquitthehaber;henignrantherethenarrlbbiesled,istdstill,andasitness,invluntarily,tapieefsuperstitinnthepartfylandlrdhihbelied,ddly,hisapparentsense.hegtntthebedandrenhedpenthelattie,bursting,ashepulledatit,intanunntrllablepassinftears.e

45、in!ein!hesbbed.athy,de.h,d-nere!h!yheartsdarling!hearethistie,atherine,atlast!thespetershedaspetersrdinaryaprie:itgavensignfbeing;butthesnandindhirledildingthrugh,evenreahingystatin,andblingutthelight.19heathliffisalaredhenhehearsthatatherinehasappearedtr.lkd;bviusly,hebelievesthatherspirithauntsuth

46、eringheightsandistryingtethifrbeyndthegrave.thiseleentarusestheinterestandurisityfthereaderandebdiesgthilrastepfrard.razyrevengenhiseneiesiththebirthfhissnharetnandthedeathfhisifefraneshindleysfinaldisintegratineres.thisisnsistentiththeraleaknesshehasshnpreviusly.henentrateshisvennheathliff,h

47、hebrutalizesandinhhetrieststaputthefeelingfrthinessthatldr.earnshahadengendered.heathliff,inturn,delightsinseeinghiseneydestryhiself.itisnsistentithheathliffsnaturethatheenurageshiseneiestdestrytheselvesbytheirninnerflas.andreadersantiipatenflitsandtrubleinthefuture.frthispintfvie,hebehavesquiteruel

48、andrevengeful.tfulfillhisrevengenhindley,heturnslittleharetnintabruteithnlverrespetfrhisfather,andhehasendedhiseduatinjustashindleydidthi.henheathliffreappearsafteratherinesarriage,thinkingsheightshhiherehisevilaysareleadinghi,nellypaysavisitttheheights.seeinglittleharetnutsidethegates,sheidentifies

49、herselfandsaysshehasalledtseehisfather,hindley.haretndesntregnizeherashisfrernurseandgreetsherithahailfstnesandurses.nellyaskshihtaughthisuhthingsandheansers“devildaddy.20hesayshisfatheranntabidehibeausehesearsathi.hesaystheuratenlngerestteahhianditisheathliff,hhelves,hhastaughthitsear.furtherre,hei

50、sdeterinedtbrutalizeharetnashiselfasbrutalized.thisisevidentedbytheinidentfharetnshangingthepuppies.sfar,heathliffhassueededinrevenginghindleysinsultnthenextgeneratin.hisrueltyiseasytfeel.hatsre,hisattitudetardsisabellaisntnlyveryruelbutalsveryiperius.edgarishiseney,t.nehedelaresheill“rushhisribsinl

51、ikeartten-hazel-nut.21beausefhishatredfredgar,hetakesadvantagefedgarssister,isabella.henhefindsisabellahasfalleninlveithhi,heenurageshertrunffithhieventhughhedesntlveheratall.hedessnlyfrthelintnprpertyandtherevengenedgar.butafterherarriagethi,shereeivesnlverpityfrhi,butindiffereneanddistain.thedespe

52、ratelyunhappyisabellasendsalettertnellysaying“isr.heathliffaan?ifs,ishead?andifnt,isheadevil?22eilybrntusesisabellaslettertletusknabutthestatefaffairsatutheringheightsandabutheathliffsabusivetreatentfisabella.henshedefendsherbrther,heathliffretrtsthatshelkslikeaslut.hehintsthatsheislsingherindandsay

53、sheillntletherutsidethehusefrfearsheulddisgraehi.hehasbeereandreiperiusther.“yurentfittbeyurnguardian,isabella,n;andi,beingyurlegalprtetr,ustretainyuinyustdy,hever,distastefulthebligatinaybe.gupstairs,ihavesethingtsaytellendeaninprivate.thatsnttheay:upstairs,itellyu!hy,thisistheradupstairs,hild!23he

54、revealshhehashuiliatedherandthatsheranffithhievenafterhehangedherlittledg.hedelaresisabellaillneverleavehi,evenifheeretsetherfree.isabelladeniesthisandsaysheathliffuldneverallhertleave.hernlyishistseehidie.heathliffsayssheisravingandpushesherutfther.afteratherinesdeath,inheathliffspresene,isabellare

55、indedhindleythatheathliffasrespnsiblefralltheiriseries,andthatbutfrhi,atherineuldstillbealive.asshespkeslightlyfatherine,heathliffthreadinnerknifeather,hihleavesaundunderherear.sheuldnlngertakehiasahuanbeing.heathliffsueedsintheajrpartfhisplanfrvengeane:heisinpssessinftheheightsandharetn,frerlybelng

56、ingthiseney,hindley.neagainplayingntheeaknessfhiseney,heathliffappealstthepityandsensitivityhesensesinathy,atherinesdaughter,andringsherheartabutlintnsdeteriratingnditin.hestpstanythingtgethatheants.akingusefathyslyaltythereaklingusinlintn,heathliffssn,hebaitsthetrapfrherarryingthissnsastastertheprp

57、ertyfthrushrssgrange.heathliffisarealnster.hedisnshissnandtrtureshiindefianefhisprhealth.thaveathyarriedtlintnasquiklyaspssible,healaysfindallsrtsfexusestleavethehuseleavingtheyunguplestayalnesastreateretietlivetgether.eventually,athygetsdubtedabuttheeetingshilelintninsistsnttellingherthereasn.henat

58、hydeidestleave,lintnstpsherandbegshertsavehi.“butleavee,andishallbekilled.24hehintssheandthisbynsentingtsething,hat,heillntreveal.hedaresntbeausehedreadshisfather.thevillainyfheathliff,ulinatingintheillegalatfkidnappingathyandnelly,uldbesheereldraa,ifiterentfrthegeniusfeilybrntinreatinghllynsistenth

59、araters.ebelieveheathliffuldatinthisanner.hehasreahedapintfrisis.evenhenedgarisdying,heathliffrefusestletathygbakhetseehifrthelasttie.tgethisprperty,hebribesthelayerandsueedsputtingtheprpertyinthisnpiket.feinizedfealegthiheralthughtheherheathliffisdepitedtbeatypialdevilishharateringthinvel,he

60、isntthesaeasthseintraditinalnes.hisnatureissftenedbyhisendlesslvetatherineandhisgivinginatlast.heathliffesbaktavengehiselfnhindleyandthenkillshiselfafterthreeyearsdisappearane.hever,havingseenheragain,heknsheandnthingthurtatherineandisabandninghisvfrevenge.enuntsatherinehebeesfullftenderness.inparti