1、法律英語的文體特點(diǎn)法律英語語法律英語語是指普普通法國國家以普普通英語語為基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)，在立立法和司司法過程程中逐漸漸形成的的、具有有規(guī)約性性的語言言變體。它包括括規(guī)范性性法律文文件用語語以及法法律工作作者在執(zhí)執(zhí)法過程程中使用用的一整整套規(guī)范范化的法法律公務(wù)務(wù)用語。法律英語語的文體體特點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確性accuracy嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性conscientiousness莊重性decency不宜使用用修辭手手法和文文學(xué)筆調(diào)調(diào)inappropriate to userhetorical devicesand literary tone詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)選詞莊重重、正式式chooseofwordssolemn,formal古語、借借詞較

2、多多archaismsand loanwordsaremore術(shù)語繁多多many terms近義詞成成對(duì)使用用synonymsinpairs情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詞使用頻頻率高modalverbsofhigh frequency指代明確確referspecifically名詞性短短語居多多mostlynounphrases選詞莊重重、正式式This Lawisenactedforthe purposeofprotectingthelegitimaterightsand interestsofthepartiestocontracts,maintainingthesocio-economicorderandp

3、romotingthesocialist modernization.enact-make,maintain-keep,promote-speed up為了保護(hù)護(hù)合同當(dāng)當(dāng)事人的的合法權(quán)權(quán)益，維維護(hù)社會(huì)會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩秩序，促促進(jìn)社會(huì)會(huì)主義現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化建建設(shè)，制制定本法法。詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)古語、借借詞較多多古語hereby-bythismeansherein-inthishereof-oforconcerningthishereto-tothishereinafter-afterthisthereafter-after that, accordinglywhereby-through, by that借詞拉丁語：

4、inpersonam對(duì)人的，屬人的的，inrem對(duì)物的法語：bar律師界,suit案件,plaintiff原告,indictment起訴，jury陪審團(tuán)詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)術(shù)語繁多多plaintiff原告defendant被告appellant上訴方appellee被上訴方方prosecutor公訴人opinion判決書jury陪審團(tuán)詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)近義詞成成對(duì)使用用rightsand interests權(quán)益termsandconditions條款completeandfinalunderstanding全部和最最終的理理解customs feesand duties關(guān)稅loss of anddamageto

5、滅失和損損壞null andvoid無效sign andissue簽發(fā)furnish andprovide提供rulesandregulations規(guī)章last willand testament遺囑asandwhen當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候上述成對(duì)對(duì)近義詞詞以作為為習(xí)慣用用語使用用，這些些詞組都都表示固固定的意意義，用用于寫作作和翻譯譯時(shí)不能能隨便拆拆開。詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詞使用頻頻率高應(yīng)當(dāng)shall,must,shall比must語氣強(qiáng)ThepresentChartershallberatifiedbythesignatory statesinaccordance withtheirrespectivec

6、onstitutionalprocesses.本憲章的的批準(zhǔn)應(yīng)應(yīng)當(dāng)按照照簽署國國各自憲憲法程序序進(jìn)行。Theinsurance mustbeissued irrespectiveofpercentage.保險(xiǎn)不得得按百分分比支付付。不得，禁禁止shall not,may not，前者語語氣強(qiáng)于于后者Theprovisionsofthis Articleshallnotapplytotheoperation of aircraft in thetransit,butshallapplytothe airtransit of goods.本條款不不適用于于過境營營運(yùn)的飛飛機(jī)的規(guī)規(guī)定，但但應(yīng)適用用于

7、過境境的航空空貨物。Asa generalrule,atreatymaynotimposeobligationsorconfer rightsonthirdparties withouttheirconsent.作為一般般規(guī)則，條約不不得在未未經(jīng)第三三方同意意的情況況下，為為其設(shè)定定義務(wù)或或授予權(quán)權(quán)利?？梢詍ayInordertooffsetorpreventdumping,a contracting partymaylevy on anydumpedproductananti-dumpingdutynotgreaterinamountthanthemargin of dumpinginres

8、pectofsuch product.為了抵消消或防止止傾銷，一締約約國對(duì)傾傾銷產(chǎn)品品征收的的反傾銷銷稅的幅幅度不能能比的上上述傾銷銷產(chǎn)品的的利潤高高。詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)指代明確確由于人稱稱代詞常常表示作作者的主主觀性并并且容易易造成混混淆，為為了確切切說明“誰”、“什么么”的概概念，法法律英語語中往往往寧可重重復(fù)使用用名詞也也不用代代詞。Theseller shall notbeheld responsible foranydelayindeliveryornon-delivery of thegoodsduetoForceMajeure.However,the sellershalladviset

