LessonTwelveHowNewsBecomesOpinionandOpinionOff-limitsLessonTwelveHowNewsBecome1DetailedstudyofthetextDetailedstudyofthetext2PartI(Paras1-4)

Whatisthemainideaofthissection?Thissectionservesasavividintroductionleadingtothepointofthecommongroundoccupiedbybothnovelistsandjournalists.PartI(Paras1-4)Whatisth3Para.1

1.Payattentiontothestructureof“Iwaswondering…when…”ItsohappenedthatwhenIwasthinkingabouttheissueIcameacrossacorrectioninanewspaper.Para.11.Payattentiontoth4Para.1

2.“What,ifany”Inusingthepattern,thewriterisexpressingtheviewthathedoesnotthinkthereisany.E.g.Ididnotconsiderwhat,ifany,objectiontherewastothisplan.Para.12.“What,ifany”Inus5Para.1

3.Paraphrasethefollowingpart:“Iwaswondering…journalists.”Iwascuriousaboutthefactwhethernovelistsandjournalistshadanybasisforagreementandiftherewasany,thenwhatwasthatcommonground.Para.13.Paraphrasethefoll6Para.2

1.ItisashortannouncementonthepartoftheBritishdailynewspaperIndependent,retractingareportadayearlieraboutSirAndrewLloydWebber.Thisshortannouncementraisesanumberofquestionsinthereaders’mind:Para.21.Itisashortannou7Para.3

1.Onecanonlyguess…theprotests.Whatdoes“humandistress”referto?2)Whatdo“theprotests”referto?ItreferstothefeelingofSirWebberwhomusthavefeltwrongedandhurt.Hemighthavefeltthathisreputationhadbeendamaged.TheyrefertothecomplaintsfromSirWebberandothersonhisbehalfandtheinterventionofpeopletodemandtheretraction.Para.31.Onecanonlyguess…8Para.3

3)Whydoesthewriterwrite“onecanonlyguess”?Thestatementisshortandterseanddoesn’trevealanyinsidestoryfortheretraction.Butonethingisclear:thenewspaperwillnotretracttheallegationvoluntarily.Sothisisasafeguess.Para.33)Whydoesthewriter9Para.3

2.Asyouknow,…livestockinsecurityoflate.Whatismeantby“Britainhasbeengoingthrough…h(huán)eightenedlivestockinsecurity”?ItmeansBritainhasbeenplaguedbythespreadthediseasesof“madcow”and“hoofandmouth”andthefearofthespreadhasbeenintense.Para.32.Asyouknow,…livest10Para.3

3.Aswellas…ostrich-farmingbubble,orswindle.Whatdo“mentallychallengedcattleherds”referto?Whydoesthewriterusethisterminplaceofmadcows?Theyrefertothemadcows.Thewriterisdeliveratelyusingthistermtoachieveironicallyhumourouseffect.“Mentallychallenged”wasinitiallyproposedaspolitewaytorefertosomeoneoflowinteligence.Heisusingapoliticallycorrecttermtodescribecowsinaseeminglyseriousmanner.Hereliestheironyandhumor.Para.33.Aswellas…ostrich-11Para.3

3)Whydoesthewriteruse“alarming”“great”todescribethecaseofostrich-farmingbubble?

Ostrich-farmingbubble,orswindle,camparedwithotherfraudulentactivities,isactuallyinsignificantbutthewriterusesthesewordstoexaggeratetheseriousnessofthebubble,orswindle.Suchexaggerationachievesahumoourousandironicaleffect,whichleadstothefollowingremark.Para.33)Whydoesthewriter12Para.3

overheated:hystericalallegation:anassertionmadewithoutprooftotake…lightly:toregardwithindifferencetoslight:totreatwithdisrespect2)Whatdoes“overheatedtimes”referto?Whydoesthewriterconsiderthecurrentperiod“overheated”?

