Unit1Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.Incyberspace,we'llbeabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned--intellectualpropertycontentandaccesscontrol,Rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswhoqualifyononebasisoranother.Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosper(andperhapsgrowandsplitintosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities).Thosethatcan'tsurvive-eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff--willsimplywitheraway.譯：一種真正的市場型管理模式很快成為可能。在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗并完善所需要的管理制度----知識產(chǎn)權制度、服務內(nèi)容與使用權的控制制度、個人隱私權與自由言論制度等。有些群體允許任何人加入，而有些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。能夠自持的群體會興旺發(fā)展（或許也會因為志趣與身份日趨特殊，而發(fā)展成為幾個分支）。有些群體或因為成員失去興趣，或因為成員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來，他們將漸漸萎縮消亡。Unit2Oncetheproblemisunderstood,improvementcomesnaturally.Womenwhofeelabandonedanddeprivedwhentheirhusbandswon'tlistentoorreportdailynewsmaybehappytodiscovertheirhusbandstryingtoadaptoncetheyunderstandtheplaceofsmalltalkinwomen'srelation-ships.Butiftheirhusbandsdon'tadapt,thewomenmaystillbecomfortedthatformen,thisisnotafailureofintimacy.Acceptingthedifference,thewivesmaylooktotheirfriendsorfamilyforthatkindoftalk.Andhusbandswhocan'tprovideitshouldn'tfeeltheirwiveshavemadeunreasonabledemands.Somecoupleswillstilldecidetodivorce,butatleasttheirdecisionswillbebasedonrealisticexpectations.譯：一旦問題得到理解，情況自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不傾聽或不談論每天發(fā)生的事情而感到被遺棄、感到喪失生活樂趣的女性會高興的發(fā)現(xiàn)，她們的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的談話在女性關系中的地位后，正努力地在適應。如果丈夫不適應，妻子仍然能夠得到安慰，因為她知道，對男人來說，這不是不親密的表現(xiàn)。當妻子接受了男女存在區(qū)別這一事實后，便會去找自己的朋友或家人說一說話。那些不能夠給予妻子談話快樂的丈夫，也不應該覺得妻子提出了無理要求。仍然會有一些夫妻決定離婚，但起碼他們的決定是建立在比較現(xiàn)實的期望基礎上的。Unit4Theflowofnoveltiesinvocabulary,inidiom,eveninpronunciation,isnowoverwhelminglyeastward.WeseldomborrowanEnglishwordorphraseanymore,thoughweusedtoborrowmany;buttheEnglishtakeinourinventionsalmostasfastaswecanlaunchthem.TheAmericanmovie,Isuppose,islargelyresponsibleforthischange,butthereareunquestionablydeepercausestoo.Englishisstillabittight,abitstiff,morethanalittleartificial.ButAmericanhasgoneondevelopingwithalmostElizabethanprodigality.Alltheprocessesofword-forma-tionthatwereinoperationinShakespeare'sEnglandarestilloperationhere,andtheyproduceasteadystreamofneologismsthathewouldhaverelishedasjoyfullyasherelishedthenoveltiesactuallyproducedinhistime.譯：新詞匯、新習語、甚至新發(fā)音都以無法抗拒的勢力源源不斷傳入東方。從前我們常常借用很多英語詞或短語，但現(xiàn)在很少這樣做。但英語卻吸納我們創(chuàng)造的詞，我們創(chuàng)造有多快，其吸納的速度幾乎就有多快。我認為，美國電影固然對這一變化起了很大作用，但毫無疑問，還有更深刻的原因。英語依然有點太嚴格、有點僵硬，且過于矯揉造作。而美語的發(fā)展卻像伊麗莎白時代一樣繁榮。所有那些在英國莎士比亞時代應用的構詞方法，現(xiàn)在依然在美國應用著，新詞源源不斷產(chǎn)生。如果莎翁健在，這些新詞一定會使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的時代產(chǎn)生的新詞使他欣喜若狂一樣。Unit7Onthesamedaymycarbrokedown(again),myrefrigeratorconkedoutandIlearnedthatIneededrootcanalworkinmyrightreartooth.就在這同一天，我的車又壞了，電冰箱不制冷了；而且我還得知我的右后臼齒牙根管需要鑲補。Ifweweresuddenlytoseethepaintjumpbackonanoldbuilding,wewouldknowthatsomethingwaswrong.Ifwesawaneggunscrambleitselfandjumpbackintoitsshell,wewouldlaughinthesamewaywelaughatamovierunbackward.