9、he buyer immediately of suchoccurrenceandwithin fourteen daysthereafter,shallsendbyairmail to thebuyera certificate issuedbythecompetent governmentauthoritiesofthe place where theaccidenthasoccurredasevidencethereof.Undersuchcircumstances theseller, however, is still under theobligation to takeall n

10、ecessarymeasurestohastenthe delivery of thegoods.Incasetheaccidentlastsfor morethan10weeks,the buyer shall havethe right to cancelthis contract.由于不可可抗力而而賣方交交貨延遲遲或不能能交貨時(shí)時(shí)，責(zé)任任不在賣賣方。但但賣方應(yīng)應(yīng)立即將將情況電電告買方方，并于于事故發(fā)發(fā)生后14日內(nèi)將事事故發(fā)生生地政府府主管機(jī)機(jī)關(guān)簽發(fā)發(fā)的事故故證明書書用空郵郵快件寄寄交買方方為證，并取得得買方認(rèn)認(rèn)可。在在上述情情況下，賣方仍仍有義務(wù)務(wù)采取一一切必要要措施從從速交貨貨的責(zé)任任

11、。如果果事故持持續(xù)超過過十個(gè)星星期，買買方有權(quán)權(quán)撤銷本本合同。該合同條條款中沒沒有使用用一個(gè)指指示代詞詞或不定定代詞，而是重重復(fù)所指指的名詞詞。法律英語語中常用用thesaid或thesame加上一個(gè)個(gè)名詞來來指代前前面提到到的名詞詞，可譯譯為“上上述的”，“該該”。Ifanydisagreement arises,thesaidtreatyshallbeapplied.如有爭議議，可適適用該條條約。Noonemay engageinsecurities business withoutout approval ofthesameauthority.未經(jīng)國務(wù)務(wù)院證券券監(jiān)督管管理機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)，不得

12、經(jīng)經(jīng)營證券券業(yè)務(wù)。it在法律英英語中除除用作形形式主語語，形式式賓語外外，一般般少用。Wehave deemeditmore expeditious to havethe partiesinadvanceofthetrail.我們認(rèn)為為在審判判之前讓讓雙方交交換各自自要求的的書面文文件。詞匯特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)名詞性短短語居多多用名詞主主語或賓賓語的中中心詞，便于使使用豐富富的限定定和修飾飾成分，相比之之下，動(dòng)動(dòng)詞詞組組無論在在使用數(shù)數(shù)量和結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)復(fù)雜性程程度上都都不及名名詞詞組組。在法法律英語語中，名名詞和名名詞性詞詞組的頻頻繁使用用滿足了了法律英英語的嚴(yán)嚴(yán)密性要要求Nothingcontainedin

13、the presentChartershallauthorizethe UnitedNations to interveneinmatterswhichareessentiallywithin thedomesticjurisdictionofanystateorshallrequiretheMemberstosubmitsuchmatters to settlementunderthe presentCharter;but thisprinciple shall notprejudicethe application of enforcement measures under Chapter

14、VII.本憲章不不得認(rèn)為為授權(quán)聯(lián)聯(lián)合國干干涉在本本質(zhì)上屬屬于任何何國家國國內(nèi)管轄轄之事件件，且并并不要求求會(huì)員國國將該項(xiàng)項(xiàng)事件依依本憲章章提請(qǐng)解解決；但但此項(xiàng)原原則不妨妨礙第七七章內(nèi)執(zhí)執(zhí)行辦法法之適用用。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)完整整structural integrity陳述句為為基本句句式declarativesentenceasthebasicsentencepatterns長句較多多l(xiāng)ong sentencesaremore使用被動(dòng)動(dòng)句theuse of passivesentences使用列條條法和平平行結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)theuse ofenumerativeapproachandparallelstr

15、ucture使用插入入語theuse of parenthesis結(jié)構(gòu)完整整“Invention” in thePatentLaw means anynewtechnical solution relating to aproduct,aprocess or an improvement thereof. “Utility Model”inthePatent Lawmeansanynew technicalsolutionrelatingtotheshape, thestructure, or their combination,ofa product, which is fitforprac

