匯豐銀行信貸風險管理匯豐銀行信貸風險管理1CREDITCULTURE

信貸文化RiskaversegivenBank’shighgearingandthinmargin傾向低風險，由于銀行高負債和低利息差Propergoalsandmeasureswithcontrols適當?shù)哪繕撕痛胧┘翱刂芓heLinetakesprimary(orjoint)responsibilityofthecreditdecisions

前線部門對貸款決定負主要（或共同）責任BurdenofproofontheLine

證明應貸款責任在于前線部門Neverfeelembarrassedtoask“dumb”questions不用擔心問“愚笨”的問題CREDITCULTURE

信貸文化Riskaverse2CREDITRISKMANAGEMENT

信貸風險管理Prerequisite:先決條件Seniormanagement’ssupport(positiveintervention?)高層管理的支持（積極干預？）People(technicalcapability,integrityandinter-personalskills)人員（技術能力、人格和人際交往能力）OrganizationandSystem組織及系統(tǒng)

Attribute:特征Independent獨立性Nobottom-lineresponsibility沒有盈利責任Professional專業(yè)性Firmandfair堅定和公正CREDITRISKMANAGEMENT

信貸風險管理P3STRUCTUREANDAPPROVALPROCESS結構和認證程序BoardofDirectors董事會行政總裁（總部）GHQCEOAPHCEO行政總裁（亞太區(qū)）AMHGM總經(jīng)理（香港及中國大陸）Line前線部門信貸總經(jīng)理GMCreditCCO首席信貸官HDCredit信貸部門主管Concurrence認同Approval審批Approval審批Approval審批CountryRisk/BankRisk國家風險/銀行風險MarketRisk/CreditRisk市場風險/信用風險MarketRisk/CreditRisk市場風險/信用風險Credit信用STRUCTUREANDAPPROVALPROCESS4ALTERNATIVES選擇CentralizedvsDecentralized集權/分權IndividualvsCommittee(compositionanddecisionmakingprocess)個人/委員會（債務組成及決策過程）

Factorstoconsider:需要考慮的因素

Individual/CollectiveDecision/Responsibility個人/集體決策/責任Seniormanagement’strust高層管理的信任Qualityofstaff(atcentreandintheline)員工的素質（管理人員和一線職員）Specializationofstaff員工專業(yè)化Effectivenessofinternalcontrolsystem內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)的功效Qualityofservice(e.g.turnaroundtime)服務的質量（例如：報廢項目時間）Others(fraudpreventionetc.)其他（防范欺詐等）ALTERNATIVES選擇CentralizedvsD5StructureandAccountCycle

結構及客戶信貸周期Policy/政策Approval審批RiskMonitoring風險監(jiān)督Recovery追償HeadofCRM信貸風險管理部Loans貸款Unhealthyloans不良貸款Review回顧Review回顧StructureandAccountCycle

結構6CreditPolicy,GuidelinesandProceduresManual信貸政策，指南及程序手冊Keybusinessobjectives主要業(yè)務目標StructureandResponsibility結構及職責EconomicOutlook經(jīng)濟預期SectoralAnalysis行業(yè)分析BusinessStrategyandFocus業(yè)務戰(zhàn)略和重點RiskAssessmentandCreditAppetite風險評估和信貸偏好LendingGuidelines貸款指南CreditProducts,ProceduresandAdvice信貸產(chǎn)品、程序和建議

CreditPolicy,Guidelinesand7CREDITPOLICY信貸政策Marketpositioningandriskappetite市場定位和風險偏好

Return回報

PrivateBank CommercialBank SubprimeLender

私人銀行商業(yè)銀行次級貸款人-Largecorporate大型企業(yè)-Middlemarket中端市場-Smallbusiness小型企業(yè)-Consumer消費者

Risk風險CREDITPOLICY信貸政策Marketpositi8MARKETSEGMENTATION–CREDITTOOLS市場細分—信貸工具CorporateBanking-Largecorporate-Judgemental(plusRating,KMV,MRA)公司金融-大型公司-主觀判斷（加評分，KMV,MRA)