如果我們突然看到油漆又躍回舊樓房的墻面，我們準會感到有問題。如果我們看到一個雞蛋自己拼湊在一起又跳回蛋殼，我們準會開懷大笑，就像看一組倒放的電影鏡頭那樣。Itiseasytoseeentropyinmarriages,whenthepartnersaretoopreoccupiedtopatchsmallthingsup,almostguaranteeingthattheywillfallapart.婚姻中很容易出現(xiàn)熵，當伴侶們過于忙于自己的事而忽視了彌補小小裂痕時，幾乎可以肯定他們的婚姻要破裂。4.Thechancesthatitwillwanderawayfrommyrefrigeratorarealso50-50.Buttakebillionsofwarmandcoldmoleculesmixedtogether,andthechancesthatallthecoldoneswillwandertowardtherefrigeratorandallthewarmoneswillwanderawayfromitarevirtuallynil.它朝背離冰箱方向運動的概率也是50％。但是如果數(shù)十億個冷熱空氣分子混合在一起，那么所有冷空氣分子朝冰箱方向運動，同時所有熱空氣分子背離冰箱運動的概率實際上是零。5.Iftherewereonlyadozenorsoairmoleculesinmykitchen,itwouldbelikely—ifIwaitedayearorso—thatatsomepointthesixcoldestoneswouldcongregateinsidethefreezer.Butthemorefactorsintheequation—themoreplayersinthegame—thelesslikelyitisthattheirpathswillcoincideinanorderlyway.如果在廚房里只有十幾個的空氣分子，那么我等上一年左右，或許在某個時刻6個最冷的分子會聚集在冰箱里。但是，這一等式中的變量越多、參加這一游戲的角色越多，那么他們的路徑井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。Unit81.Thefirstwaveinvolvedtangibleproducts-"hardware",asopposedtothecomputerprogramsthatconstitutesoftware.Inthe1960sand1970scompaniesintheSantaClaraValley,betweenSanJoseandSanFrancisco,producedsiliconmemorychipsforcomputers-thusthenameSiliconValley.譯：第一次浪潮涉及有形產(chǎn)品——硬件，它與構成軟件的計算機程序相對而言。本世紀六七十年代，圣何塞和舊金山地帶的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司為計算"2.Thesecondwaveofwealthcreationinvolvedsoftware-"application"softwarethatpeopleuseforworkorrecreation,likeword-processingprogramsorcomputergames,and"systems"softwareusedtorunbusinessesor,veryoften,computernetworksthemselves.譯：財富形成的第二次浪潮涉及軟件——包括人們用于工作或娛樂的“應用”軟件，就像文字處理程序或者計算機游戲之類，以及用于管理業(yè)務和計算機網(wǎng)絡自身運行的“系統(tǒng)”軟件。3.Butboththehardwareandthesoftwarerevolutionswere,intheirwealth-creatingeffects,slowtoemergecomparedtowhatisunderwaynowbecauseoftheInternet.Lessthantenyearsago,TimBerners-Lee,aBritishphysicistworkingattheresearchcenterCERNinGeneva,inventedaschemeforlinkingdateonaparticularsubject,orseriesofsubjects,thatwerestoredondifferentcomputersindifferentplaces.譯：但是無論是硬件革命還是軟件革命，與現(xiàn)在因特網(wǎng)上所發(fā)生的情況相比，其財富創(chuàng)造的影響力都顯得非常緩慢。短短數(shù)年之前，在日內(nèi)瓦CERN研究中心工作的英國物理學家TimBerners-Lee發(fā)明了一種方案，用以連接與某一主題或一系列主題相關的數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)貯存在各地各種不同的計算機內(nèi)。4.Theonlineauctionsitee-Bayisalsoprofitable,becauseitchargesacommissioneachtimebuyersandsellersconcludeadealonsite.Butmostoftoday'sInternetcompanieshavesubstantialshort-termlosses,whichstockmarketinvestorstypicallyassumewillturnintoprofitsinsomenever-quitearriving"YearThree"ofthebusinessplan.譯：e—Bay網(wǎng)點的在線拍賣同樣有利可圖，因為它每拍賣一次都要向買賣雙方收取一定的傭金。但是如今大多數(shù)國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司都承受著重大的短期損失，證券市場控資者通常認為這種損失會在商業(yè)計劃里某個似乎永遠不會到來的“第三年”中轉為盈利。5.Thinastheserationalesforprofitabilitymanyultimatelyprovetobe,sofarthey'vebeensufficienttomakemanypeopleveryrich.Virtuallyallofthiswealthconsistsoftech-companystock,andtenyearsfromnowsomeormuchofitmayhavemeltedaway.譯：盡管上述這些獲利的基本模式最終將被證明是站不住腳的，但到目前為之，它們卻足以使很多人十分富有。實際上所有這些財富都是由技術公司股組成的，在今后10年中，其中的一些股份或大多數(shù)股份會逐漸散失。