Uint711.BasicListeningPracticeScriptM:Nowwehavesatelliteandhigh-poweredmicroscope,ifseasytothinkweknoweverythingabouttheworld;butwestilldon*tunderstandElNino.W:Right.ScientistsallovertheworldoverareevenuncertainaboutthecauseofthewarmPacificcurrentthatbringsstormsordrought—themysteriousElNino.Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheconversation?ScriptM:Everyoneistalkingaboutenvironmentalproblem:acidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,holesintheozonelayer.Weshouldthinkpositively.Whatcanwedotoimprovethings?W:Iagree.Wecoulddoalotmoretoharnessthesun*senergyforheatingandlightinginourhomes.InJapan43,000solarroofswereinstalledin2002.Q:Howdothemanandthewomanviewtheenvironment?ScriptW:WelivedinBeijingsomeyearsago.Itwasalwaysdifficulttokeepthehousecleanwithwindfromthenorthblowingsandfromthedesertatus.M:ThafswhytheChinesegovernmenthasbeenencouragingpeopletoplanttreesalongtheedgesoftheGobiDesert.Nowthosetreesactaswindbarriers.Q:Whatdidthegovernmentencouragepeopletodo?ScriptM:ManyoldrefrigeratorsandcarsareenvironmentalhazardsbecausetheycontainCFCsthatdestroytheozonelayer.W:Yes,butgovernmentororganizationsarehelpingpeopletosafelydisposeofoldrefrigeratorsor,inthecaseofcars,toupgradetheirairconditioning.Q:Whataregovernmentdepartmentshelpingpeopletodo?ScriptM:Hey,thafsanaerosolsprayyou'reusingonyourhair!Buildabomborsetfiretotheapartmenttokillusquicklyinsteadofmakingholesintheozone,sowedieofcancer.W:Coolit,man.Thisspraydoesn'tcontainCFGs.Andyou'dbetterreadalittlemore.In2003theholeintheozonelayershrankby20percent,sothere'snoreasontopanic.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?Keys:1.B2.D3.A4.A5.CListeningInTask1:Weshouldhaveproperrespectfornature!ScriptMartha:Doyouthinkmostpeopleinyourculturerespectnature?Ed: Ithinkso.Umm..morenowthanbefore.Martha:Whatdoyouthinkisthemostseriousenvironmentproblemintheworldtoday?Ed: Today.Jthinkdamagetotheozonelayerisabigproblem;andanotherproblemispollutioninbigcitiesandthingslikethat.Martha:Howdoyoulearnaboutenvironmentalproblems?Ed: Umm..throughschool.Alotofclubspromoteenvironmentalsafely,andsomeTVprograms,too.Theytalkaboutenvironmentalsafelyandstufflikethat.Martha:Doyouthinkstudentsshouldlearnmoreabouttheenvironmentatschool?Ed: Ithinkso.So,astheygrowolder,theycanbemoreawareofalltheproblemsthataregoingon.Andalsotopreventmoreproblemsfromoccurring.Martha:Ifyoucouldcreateanewlawtohelptheenvironment,whatwoulditbe?Ed: Anewlawfortheenvironment?Umm.Jdprobablysaythatwhenpeoplethrowawaytheircigarettebutts,theyhavetothrowthemintothegarbagebin,notjustthrowthemeverywherebecauseifsjustlitteringandIhatethat.Sotheyshouldbefinediftheythrowthemonthefloorontheground.Martha:Thafsagoodidea.Whatdoyoupersonallydotohelpprotecttheenvironment?Ed: I*msoagainstlittering.Ineverlitter.IfIseesomebodylitter,Igetreallyangry.SoIalwaysthrowmytrashintothegarbagebin.WhilebeinginterviewedbyMartha,Edsaidmorepeopleinhisculturerespectnatureeverbefore.Whenaskedaboutthemostseriousenvironmentalproblemintheworldtoday,hementionedthedamagedozonelayerandthepollutioninbigcities.Edlearnedaboutenvironmentalproblematschool.AlotofclubsandsomeTVprogramspromoteenvironmentalsafely.Hebelievesthatstudentsshouldlearnmoreabouttheenvironmentatschool.Thentheycanbemoreawareofalltheproblemsandpreventmoreproblemsfromoccurring.Whenaskedaboutanewlawhewouldliketocreatetohelptheenvironment,hesaidthatwhenpeoplethrowawaytheircigarettebutts,theyhavetothrowtheminthegarbagebin.Theyshouldbefinediftheythrowthemonthefloor.Personally,Edissosetagainstlitteringthatheneverlitters.Healwaysthrowshistrashintothegarbagebin.Task2:AWorkQualificationTestScriptAccordingtoareportbyAustralianresearchers,theholeintheozonelayeroverAntarcticawillprobablystartclosingwithinfiveyears.Theysayitmaybecompletelyclosedwithinfiftyyears.TheozonelayerprotectstheEarthfromdangerousradiationfromthesun.TheholeintheozonelayerwasdiscoveredoverAntarcticaalmostthirtyyearsago.Atthetime,itwasthreetimesthesizeofAustralia.Thereportfoundthatozone-destroyinggasesintheupperatmospherewereatorneartheirhighestlevelsintheyear2000.Butsincethen,therehasbeecontinuousprogressmadetowardtherecoveryoftheozonelayer.Satelliteinformationshowedthatlevelsofozone-destroyinggasesintheatmosphereareslowlydecreasing.Atitslargestthisyear,theozoneholecoveredmorethan15millionsquarekilometers.Thatisdownfromayearlyaverageof23millionsquarekilometersoverthelastsixyears.Chlorofluorocarbons,orCFCs,areresponsiblefordestroyingpartoftheozonelayeroverAntarctica.CFCshavebeenwidelyusedsincethe1930sincoolingdevicessuchasrefrigeratorsandairconditioners.CFCsremainintheatmosphereforyears.Governmentscientistsaythelevelofchlorineintheatmosphereisdecreasingbecauseofrestrictionsontheuseofchlorofluorocarbons.ThechemicalswererestrictedunderaninternationalagreementcalledtheMontrealProtocolin1987.UndertheProtocol,developingcountriespromotedtocuttheiruseofchlorofluorocarbonsinhalfbytheyear2005.Theyalsoagreedtoaneighty-fivepercentcutbytheyear2oo7.Keys:FTTFTForReferenceItwasthreetimesthesizeofAustralia.TheypromisedtocuttheiruseofCFCsinthehalfby2005andagreedtoan85percentcutby2007.Task3:AMildElNinoScriptTheElNinoweatherconditionhasreturned.However,officialattheUnitedStatesNationalWeatherServicesayElNinoisweakerthanusualthisyear.ElNinoisachangeintheatmosphereoverthePacificOcean.Ithappenseveryfourorfiveyears.Normally,watertemperaturesinthewesternPacificOceanincreaseneartheendoftheyear.ThiscausemorerainfallinIndonesia,Australiaandothernearbyplace.Atthesametime,coldoceanwatercauselessrainfallintheeasternPacificOcean,nearSouthAmerica.TheoppositehappensduringElNino.PacificOceantemperaturesincreasenearSouthAmerica,causingunusuallyhighamountsofrainfallthere.Incontrast,ElNinocausesdryweatherinIndonesiaandAustralia.AstrongElNinocanseverelyaffecttheweatherallovertheworld.ThelastpowerfulElNinowasin1997and1998.Itcausedmajorfloodsinmanyplaces.ElNinoalsoledtoextremelydryweatherinsomeotherareas.Reportssaytheweathercausedthedeathsofabout24,000people.SoexpertssayhavingaweakerElNinothisyearisgoodnews.MeteorologistssayrainfallhasbeenhigherthanusualinSouthAmerica.TheexpertssaytheeffectsofElNinowillbegintoshowinNovemberintheUnitedStates.Thenorthernstatesmayhaveawarmerwinter.But,scientistssayElNinowillnotbestrongenoughtopreventthisyear'spowerfulstormsintheAtlanticOcean.Accordingtothepassage,howoftendoesElNinohappen?WhatnormallyhappensinthewesternPacificOcean?WhatdidtheElNinoin1997and1998cause?WhatisNOTmentionedasaresultofthisyear's曰Nino?Whatisthecentralideaofthepassage?Kes:1C2.A3.D4.B5.CForReferencePacificOceantemperaturesincreasenearSouthAmerica,causingunusuallyhighlevelofrainfallthere.DryweatherresultsinAustralia.SpeakingOutMODEL1OurglobeisindangerJohn:HowisyourGrandmagettingalongduringthisusuallyhotweather?Nora:Overthelastfewyears,Grannyhasbeencomplainingthatthehot,humidweatheriskillingher.Shebelievestheweatherhaschanged.John:Whatshemeansistheclimate'slong-termconditions;weatherrefersonlytoday-to-dayconditions.Nora:Yeah,shesayssummerishotter,andwinterwetter.ButItriedtocomforther,saying,<4lt'sallinyourmind,Granny.John:She*sright,youknow.Thegreenhouseeffectdoesbringglobalwarmingandrain.Nora:HowcanIexplainglobalwarmingandgreenhousegasestoa97-year-oldGranny?John:Tellhertheearthnowislikearealgreenhousemadeofglasspanelsthatletinlightandtrapheat.Nora:Thinkshe'llwanttoknowthatcarbonmonoxidefromearthmakesgreenhousegases?John:Everybodyshouldknowwhatcauseglobalwarming;otherwisewewon'tstopit.Nora:I'lltellGrannynottoburnanymorewoodorcoal,ortousesprayonthehair.John:OK,jokeaboutit,butitwon'tbesofunnywhenthepolaricecapsmeltandoceansrise.NowYourTurnSAMPLEDIALOGHowareyougettingalongduringthisusuallyhotweather?Notwellatall.Overthelastfewweeksthehot,humidweatheriskillingme.Ibelievetheclimatehaschanged.Yeah,thesummerishotter,andwinterwetter.Doyouknowwhyallthishashappened?Thegreenhouseeffectsbringglobalwarmingandrain.Whatdoyoumeanbygreenhouseeffects?Theearthisnowlikearealgreenhousemadeofglasspanelsthatletlightinandtrapheat.Youknow,carbonmonoxidefromearthisagreenhousegas.Isee.Everybodyshouldknowwhatcauseglobalwarming;otherwisewewon*tstopit.Theimportantthingisthathumanbeingsshouldtakestepstoreduceglobalwarming.Whatcanwedothen?Perhapsweshouldnotburnanymorewoodorcoal.Right.AlsoweshouldtrytoproducelessCFCsorFreon.Howcanweachievethat?Don'tuseaerosolsprayonyourhair,anddependlessonair-conditionersandrefrigerators..Butit'shardtogiveupallthis.Butwemusttakeactionbeforepolaricecapsmeltandoceansrise.MODEL2Rainforestswillsoonbeonlyamemory.ScriptSusan:Hey,Chris,thereisanenvironmentalgrouponcampusaskingfordonationstosavetherainforests.Chris:Sowhat?Susan:Sowhat?!Don'tyouwanttosavetherainforests?Chris:Butthere'renorainforestsinourcountry.Theyneedhot,tropicalclimates.Susan:Comeon.Arainforestisanyforestwhereheavyrainfallleadstodensevegetation.Tropicalrainforestscanbefoundinhoe,tropicalareas,buttherearealsocoolrainforests,includingoneinsoutheastAlaska.Chris:Howdidyouknowthat?Susan:Well,I'vejustreadabookonrainforests.Youknow,140nillionpeopleliveintheworld'srainforests,and35percentoftheworld'splantandanimalspeciesexistonlyinrainforests.Chris:Wow,I'mimpressed.Sowhatelsehaveyoulearned?Susan:Mostoftheworld*srainforestsareindangerofdestructionbyloggers,farmersanddevelopers.Theyaredisappearingatarateof1000acresaminute!Chris:lt*sterrible!Susan:Yeah,we'vegottofindawaytosavethem.Nowwouldyouliketogiveadonation?Chris:Sure.NowYourTurnSAMPLEDIALOGA:Mostoftheworld'srainforestsareindangerofdestructionbyloggers,farmersanddevelopers.Theyaredisappearingatarateof100acresaminute!Whatatragedy!,Manyoftheworld'splantandanimalspeciesexistonlyinrainforests.Wereallyneedtosavethebeautifulforests.Yeah,we'vegottofindawaytosavethem.Doyouknowourmayorismakingacalltoplanttrees?Yeah,wedohavetoplantmoretrees.IhearChinadoesn'thavealotofforestscomparedwithmanycountries.A:That'strue.I'vejustreadanarticleaboutafforestation.China'sforestcoverageratewas18.21percentlastyea,rankingonly130thintheworld.Nowonderwehavetoplatmoretrees.A:Don'tloseheart.Progresshasbeenremarkable.In2000theratewasjust16.55percent.B:Anyothergoodnews?A:Chinahassteppedupitstree-plantingefforts.Nowit'stheworld'sNo.1planteroftrees.B:Wow,I'mimpressed.M0DEL3Whataterriblesandstorm!ScriptSusan:Hey,John.You'reback.Afewdaysago,abigsandstormhitourcityJohn:Oh,that'sbad.Susan:Theairwasfullofdirtandsandanddust.Ihadtowearascarfaroundmyhead.John:Thedust,asIknow,comesfromMongolia.Andfrommyreadinginscience,I'veheardthedustoftencomesafteralongperiodofdrought.Susan:Thisisaseriousprobleminmanypartsoftheworld,andunfortunatelyourcityisoneofthem.John:Andifthedroughtcontinues,thesoiliseasilyairborne.Andthenifthewindcomes,thesoilcanbelifteduponthecoldarethatrisesup,anditcantravelverylongdistances.Susan:Normally,whenthere'sawind,itcancleartheair,andyouhavebeautifulweather.Butwhenthedustisbroughtinwiththewind,thenyoucan'tbreathe,youcan'tseewell,andit'sdangerousfordriving,orforwalking.John:Yeah.Youknow,whenthedustisliftedupitcangoashigh3,000meters.Andit'snotjustChinathathasproblems,butmanyothercountries.Forexample,themiddleofAustraliasometimeshasduststorms,andsomeofthedustgoesupveryhigh