4.Intheseoverheatedtimes…thisreputationhasbeenslighted.“Overheatedtimes”referstothepublicanxietyinBritainwherepeoplewerescaredbythereportsofthespreadofmad-cowdiseaseandhoof-and-mouthdisease.Para.3overheated:hysterical13Para.4

1.Plainlly,itwasquitewrong…ostriches.Thisstatementservesasatransition,linkingthisparagraphupwiththepreviousone.Thestatementrepeatstheideaembodiedinthelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraph.Para.41.Plainlly,itwasq14Para.4

2.Heis,ofcourse,…musicalturkeys.Thephraseisusedheretodenoteirony,meaningthatheisundoubtedlyfamous,notinostrich-farming,butinmusicalturkeyexporting.Iftheformer(ostrich-farming)isnolongercomplimentarynowadays,thelatterisnobetter.Whyis“ofcourse”musedhere?Pleaseexplainitinyourownwords.UndoubtedlySirWebberisfamousforhiscompositionofmusicforanumberoflightweight,money-makingmusicalswhichhavebeenexportedtoothercountries.Para.42.Heis,ofcourse,…15sincetheperpetratorsoffraudulentactivitieshouldbepunished,thosewhoreapedprofitsbyfraudinostrich-farmingshouldalsobebroughttolightandpunished.torecognizeasbeingtheverypersonknown,described,orclaimedThebasicideais:2)toidentify:tobringtoaccount:Para.4

3.Butifweagreeforamoment…fortheiractivities?tomakesb.Answerforhisconduct;todemandanexplanation

16Expresstheideainyourownwordsheart:Translate:Para.4

4.Isthisnottheveryheart…freepress?1)Thisisthechiefpurpose/realmeaningoftheinstitutionofanewspaperwhichisindependent,notcontrolledbyagovernmentoraninterestgroup.realmeaning;essence;vitalpart這難道不是享有新聞自由的報的宗旨所在嗎？Expresstheideainyourown17togowith:toleak:

deepthroat:less-than-solid:2)Translate:Para.4

5.Andmighttherenotbe…inthenationalinterest?totakethesameviewas;agreewithtointentionallydisclose(secretinformation)informernotstrongandreliableenough編輯們很可能會遇到這種情況，從國家利益考慮，他們準(zhǔn)備接受這種內(nèi)容的消息，盡管證據(jù)不夠扎實、充分，而其來源也許來自告密者。togowith:Para.45.And18PartII(Paras5-6)

Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound.PartII(Paras5-6)Thethem19bydegree:Thefunctionsofthetwo“thats”:Para.5

1.Iamarrivingbydegree…thetruth.graduallyThefirst“that”introducesthenounclauseassubjectcomplement.Thesecond“that”isapronoun,standingfor“issue”.bydegree:Para.51.Iama20“For”:Explainthestatementinyourownwords.Para.5

2.Forthegoal…roducesacompoundclauseofcause.Grammaticallyspeaking,itshouldbeginwithsmallletterandbepartoftheprevioussentence.ThewriterbreaksitintoanewwentenceforemphasisThefinalpurposeofnewsreportingandnovelwritingisthetellingofthetruth,althoughthismaysoundcontradictor.(Thisisbecausenovelwritingissupposedtobebasedontheuseofimagination,notthereportingofactualevents.)“For”:Para.52.Forthegoal21

Thetruthisnoteasytograspandverydifficulttoprove.Explaintheideainyourownwords.Para.5

3.Andtruthisslippery,hardtoestablish.thebiblicaloriginal“Thetruthshallmake(set)youfree”(John8:32)ismorepositive.4.Andiftruthcansetyoufree…inhotwater.truthcansetyoufree:itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:Itcanalsogetyouintogreattrouble.Therearenumerousexamplesineverydaylifetoprovehowtruethisstatementis.Explaintheid22Para.5

5.Fineasthewordsounds…unorthodox.Thoughtruthmaygivepeopletheimpressionthatitisgoodandwonderful,itisveryoftenunacceptabletothemind,embarrassingandhostiletoconventionalexpectations.6.Thearmiesof…againstit.Itwillencountertheresistanceandoppositionofstrongforceoftraditionalideas.Para.55.Fineasthewords23Para.5