Unit1ThewebmagazineFromtheWindowcontainspoetryandliteraturefromwell-knowwritersacrosstheglobal.Therearethoughtfularticlesanalyzingthestateoftheworldwelivein.ThereisevenapiecefromtheSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedStates,KofiAnnan.Itmaycomeassomesurprisetofindoutthattheeditorofthemagazineisa12-year-oldgirl,JoyNightingale.FromthewindowwonJoyNightingalethefirstprizeinthe1999childnetinternationalandCableandWirelessawards.ThesearegivenannuallyforthebestuseoftheInternetbyandforyoungpeople.Andtheyhighlightoneofthemostwelcomingaspectsofthevirtualworld.ChildrenhavetakentotheInternetasthoughtheyarebornsurfing.Perhapsthisisbecauseadultshavehadtochangetheirunderstandingoftechnologywhilechildrensimplyacceptitasnatural.Whateverthereason,childrencanbefoundbuildingwebsitesanE-mailingfriendsacrosstheworldwhileadultsarestillasking:”Tellmeagain-whereexactlyiscyberspace？”O(jiān)fcoursethereisgrowingconcernaboutthefactthatChildrencantravelfarawayfromparentalsupervisionincyberspace.Inresponse,manyparentshaveinstalledsoftwarepackageswhichperventaccesstoviolentorpornographicwebsites.Childnetistakingamorepositiveline.Thewebsiteisagatewaytoaworldofeducationandentertainment.TherapidgrowthinInternetculturehasledanalyststospeculatethatsocietywillsoonbedividedbetweenthe“informationrich”and“informationpoor”.ForChildnetitisespeciallyimportantthatchildrenatthemarginsofsocietythroughpovertyordisabilityhavethechancetotaketheirplaceasequalcitizensinthevirtualworld.Unit2Whenyoucane-mailyourcolleaguesfromthecomfortofyourgarden,thereisnoneedtosufferanuncomfortablejourneyjusttospeaktothem.Ifyouneedanimportantdocument,itcanbefaxedviasatellitetoyourmobilephone,andviewedonlaptopcomputer.Youcanreceivethedocumentalmostimmediately,evenfromanothercontinent.Sincethepriceoftechnologygetslowereveryday,ownershipofthemeansofproductionbecomesareality.Havingboughtthecomputer,mobilephone,faxmachine,Internetconnectionandprinterthataretheironlymaterialtools,telecommutersbecometrueelectricpeasants.Livingandworkinginthesameenvironmentliketraditionalpeasantfarmers,theydonottillthesoilwiththeirhandsbutgrowservicesfromfertileresourcesoftheirminds.Withnofancyofficeonthetwenty-fifthfloor,however,themicro-entrepreneurcanhavetroubleprovinghisorhercredentials.Rightlyorwrongly,peoplerespondtostatussymbolslikebigofficesinsmartbuilding.”Ifthecompanycanaffordallthis,”peoplethink,“itmustbedoingprettywell.”Butfacedwithonepersondoingbusinessfromaroomathome,clientsaretemptedtothinkthattheircontactisnotsuchabig-shotafterall.Butisitnecessarilytruethatacentrallocationandalargeofficemakeabetterworker?Infact,studiesareshowthatmorehomeworkersactuallydisciplinedaboutcompletingtasksandindeedworklongerhoursthantheircolleaguesintheoffice.Likethetraditionalpeasantwhoownedhisland,theyfeelthattheyowntheirwork.Furthermoretheyaren’ttiedtoschedulebutworkwhenitsuitsthem.Ifthatmeanstakinganhourortwotoplaywiththechildrenandthenstayingupuntilmidnighttofinishapresentation,thenetresultisahappierworkerwhohascompletedthetask.Unit4WemayroughlyclassifythespeakersofEnglishintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.Intheformergroupwe,