CommercialBanking–Mediumsizedcorporate–Judgemental公司金融-中型企業(yè)-主觀判斷

BusinessBanking–Smallbusiness–Scoring商務理財-小型企業(yè)-評分

PersonalFinancialServices–Consumer–Scoring個人金融服務-消費者-評分

MARKETSEGMENTATION–CREDITT9DelinquencyRates,AllBanks,SA(USA)貸款不良率

美國所有銀行

0246810121491Q191Q392Q192Q393Q193Q394Q194Q395Q195Q396Q196Q397Q197Q398Q198Q399Q199Q300Q100Q301Q101Q3Residential*住房貸款Commercial*商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)貸款C&ILoans工商貸款TotalLoans&Leases貸款和租賃總額%DelinquencyRates,AllBanks,10Charge-OffRates,AllBanks,SA(USA)沖銷率所有銀行美國0.00.51.01.52.02.53.091Q191Q392Q192Q393Q193Q394Q194Q395Q195Q396Q196Q397Q197Q398Q198Q399Q199Q300Q100Q301Q101Q3Commercial*商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)貸款C&ILoans工商貸款TotalLoans&Leases貸款及租賃總額%Residential*住房貸款Charge-OffRates,AllBanks,S11LoanQualityinHK香港地區(qū)貸款質量-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20%NPL%不良貸款比例Creditcardcharge-offratio(annualised)年信用卡沖銷比例MortgageDelinquencyRate住房貸款不良率RealGDP(yearonyear%change)年實際GDP變化率LoanQualityinHK-10%-5%0%5%112CREDITRISKASSESSMENT

信貸風險評估CorporateandCommercialBanking公司金融（大型和中型企業(yè)）OperatingRisks 運營風險BorrowerGrade借款人評級FinancialRisks(includingProjection) (PD)財務風險（包括財務預測）（違約機率）AccountConduct來往狀況

SecurityandFacilityStructure抵押品、貸款結構及評級 FacilityGrade設施評級 (Property+MarketableSecurities)（財產(chǎn)和可交易的證券）

CREDITRISKASSESSMENT

信貸風險評估C13SmallBusiness小型企業(yè)Morevulnerabletoeconomicdownturn易受經(jīng)濟下滑的影響Informationproblematic(lowfinancialtransparencyandreliability)信息問題（財務信息透明度及可信度不高）Highoperatingrisks(relativelyweakinmanagementskills)高運營風險（較弱的管理能力）CharacteristicsoftheScorecard記分卡的特征Company’sfinancials公司財務狀況Company’scredithistoryandbehavior公司信用歷史和表現(xiàn)Company’sattributes(age,sector,sizeetc)公司性質（成立時間的長短、所屬行業(yè)、規(guī)模等）Owner’sscores公司所有者的評分SmallBusiness小型企業(yè)Morevulner14英國小型公司主要業(yè)務的設立與終止設立千/每季度終止英國小型公司主要業(yè)務的設立與終止設立千/每季度終止15Consumer消費貸款CriteriaBasedLending根據(jù)準則所進行的信貸Morecommonlyforsecuredproducts,e.g.mortgage,carloans,HPandloanssecuredbyliquidassets多用于擔保產(chǎn)品，例如：住房貸款、汽車貸款、租賃及用流動資產(chǎn)擔保的貸款Securitycoverage抵押品/貸款比例Incomecoverage收入/還款比例

Consumer消費貸款CriteriaBasedLe16MortgageLoanQuality(HK)香港地區(qū)住房貸款質量1.00%2.00%3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%Dec-98Feb-99Apr-99Jun-99Aug-99Oct-99Dec-99Feb-00Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01Apr-01Jun-01Aug-01Oct-01Dec-01Feb-02050100150200250300MortgageDelinquencyRate住房貸款不良率Unemploymentrate失業(yè)率ResidentialPriceIndex(1989=100)(RHS)住房價格指數(shù)（以1989年為100）MortgageLoanQuality(HK)1.0017CreditCardQuality信用卡質量3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%9.00%Dec-98Mar-99Jun-99Sep-99Dec-99Mar-00Jun-00Sep-00Dec-00Mar-01Jun-01Sep-01Dec-01Mar-02-1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000No.ofBankruptcyPetitions破產(chǎn)申請Creditcardcharge-offratio(annualised)年信用卡沖銷率Unemploymentrate失業(yè)率BankruptcyPetitions(RHS)破產(chǎn)申請（RHS)CreditCardQuality3.00%4.00%518Scoring評分Rankordering分級ApplicationandBehavioralScores申請信貸和行為評分GenericandCustomizedScores通用評分和專用評分Creditcard,personalloans,etc信用卡，個人貸款等Scoring評分Rankordering分級19CREDITRISKMONITORING