7.Thelegions…marchagainstit.Thelargenumberofpeople,whobenefitfromfalseideas(facts),fromlies,willganguptofightagainst/tosuppressthetruth.8.Thearmiesof…Thelegionsof…Thesearetwoparallelsentence:Thearmiesof….Aremarshaledagainstit.Thelegionsof…willmarchagaisntit.Para.57.Thelegions…march24Para.5

9.Andtruthisslippery…Yetitmust,ifatallpossible,betold.Translate:然而真話難以掌握，難以確定。也可能會犯錯誤，就像勞埃德.韋柏事件那樣。如果講真話能使你獲得解放，它也能使你陷入困境。真話這個詞聽起來好聽，但往往令人不快、發(fā)窘、有悖于傳統(tǒng)觀念。傳統(tǒng)意識會組成大軍反對它。人數(shù)眾多的有用謊言得益者會向其發(fā)起攻擊。但是只要有一點可能，真話必須講。Para.59.Andtruthisslipp25Para.67

Para.6Theroleoftheparagraph:Itservesasatranslation,leadingtotheconnectionofthetwobeforetheadventoftelevision.Para.67Para.6Theroleoft26PartIIIParas.7-9

Thisisaone-sentenceparegraphfortransitionandemphasis.Para7PartIIIParas.7-9Thisisa27Para8

novel:nofelty:novice:toinnovate:nova:newandunusual;esp.,beingthefirstofitskind;lateragenreoffictionnewness;freshnessapersonnewtoaparticularoccupation,activity,etc.tointroducenewmethods,devices,etc.starshowingasuddenlargeofbrightnessandthensubsiding新星Para8novel:newandunusual28Para.9

advent:televisionage:thearrivalofesp.animportantpersonorthingTelevisiondidn’tbecomepopularuntilthe1950sintheUnitedStates.Thefirsttelevisondebatebetweenpresidentialcandidatestookplacein1960betweenNixonandKennedy.Para.9advent:thearrival29PartIV(Paras10-12)

Para.10Thissentenceservesasatranslation,linkingthepreviousparagraphwhichdealswiththeroleofliteratureandprintjournalismwiththisparagraph.1.Thisisnolongerthecase…journalism.PartIV(Paras10-12)Para.30Para.10

…nowgetnewsabouttheworldchieflyfromtheTVandtheradio.2.…nowgettheirprimaryinformationabouttheworldfromtheTVnewsandtheradio.Para.10…nowgetnewsa31Para.10

當(dāng)然啰，廣播新聞史經(jīng)過精心選擇的，而報紙則提供更有廣度和深度的報道。3.Andofcourse…ofcoverage.Translate:Para.10當(dāng)然啰，廣播新聞史經(jīng)過精心選擇的，而報32Para.10

我們看報紙，是要知道報紙的看法、態(tài)度、傾向。我們看報紙不是為了沒有分析的數(shù)據(jù)，不是像狄更斯小說《艱難時世》中的主人公格拉德格.林德那樣，一天到晚就是“事實、事實、事實”，我們要的是對我們有興趣的新聞的解讀。4.Wereadforopinion,attitude,spin…thatwelike.Translate:Para.10我們看報紙，是要知道報紙的看法、態(tài)度、傾33ThankyouThank34LessonTwelveHowNewsBecomesOpinionandOpinionOff-limitsLessonTwelveHowNewsBecome35DetailedstudyofthetextDetailedstudyofthetext36PartI(Paras1-4)

Whatisthemainideaofthissection?Thissectionservesasavividintroductionleadingtothepointofthecommongroundoccupiedbybothnovelistsandjournalists.PartI(Paras1-4)Whatisth37Para.1

1.Payattentiontothestructureof“Iwaswondering…when…”ItsohappenedthatwhenIwasthinkingabouttheissueIcameacrossacorrectioninanewspaper.Para.11.Payattentiontoth38Para.1

