GrammarReviewofthepassivevoiceWhowrotethisbook?=Thisbook__________byMarkTwain.waswrittenMarkTwainwrotethisbook.Whatisthemandoing?Heisfeeding2dogs.=2dogs___________byhim.arebeingfedWhenshallweusethepassivevoice?1.Usethepassivevoicewhenyouwanttoemphasizethereceiver,ratherthanthedoerofanaction.e.g.Williamwateredtheflowers.Theflowerswerewatered.2.Usethepassivevoicewhenyoudonotknowthedoerofanaction.e.g.Thesebooksarewrittenforteenagers.3.Usethepassivevoicewhenyouwanttobepolite,orwhenyoudonotwanttoidentifythedoerofanaction.e.g.Youarewarmlyinvitedtoaparty.Putthefollowingsentencesintopassivevoice1.Inthelate1970sstudentsrevivedthetradition.2.Today,peopleinVenicecelebratecarnivalforfivedaysinFebruary.3.Thegovernmentwillbuildmoreroadstosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.Inthelate1970sthetraditionwasrevivedbythestudents.Today,carnivaliscelebratedinVeniceforfivedaysinFebruary.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：am/is/are+過去分詞一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：was/were+過去分詞一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：willbe+過去分詞Moreroadswillbebuilttosolvetheproblemoftrafficjamsbythegovernment.4.Waitamoment.Mymotheriscookinglunch.5.Peoplewerehuntingthewolfeverywherelastyear.Waitamoment.Lunchisbeingcookedbymymother.Thewolfwasbeinghuntedeverywherelastyear.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：am/is/are+being+過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：was/were+being+過去分詞6.Peoplehavedonealottoprotecttheenvironment.7.Theyhadputoutthefirebeforethefirefightersarrived.Alothasbeendonetoprotecttheenvironment.Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefirefightersarrived.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：has/have+been+過去分詞過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：had+been+過去分詞被動語態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)1.謂語動詞被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成(be的各種時(shí)態(tài)+過去分詞)時(shí)態(tài)被動語態(tài)形式(以do為例)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedonehave/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendoneam/is/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone2.語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)需注意的問題：1)含有雙賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)有兩種變化：

①把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，直接賓語不變。②把直接賓語(指物)變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，這時(shí)，間接賓語要用介詞to/for等引出。Heshowedmehispictures.Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.Myauntmademeanewdress.Iwasmadeanewdressbymyaunt.Anewdresswasmadeformebymyaunt.2)含有復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ))的主動句變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)，賓補(bǔ)一般不變。但在感官動詞和使讓動詞后面，如果賓補(bǔ)為不定式，變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)，不定式要帶to。TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.Ourparentsoftenmakeusstudyhard.Weareoftenmadetostudyhardbyourparents.3)由“動詞+prep./adv.”構(gòu)成的短語動詞變被動時(shí)要看成一個(gè)整體，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。

Heworkedouttheprobleminfiveminutes.Theproblemwasworkedoutinfiveminutes.

Motherislookingafterthebaby.

ThebabyisbeinglookedafterbyMother.4)由”動詞+名詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動詞變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)有兩種變化：可以把動詞后的名詞或介詞后的名詞變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z。如：Thenursestakegoodcareofthewounded.Thewoundedaretakengoodcareofbythenurses.Goodcareistakenofthewoundedbythenurses.Wemustmakefulluseofourtimetostudy.Ourtimemustbemadefulluseoftostudy.Fullusemustbemadeofourtimetostudy.3.確定謂語動詞的主被動時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題：

1)不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：happen,takeplace,occur,breakout,runout(用完),fall,appear,disappear,remain,exist,etc.2)感官系動詞taste,smell,look,feel,sound,seem等常用主動形式表示被動含義。3)當(dāng)動詞open,close,shut,read,write,wash,clean,lock,sell,wear,cut,cook等用作不及物動詞，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征或狀態(tài)時(shí)，常用主動表被動,這時(shí)，它們常和badly,hardly,easily,well,smoothly,long等副詞連用。4.有些動詞看似及物動詞，但賓語并非動作的承受者，因此也不用被動語態(tài)，如:belongto,suit,fit(適合),have,let,join,last(持續(xù)),cost(花費(fèi)),hold(容納)，lack(缺乏)，agreewith(同意),consistof(由組成),mean(意味著),contain等。e.g.Thedoordoesn’topeneasily.Bikesofthatkindhardlysell.Yourhandsfeelcold.Thathousebelongstomymother.Theroomcancontain100students.Twostudentsremainedafterclass.Ourclassconsistsof60students.Mymoneyisrunningout.4.非謂語動詞主動表被動的情況：1)need,want,require等動詞以及形容詞worth后面,

常跟動詞-ing形式,用主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。如:

Thisdictionaryiswellworthbuying.Thebabyrequireslookingaftercarefully.2)easy,difficult,hard,heavy,fit,comfortable等形容詞后面跟動詞不定式,用主動形式表被動意義,

并且該不定式與句子的主語或賓語須具備邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。如:

Ifoundhimdifficulttogetonwith.Thechairiscomfortabletositin.Thewaterisfittodrink.Theboxisheavytocarry.3)不定式作定語,其邏輯主語是句子的主語、間接賓語或說話人時(shí),用動詞不定式的主動形式表被動意義。如:

Shehasanoldgrandfathertolookafter.Pleasegivemeapentowritewith4)“主語＋系動詞＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)也是主動形式表被動意義,主要用于“sth.＋betolet/rent(出租)”

或“sb.＋be＋toblame(受責(zé)備)”結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:

It’snotmyfault.Sheistoblame.Thehouseistolet.5.記住下面固定短語和句型：

1)be/getmarriedtobefacedwithbelocatedin/on...beconnectedwith/tobedressedinbecoveredwithberelatedtobecrowdedwithbelostinbeseatedin/at...beengagedto2)Itishopedthat…希望……Itissupposedthat…據(jù)推測說……Itmustbepointedoutthat…必須指出…Itwillbeseenthat…由此可以看出……Itissaid/reportedthat…據(jù)說/據(jù)報(bào)道……Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知……Itisbelievedthat…有人相信……Itisthoughtthat…人們認(rèn)為……

LET’SDOSOMEEXERCISES!Rewritethesentencesinactivity4.1-6onpage357.Wewillteachthissongontheradio.8.Theyhavereturnedthebookstolibrary.9.Theyhadfinishedtheworkbeforetheywenthome.10.Theyareplantingtreesatthismoment.11.Theywerecleaningthewindowsatthattime.Veniceisvisitedbytouristsfromallovertheworld.Manyofthecarnivalmasksaremadebytrainedartists.Partiesweregivenbyrichpeopleeverydayforamonth.CarnivalwastakentoSouthAmericabythePortugueseandtheSpanish.TheNottingHillCarnivalwascreatedbytheWestIndiancommunityinLondon.6.Carnivalisenjoyedbymillionsofpeopletoday.7.Thissongwillbetaughton