16、tical use.“Design”inthe PatentLawmeansany newdesignofthe shape,pattern,color,ortheircombination, of aproduct,whichcreatesanaestheticfeelingandisfit forindustrial application.專利法所所稱發(fā)明明，是指指對(duì)產(chǎn)品品、方法法或者其其改進(jìn)所所提出的的新的技技術(shù)方案案。專利利法所稱稱實(shí)用新新型，是是指對(duì)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的形形狀、構(gòu)構(gòu)造或者者其結(jié)合合所提出出的適于于實(shí)用的的新的技技術(shù)方案案。專專利法所所稱外觀觀設(shè)計(jì)，是指對(duì)對(duì)產(chǎn)品的的形狀、圖案或或

17、者其結(jié)結(jié)合以及及色彩與與形狀、圖案的的結(jié)合所所作出的的富有美美感并適適于工業(yè)業(yè)應(yīng)用的的新設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)陳述句為為基本句句式TheArbitrationCommissionhasone honorary Chairman andseveral advisers.仲裁委員員會(huì)有一一個(gè)名譽(yù)譽(yù)主席和和幾個(gè)顧顧問。AllMembersshallgive theUnitedNationseveryassistance in anyactionittakesinaccordancewith thepresent Charter, andshallrefrain fromgiveassistance to

18、 anystateagainst which theUnitedNationsistakingpreventiveorenforcementaction.各會(huì)員國國對(duì)于聯(lián)聯(lián)合國依依本憲章章規(guī)定而而采取之之行動(dòng)，應(yīng)盡力力予以協(xié)協(xié)助，聯(lián)聯(lián)合國對(duì)對(duì)于任何何國家正正在采取取防止或或執(zhí)行行行動(dòng)時(shí)，各會(huì)員員國對(duì)該該國不得得給予協(xié)協(xié)助。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)長句較多多Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthe carrierorthe shipfromliabilityfor lossordamage to or in connectio

19、nwithgoodsarising fromnegligence,faultorfailureintheduties andobligationsprovidedinthis Articleorlessening suchliability otherwisethan as provided in these Rules,shallbenull andvoid andofnoeffect.運(yùn)輸合同同中的任任何條款款、約定定或協(xié)議議，凡是是解除承承運(yùn)人或或船舶對(duì)對(duì)由于疏疏忽、過過失或未未履行本本條規(guī)定定的責(zé)任任和義務(wù)務(wù)，因而而引起貨貨物或關(guān)關(guān)于貨物物的滅失失或損害害的責(zé)任任的，或或以下同同于本公

20、公約的規(guī)規(guī)定減輕輕這種責(zé)責(zé)任的，則一律律無效。Afterthegoodsare loadedthebillofladingtobeissued by thecarrier,masteroragentofthe carrier, to theshipper shall,iftheshippersodemands,bea shippedbill of lading,providedthatiftheshippershallhave previouslytakenupany document of title to suchgoods, he shall surrenderthesameasagai

21、nst theissueoftheshipped billoflading,butatthe optionofthecarriersuch document of title maybenotedattheportofshipmentbythecarrier,master,oragentwith thename or names of theship or ships uponwhichthe goods havebeenshipped andthedateordatesofshipment,and whensonotedthe sameshallfor thepurpose of thisA

22、rticlebedeemedtoconstitutea shippedbill of lading.貨物裝船船后，如如果托運(yùn)運(yùn)人要求求，簽發(fā)發(fā)“已裝裝船”提提單，承承運(yùn)人、船長或或承運(yùn)人人的代理理人簽發(fā)發(fā)給托運(yùn)運(yùn)人的提提單，應(yīng)應(yīng)為“已已裝船”提單，如果托托運(yùn)人事事先已取取得這種種貨物的的物權(quán)單單據(jù)，應(yīng)應(yīng)交還這這種單據(jù)據(jù)，換取取“已裝裝船”提提單。但但是，也也可以根根據(jù)承運(yùn)運(yùn)人的決決定，在在裝貨港港由承運(yùn)運(yùn)人、船船長或其其代理人人在上述述物權(quán)單單據(jù)上注注明裝貨貨船名和和裝船日日期。經(jīng)經(jīng)過這樣樣注明的的上述單單據(jù)，如如果載有有本章所所指項(xiàng)目目，即應(yīng)應(yīng)成為本本條所指指的“已已裝船”提單。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)使

23、用被動(dòng)動(dòng)句Theprisonerwas sentencedtothreeyearsimprisonment.這個(gè)囚犯犯被判三三年徒刑刑。TheseRulesareformulatedinaccordance withthe Arbitration LawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaand theprovisions of therelevantlaws and根據(jù)中華人民民共和國國仲裁法法和有關(guān)的的法律以以及,制定本規(guī)規(guī)則。Civilactions generallyarebroughtforbreach of acontract, or fora wrong or