2.“What,ifany”Inusingthepattern,thewriterisexpressingtheviewthathedoesnotthinkthereisany.E.g.Ididnotconsiderwhat,ifany,objectiontherewastothisplan.Para.12.“What,ifany”Inus39Para.1

3.Paraphrasethefollowingpart:“Iwaswondering…journalists.”Iwascuriousaboutthefactwhethernovelistsandjournalistshadanybasisforagreementandiftherewasany,thenwhatwasthatcommonground.Para.13.Paraphrasethefoll40Para.2

1.ItisashortannouncementonthepartoftheBritishdailynewspaperIndependent,retractingareportadayearlieraboutSirAndrewLloydWebber.Thisshortannouncementraisesanumberofquestionsinthereaders’mind:Para.21.Itisashortannou41Para.3

1.Onecanonlyguess…theprotests.Whatdoes“humandistress”referto?2)Whatdo“theprotests”referto?ItreferstothefeelingofSirWebberwhomusthavefeltwrongedandhurt.Hemighthavefeltthathisreputationhadbeendamaged.TheyrefertothecomplaintsfromSirWebberandothersonhisbehalfandtheinterventionofpeopletodemandtheretraction.Para.31.Onecanonlyguess…42Para.3

3)Whydoesthewriterwrite“onecanonlyguess”?Thestatementisshortandterseanddoesn’trevealanyinsidestoryfortheretraction.Butonethingisclear:thenewspaperwillnotretracttheallegationvoluntarily.Sothisisasafeguess.Para.33)Whydoesthewriter43Para.3

2.Asyouknow,…livestockinsecurityoflate.Whatismeantby“Britainhasbeengoingthrough…h(huán)eightenedlivestockinsecurity”?ItmeansBritainhasbeenplaguedbythespreadthediseasesof“madcow”and“hoofandmouth”andthefearofthespreadhasbeenintense.Para.32.Asyouknow,…livest44Para.3

3.Aswellas…ostrich-farmingbubble,orswindle.Whatdo“mentallychallengedcattleherds”referto?Whydoesthewriterusethisterminplaceofmadcows?Theyrefertothemadcows.Thewriterisdeliveratelyusingthistermtoachieveironicallyhumourouseffect.“Mentallychallenged”wasinitiallyproposedaspolitewaytorefertosomeoneoflowinteligence.Heisusingapoliticallycorrecttermtodescribecowsinaseeminglyseriousmanner.Hereliestheironyandhumor.Para.33.Aswellas…ostrich-45Para.3

3)Whydoesthewriteruse“alarming”“great”todescribethecaseofostrich-farmingbubble?

Ostrich-farmingbubble,orswindle,camparedwithotherfraudulentactivities,isactuallyinsignificantbutthewriterusesthesewordstoexaggeratetheseriousnessofthebubble,orswindle.Suchexaggerationachievesahumoourousandironicaleffect,whichleadstothefollowingremark.Para.33)Whydoesthewriter46Para.3

overheated:hystericalallegation:anassertionmadewithoutprooftotake…lightly:toregardwithindifferencetoslight:totreatwithdisrespect2)Whatdoes“overheatedtimes”referto?Whydoesthewriterconsiderthecurrentperiod“overheated”?

4.Intheseoverheatedtimes…thisreputationhasbeenslighted.“Overheatedtimes”referstothepublicanxietyinBritainwherepeoplewerescaredbythereportsofthespreadofmad-cowdiseaseandhoof-and-mouthdisease.Para.3overheated:hysterical47Para.4

1.Plainlly,itwasquitewrong…ostriches.Thisstatementservesasatransition,linkingthisparagraphupwiththepreviousone.Thestatementrepeatstheideaembodiedinthelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraph.Para.41.Plainlly,itwasq48Para.4