信貸風險監(jiān)督ManagementInformation管理信息 (CPAN,IBIS,REMIND,SCOPE,etc)Gradeclassification/migration評級分類/變動情況Scoredistribution/flowrate分值分布/流動率CREDITRISKMONITORING

信貸風險監(jiān)督M20PRICINGSTRATEGY

定價戰(zhàn)略1.Interestmargin:hurdlerates,e.g.bonds.利率邊際：障礙率，例如：債券2.RORA:returnontheoverallrelationship總體關系的回報3.EP:costofcapital經(jīng)濟利潤：資本成本

Factorstoconsider:考慮因素PD(Borrower’sgrade)

違約機率LGD損失比率Term年期Costofcapital資本成本Competition競爭Businesspotential發(fā)展?jié)摿RICINGSTRATEGY

定價戰(zhàn)略1.Intere21DEBTRECOVERY(1)

貸款收回（1）Objective

目標RiskvsRelationship

風險或關系Strategy

戰(zhàn)略RehabilitationORExit

貸款康復或退出DEBTRECOVERY(1)

貸款收回（1）Obje22DEBTRECOVERY(2)

貸款收回(2)Workout-Factorsforsuccess

債務重組-成功的因素-

legalsystem(SchemeofArrangement,IndividualVoluntaryArrangement,BankruptcyLaw)-法律體系(債務安排計劃、個人自愿安排、破產(chǎn)法）-

professionalsupport(lawyer,accountant,financialadvisor,assetsearchagent,debtcollector)-專業(yè)支持（律師、會計師、財務顧問、資產(chǎn)搜尋代理、債務追償人）-

customer–self-rescue(transparency,commitmentandcooperation)-客戶-自救措施（透明、承擔與合作）

-

multi-bank-supportive,expeditiousandequitable[theHongKongApproach]-多頭銀行-支持態(tài)度、迅速及公平（香港原則）DEBTRECOVERY(2)

貸款收回(2)Work23DEBTRECOVERY(3)

貸款收回（3）Feedback回饋

-

lessonslearnt-CreditAlert(earlywarningsigns),trainingcourse-吸取教訓–每月簡訊（預警信號）、培訓課程-

loophole-changeincreditpolicyorprocedures,managementinformation-漏洞-信用政策或程序的改變，管理信息

-

cross-streamapplicationandexperiencesharing–PFS&CIB–e.g.conceptofrestructuring,receivership-跨部門應用及經(jīng)驗分享–個人信貸和商業(yè)信貸-例如：債務重組和資產(chǎn)接管的概念DEBTRECOVERY(3)

貸款收回（3）Feedb24匯豐銀行信貸風險管理匯豐銀行信貸風險管理25CREDITCULTURE

信貸文化RiskaversegivenBank’shighgearingandthinmargin傾向低風險，由于銀行高負債和低利息差Propergoalsandmeasureswithcontrols適當?shù)哪繕撕痛胧┘翱刂芓heLinetakesprimary(orjoint)responsibilityofthecreditdecisions

前線部門對貸款決定負主要（或共同）責任BurdenofproofontheLine

證明應貸款責任在于前線部門Neverfeelembarrassedtoask“dumb”questions不用擔心問“愚笨”的問題CREDITCULTURE

信貸文化Riskaverse26CREDITRISKMANAGEMENT

信貸風險管理Prerequisite:先決條件Seniormanagement’ssupport(positiveintervention?)高層管理的支持（積極干預？）People(technicalcapability,integrityandinter-personalskills)人員（技術能力、人格和人際交往能力）OrganizationandSystem組織及系統(tǒng)