24、tort.民事訴訟訟通常是是由違約約、錯(cuò)誤誤行為或或侵權(quán)引引起的。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)使用列條條法和平平行結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)Negotiationsshallbeconducted on abasiswhichaffordsadequateopportunitytotake intoaccount:(a)the needs of individualcontractingpartiesandindividualindustries;(b)the needs of less-developed countriesforamoreflexibleuse of tariffprotection to assistthei

25、reconomicdevelopmentandthe specialneedsofthesecountries to maintain tariffsfor revenuepurposes; and(c)all other relevant circumstances, includingthefiscal,developmental,strategicand other needs of thecontractingparties concerned.談判應(yīng)在在提供考考慮下列列內(nèi)容的的充分機(jī)機(jī)會(huì)基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行行：(1)各締約方方和各產(chǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)的需需要；(2)欠發(fā)達(dá)國國家為幫幫助其經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展展而更靈

26、靈活地使使用關(guān)稅稅保護(hù)的的需要，及這些些國家為為財(cái)政收收入目的的而維持持關(guān)稅的的特殊需需要；以以及(3)所有其他他有關(guān)情情況，包包括有關(guān)關(guān)締約方方的財(cái)政政、發(fā)展展、戰(zhàn)略略和其他他需要。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)使用插入入語Theseller must, subjecttothe provisionsofB5, bearall risks of lossofordamage to thegoodsuntilsuch timeastheyhave beendelivered in accordancewithA4.除B5規(guī)定者外外，賣方方必須承承當(dāng)貨物物滅失或或損壞的的一切風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，直直至已經(jīng)經(jīng)按照A4規(guī)定交貨貨為

27、止。句子特點(diǎn)點(diǎn)現(xiàn)代法律律英語發(fā)發(fā)展規(guī)律律傳統(tǒng)的書書面法律律語言通通常注重重莊重性性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)謹(jǐn)性的特特點(diǎn)，但但在簡明明英語運(yùn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的影影響下現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代法律律語言卻卻越來越越崇尚語語言的平平易性、簡約性性，力求求用不多多的筆墨墨言簡意意賅地表表述內(nèi)容容，使各各種條令令、法規(guī)規(guī)能夠準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確地得得到理解解和執(zhí)行行。力求求簡單、直白是是現(xiàn)代法法律英語語總的發(fā)發(fā)展趨勢勢。19條“金科科玉律”金科玉律律1Useanaverageof25wordspersentence.每個(gè)句子子的平均均用詞最最好為25個(gè)左右。金科玉律律2Avoidputting toomany messages in asingle sentenc

28、e.一個(gè)句子子中不要要試圖包包含太多多信息。金科玉律律3Putmoreofyour messages at thesubject-predicateposition.使最重要要的信息息在句子子的主語語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)。金科玉律律4Forvarietyoremphasis,invert yoursentences.適當(dāng)使用用倒裝句句，以突突出強(qiáng)調(diào)調(diào)，或使使句式有有所變化化。金科玉律律5Usethe artofsubordination to smoothoutchoppiness.使用從屬屬結(jié)構(gòu)合合并句子子，以免免句子過過于瑣碎碎。金科玉律律6Avoiddisrupting yoursente

29、nces withthought-stoppinggaps.在句子中中間盡量量不要插插入使思思想中斷斷的短語語，以保保持意義義的連貫貫。金科玉律律7Watchoutfor therule of parallel construction.適當(dāng)、正正確地使使用平行行結(jié)構(gòu)金科玉律律8Tabulateparticular complexinformation.對(duì)特別復(fù)復(fù)雜的信信息須進(jìn)進(jìn)行列舉舉說明。金科玉律律9Hammerhomeyour point withthe powerful,versatileverb.使用生動(dòng)動(dòng)有力、內(nèi)涵豐豐富的動(dòng)動(dòng)詞，以以便把意意思表達(dá)達(dá)明白。金科玉律律10Usethe verbtobeonly whenyou meanit.盡量少用用動(dòng)詞“tobe”結(jié)構(gòu)，除除非非用用不可。金科玉律律11Getrid of compound prepositions.盡可能不不用復(fù)合合介詞。復(fù)合介詞詞由兩個(gè)個(gè)或兩個(gè)個(gè)以上單單詞組成成，例如如：accordingto，because of，aheadof，infrontof，onaccount of等等。注注意：不管復(fù)復(fù)合介詞詞由幾個(gè)個(gè)單詞組組成，但但末尾一一個(gè)單詞詞必須是是介詞。金科玉律律12Cutadjective,adverb, andnoun clausestootherstructur