obviously,wouldincludeEngland,Canada,theUnitedStates,Australia,andNewZealand.Naturally,notallpeopleinthesecountriesspeakEnglishnatively,butalargemajoritydo.Inthelattergroup,wewouldinclude,amongothers,India,Denmark,Kenya,Burma,Turkey,Ethiopia,andthePhilippines.NotallthesecountriesuseEnglishforthesamepurpose.EachofthemusesEnglishforimportantsocialandcommercialactivities.Englishofthealsoservesasanofinternationalsecondlanguage.Itisoneimportantlanguagescommerce.ItsuseininternationaldiplomacyisstrengthenedbyitsacceptanceasoneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations.Englishisalsothelanguageofthemajorityoftechnicalmaterialsintheworld;therefore,manypeopleheavilyrelyonEnglishtocommunicatewithpeopleofsimilartrainingandinterests.Learningasecondlanguageextendsone’svisionandexpandsthemind.Lookingattheworldoroneselfthroughadifferentlanguagesystemshowsthelimitsofone’sownperceptionandaddsnewdimensionstofamiliarobjectsorevents.Asecondlanguageteachesusdifferentwaysoflabelingandorganizingourexperiences.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofapeopleandtheirculture;knowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofyourheritage.Unit7Ihavealwaysdislikedbeingaman.Thewholeideaofmanhoodinamericaispitiful,alittlelikehavingtowearanill-fittingcoatforone`sentirelife.Eventheexpressionbeaman.strikesmeasinsulting無禮的andabusive粗魯?shù)?Itmeans:bestupid愚蠢的,beunfeeling,obedientandsoldierly,andstopthinking.Manmeansmanly–howcanonethinkaboutmenwithoutconsideringtheterribleambition抱負ofmanliness男子漢?Andyetitispartofeveryman`slife.Itisahideous丑惡的andcripplinglie;itnotonlyinsistson堅持differenceandconnives縱容atsuperiority,itisalsobyitsverynaturedestructive-emotionallydamagingandsociallyharmful.Theyouthwhoissubverted,asmostare,intobelievinginthemasculine男性的idealiseffectivelyseparatedfromwomen–itisthemostsavagetriballogic–andhespendstherestofhislifefindingwomenariddleandanuisance.Ofcourse,thereisafemaleversion版本ofthismaleaffliction.Itbeginswithmothersencouraginglittlegirlstosay(tootheradults),“doyoulikemynewdress?”Inasense從某種意義上講,girlsaretraditionallyurgedto鼓勵pleaseadultswithakindofcoquettishness,whileboysareenjoinedtobehavelikemonkeystowardeachother.The9-year-oldcoquetteproceedsto進行becomewomanishinasubtlepowergameinwhichshelearnstobesexuallyindispensable,sociallydecorativeandalwaysalerttoaman`ssenseofinadequacy.Femininity-beingladylike-impliesneedingamanaswitnessandseducer;butmasculinitycelebratestheesclusivecompanyofmen.Thatiswhyitissogrotesque奇怪;andthatisalsowhythereisnomanlinesswithoutinadequacy–becarseitdenies否決menthenaturalfriendshipofwomen.Itisveryhardtoimagineanyconceptofmanlinessthatdosenotbelittlewomen,anditbeginsveryearly.AtanagewhenIwantedtomeetgirls–let`ssaythetreacherousyearsof13to16–Iwastoldtotakeupasport,getmorefreshair,jointheboyscouts,andIwasurgednottoreadsomuch.Unit8Latenextcentury,whenscholarsarescriptingthedefinitivehistoryofthePC,theselastfewyearsofhigh-octanegrowthmayactuallybedepictedastheDarkAges.Historianswillmarvelathowwetoiledinfrontofmonolithic,beigeBUBs(biguglyboxes),sufferingundertheoppressiveglareofcathode-raytubeswhileourlegssc