2.Heis,ofcourse,…musicalturkeys.Thephraseisusedheretodenoteirony,meaningthatheisundoubtedlyfamous,notinostrich-farming,butinmusicalturkeyexporting.Iftheformer(ostrich-farming)isnolongercomplimentarynowadays,thelatterisnobetter.Whyis“ofcourse”musedhere?Pleaseexplainitinyourownwords.UndoubtedlySirWebberisfamousforhiscompositionofmusicforanumberoflightweight,money-makingmusicalswhichhavebeenexportedtoothercountries.Para.42.Heis,ofcourse,…49sincetheperpetratorsoffraudulentactivitieshouldbepunished,thosewhoreapedprofitsbyfraudinostrich-farmingshouldalsobebroughttolightandpunished.torecognizeasbeingtheverypersonknown,described,orclaimedThebasicideais:2)toidentify:tobringtoaccount:Para.4

3.Butifweagreeforamoment…fortheiractivities?tomakesb.Answerforhisconduct;todemandanexplanation

50Expresstheideainyourownwordsheart:Translate:Para.4

4.Isthisnottheveryheart…freepress?1)Thisisthechiefpurpose/realmeaningoftheinstitutionofanewspaperwhichisindependent,notcontrolledbyagovernmentoraninterestgroup.realmeaning;essence;vitalpart這難道不是享有新聞自由的報的宗旨所在嗎？Expresstheideainyourown51togowith:toleak:

deepthroat:less-than-solid:2)Translate:Para.4

5.Andmighttherenotbe…inthenationalinterest?totakethesameviewas;agreewithtointentionallydisclose(secretinformation)informernotstrongandreliableenough編輯們很可能會遇到這種情況，從國家利益考慮，他們準(zhǔn)備接受這種內(nèi)容的消息，盡管證據(jù)不夠扎實、充分，而其來源也許來自告密者。togowith:Para.45.And52PartII(Paras5-6)

Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound.PartII(Paras5-6)Thethem53bydegree:Thefunctionsofthetwo“thats”:Para.5

1.Iamarrivingbydegree…thetruth.graduallyThefirst“that”introducesthenounclauseassubjectcomplement.Thesecond“that”isapronoun,standingfor“issue”.bydegree:Para.51.Iama54“For”:Explainthestatementinyourownwords.Para.5

2.Forthegoal…roducesacompoundclauseofcause.Grammaticallyspeaking,itshouldbeginwithsmallletterandbepartoftheprevioussentence.ThewriterbreaksitintoanewwentenceforemphasisThefinalpurposeofnewsreportingandnovelwritingisthetellingofthetruth,althoughthismaysoundcontradictor.(Thisisbecausenovelwritingissupposedtobebasedontheuseofimagination,notthereportingofactualevents.)“For”:Para.52.Forthegoal55

Thetruthisnoteasytograspandverydifficulttoprove.Explaintheideainyourownwords.Para.5

3.Andtruthisslippery,hardtoestablish.thebiblicaloriginal“Thetruthshallmake(set)youfree”(John8:32)ismorepositive.4.Andiftruthcansetyoufree…inhotwater.truthcansetyoufree:itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:Itcanalsogetyouintogreattrouble.Therearenumerousexamplesineverydaylifetoprovehowtruethisstatementis.Explaintheid56Para.5

5.Fineasthewordsounds…unorthodox.Thoughtruthmaygivepeopletheimpressionthatitisgoodandwonderful,itisveryoftenunacceptabletothemind,embarrassingandhostiletoconventionalexpectations.6.Thearmiesof…againstit.Itwillencountertheresistanceandoppositionofstrongforceoftraditionalideas.Para.55.Fineasthewords57Para.5

7.Thelegions…marchagainstit.Thelargenumberofpeople,whobenefitfromfalseideas(facts),fromlies,willganguptofightagainst/tosuppressthetruth.8.Thearmiesof…Thelegionsof…Thesearetwoparallelsentence:Thearmiesof….Aremarshaledagainstit.Thelegionsof…willmarchagaisntit.Para.57.Thelegions…march58Para.5

9.Andtruth