Attribute:特征Independent獨立性Nobottom-lineresponsibility沒有盈利責任Professional專業(yè)性Firmandfair堅定和公正CREDITRISKMANAGEMENT

信貸風險管理P27STRUCTUREANDAPPROVALPROCESS結構和認證程序BoardofDirectors董事會行政總裁（總部）GHQCEOAPHCEO行政總裁（亞太區(qū)）AMHGM總經(jīng)理（香港及中國大陸）Line前線部門信貸總經(jīng)理GMCreditCCO首席信貸官HDCredit信貸部門主管Concurrence認同Approval審批Approval審批Approval審批CountryRisk/BankRisk國家風險/銀行風險MarketRisk/CreditRisk市場風險/信用風險MarketRisk/CreditRisk市場風險/信用風險Credit信用STRUCTUREANDAPPROVALPROCESS28ALTERNATIVES選擇CentralizedvsDecentralized集權/分權IndividualvsCommittee(compositionanddecisionmakingprocess)個人/委員會（債務組成及決策過程）

Factorstoconsider:需要考慮的因素

Individual/CollectiveDecision/Responsibility個人/集體決策/責任Seniormanagement’strust高層管理的信任Qualityofstaff(atcentreandintheline)員工的素質（管理人員和一線職員）Specializationofstaff員工專業(yè)化Effectivenessofinternalcontrolsystem內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)的功效Qualityofservice(e.g.turnaroundtime)服務的質量（例如：報廢項目時間）Others(fraudpreventionetc.)其他（防范欺詐等）ALTERNATIVES選擇CentralizedvsD29StructureandAccountCycle

結構及客戶信貸周期Policy/政策Approval審批RiskMonitoring風險監(jiān)督Recovery追償HeadofCRM信貸風險管理部Loans貸款Unhealthyloans不良貸款Review回顧Review回顧StructureandAccountCycle

結構30CreditPolicy,GuidelinesandProceduresManual信貸政策，指南及程序手冊Keybusinessobjectives主要業(yè)務目標StructureandResponsibility結構及職責EconomicOutlook經(jīng)濟預期SectoralAnalysis行業(yè)分析BusinessStrategyandFocus業(yè)務戰(zhàn)略和重點RiskAssessmentandCreditAppetite風險評估和信貸偏好LendingGuidelines貸款指南CreditProducts,ProceduresandAdvice信貸產(chǎn)品、程序和建議

CreditPolicy,Guidelinesand31CREDITPOLICY信貸政策Marketpositioningandriskappetite市場定位和風險偏好

Return回報

PrivateBank CommercialBank SubprimeLender

私人銀行商業(yè)銀行次級貸款人-Largecorporate大型企業(yè)-Middlemarket中端市場-Smallbusiness小型企業(yè)-Consumer消費者

Risk風險CREDITPOLICY信貸政策Marketpositi32MARKETSEGMENTATION–CREDITTOOLS市場細分—信貸工具CorporateBanking-Largecorporate-Judgemental(plusRating,KMV,MRA)公司金融-大型公司-主觀判斷（加評分，KMV,MRA)

CommercialBanking–Mediumsizedcorporate–Judgemental公司金融-中型企業(yè)-主觀判斷

BusinessBanking–Smallbusiness–Scoring商務理財-小型企業(yè)-評分

PersonalFinancialServices–Consumer–Scoring個人金融服務-消費者-評分

MARKETSEGMENTATION–CREDITT33DelinquencyRates,AllBanks,SA(USA)貸款不良率

美國所有銀行

0246810121491Q191Q392Q192Q393Q193Q394Q194Q395Q195Q396Q196Q397Q197Q398Q198Q399Q199Q300Q100Q301Q101Q3Residential*住房貸款Commercial*商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)貸款C&ILoans工商貸款TotalLoans&Leases貸款和租賃總額%DelinquencyRates,AllBanks,34Charge-OffRates,AllBanks,SA(USA)沖銷率所有銀行美國0.00.51.01.52.02.53.091Q191Q392Q192Q393Q193Q394Q194Q395Q195Q396Q196Q397Q197Q398Q198Q399Q199Q300Q100Q301Q101Q3Commercial*商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)貸款C&ILoans工商貸款TotalLoans&Leases貸款及租賃總額%Residential*住房貸款Charge-OffRates,AllBanks,S35LoanQualityinHK香港地區(qū)貸款質量-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20%NPL%不良貸款比例Creditcardcharge-offratio(annualised)年信用卡沖銷比例MortgageDelinquencyRate住房貸款不良率RealGDP(yearonyear%change)年實際GDP變化率LoanQualityinHK-10%-5%0%5%136CREDITRISKASSESSMENT

信貸風險評估CorporateandCommercialBanking公司金融（大型和中型企業(yè)）OperatingRisks 運營風險BorrowerGrade借款人評級FinancialRisks(includingProjection) (PD)財務風險（包括財務預測）（違約機率）AccountConduct來往狀況

SecurityandFacilityStructure抵押品、貸款結構及評級 FacilityGrade設施評級 (Property+MarketableSecurities)（財產(chǎn)和可交易的證券）

CREDITRISKASSESSMENT

信貸風險評估C37SmallBusiness小型企業(yè)Morevulnerabletoeconomicdownturn易受經(jīng)濟下滑的影響Informationproblematic(lowfinancialtransparencyandreliability)信息問題（財務信息透明度及可信度不高）Highoperatingrisks(relativelyweakinmanagementskills)高運營風險（較弱的管理能力）CharacteristicsoftheScorecard記分卡的特征Company’sfinancials公司財務狀況Company’scredithistoryandbehavior公司信用歷史和表現(xiàn)Company’sattributes(age,sector,sizeetc)公司性質（成立時間的長短、所屬行業(yè)、規(guī)模等）Owner’sscores公司所有者的評分SmallBusiness小型企業(yè)Morevulner38英國小型公司主要業(yè)務的設立與終止設立千/每季度終止英國小型公司主要業(yè)務的設立與終止設立千/每季度終止39Consumer消費貸款CriteriaBasedLending根據(jù)準則所進行的信貸Morecommonlyforsecuredproducts,e.g.mortgage,carloans,HPandloanssecuredbyliquidassets多用于擔保產(chǎn)品，例如：住房貸款、汽車貸款、租賃及用流動資產(chǎn)擔保的貸款Securitycoverage抵押品/貸款比例Incomecoverage收入/還款比例

Consumer消費貸款CriteriaBasedLe40MortgageLoanQuality(HK)香港地區(qū)住房貸款質量1.00%2.00%3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%Dec-98Feb-99Apr-99Jun-99Aug-99Oct-99Dec-99Feb-00Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01Apr-01Jun-01Aug-01Oct-01Dec-01Feb-02050100150200250300MortgageDelinquencyRate住房貸款不良率Unemploymentrate失業(yè)率ResidentialPriceIndex(1989=100)(RHS)住房價格指數(shù)（以1989年為100）MortgageLoanQuality(HK)1.0041CreditCardQuality信用卡質量3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%9.00%Dec-98Mar-99Jun-99Sep-99Dec-99Mar-00Jun-00Sep-00Dec-00Mar-01Jun-01Sep-01Dec-01Mar-02-1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000No.ofBankruptcyPetitions破產(chǎn)申請Creditcardcharge-offratio(annualised)年信用卡沖銷率Unemploymentrate失業(yè)率BankruptcyPetitions(RHS)破產(chǎn)申請（RHS)CreditCardQuality3.00%4.00%542Scoring評分Rankordering分級ApplicationandBehavioralScores申請信貸和行為評分GenericandCustomizedScores通用評分和專用評分Creditcard,personalloans,etc信用卡，個人貸款等Scoring評分Rankordering分級43CREDITRISKMONITORING

信貸風險監(jiān)督ManagementInformation管理信息 (CPAN,IBIS,REMIND,SCOPE,etc)Gradeclassification/migration評級分類/變動情況Scoredistribution/flowrate分值分布/流動率CREDITRISKMONITO