,goesacrosstheocean,andfallsdownonNewZealand.Susan:Notaveryniceneighbor.John:Isthereasolutiontotheproblem?Susan:Weneedtoplantmoretreesandgrasssothatthesoilcanstaywhereitis.John:Nowonderthegovernmentislaunchinganewafforestationprograminabidtaddresstheenvironmentalproblem.NowYourTurnSAMPLEDIALOGI'msogladtobebackhome,again.Oh,whataclearbluesky!Yes,thewindhasclearedtheair.Ihopeyoustillrememberthesituationacoupleofyearsage;thatis,whenyouwerehere.Eachspringabigsandstormstruckourcity.Oh,thatwasbad.Thatairwasfilledwithsandanddust.Ihadtowearascarfaroundmyhead.Ihadtocovermymouthandnosewithahandkerchief.Andfacialmakessoldwell.,Thedustcamefromthenorth,anditoftenroseafteralongdryspell.Ifthedroughtcontinued,thesoilwaseasilyairborne.Andwhenthewindcame,thesoilwassweptuponthecoldair,anditcouldtravelverylongdistances.Whenthedustwasbroughtinwiththewind,wecouldhardlybreathe,wecouldn'tseewell,anditwasdangerousfordriving.Howdidyourtownsolvetheproblem?Notonlyourtown.Infact,peopleinthewholeprovinceplantedalotoftreesandgrasssothatthesoilwouldstaywhereitis.A:Isee.Thegovernmentlaunchedanafforestationprojecttodealwiththesandstorm.Thegreenshelterbeltisplayingarole.V.Let'sTalkScriptLi:HiProfessorWang,I'mLiLin,acorrespondentfromtheUniversityNewspaper.Thestaffandstudentsherearegettingmoreandmoreinterestedintherelationshipbetweentheenvironmentanddevelopment.Whatdoyouthinkisthemostseriousenvironmentalproblematpresent?Whatmeasuresshouldweadopttoimprovetheenvironmentanddeveloptheeconomyatthesametime?Wang:Therearemanyenvironmentalproblems:airpollution,waterpollution,desertification,over-fishing,destructionofnaturalhabitats,acidtrain,over-consumptionofwildanimalsandplants,etc.Butlyingatthecenterofallthoseproblems,asIseeit,isthecontradictionbetweeneconomicgrowthandtheenvironment.SincetheUnitedNationsEarthSummitin1992,moreandmorepeopleandgovernmentshaveadoptedanewidea;thatis,Usustainabledevelopment11.Thismeanstoday'seconomicgrowthshouldnotwipeoutheresourcesandoptionsforfuturegenerations.Planninganddevelopmentshouldensurenotonlyeconomicgrowth,butalsosocialadvancementandenvironmenthealth.Inotherwords,someeconomicbehaviormustberestrictedorcontrolled.Instillingprinciplesofdevelopmentintogovernmentplanning,resourcemanagementandeconomicpolicyisthemostimportantstepChinacouldtaketosolveitsenvironmentalproblems.Chinahasalreadytakensomeremarkablestepstoreducedamagetotheenvironment.Forinstance,followingthehugefloodsof1998,thegovernmentbannedloggingintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverinordertoprotectforestsandreducetheriskoffloods.Still,thebasiccontradictionbetweenenvironmentanddevelopmentpersists.Muchworkistobedonebeforewecanachievetheaimofabalancebetweeneconomicgrowthandtheenvironment.EnvironmentProblemsairpollution,waterpollution,desertification,over-fishing,destructionofnaturalhabitats,acidtrain,over-consumptionofwildanimalsandplants,etc.Centralproblemsthecontradictionbetweeneconomicgrowthandtheenvironment.ANewIdeasustainabledevelopment;itmeans:Today'seconomicgrowthshouldnotwipeoutheresourcesandoptionsforfuturegenerations.Planninganddevelopmentshouldensurenotonlyeconomicgrowth,butalsosocialadvancementandenvironmenthealth.someeconomicbehaviormustberestrictedorcontrolledWhatChinaCouldDoInstillprinciplesofsustainabledevelopmentintogovernmentplanning,resourcemanagementandeconomicpolicyWhatChinaHasDoneChinahasalreadytakensomeremarkablestepstoreducedamagetotheenvironment.e.g.Followingthehugefloodsof1998,thegovernmentbannedloggingintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverTheAimAbalancebetweeneconomicgrowthandtheenvironment.DebateSAMPLEInmyopinion,wemustgiveprioritytoeconomicgrowth.AtpresentChina'seconomyisnotstrongenough,andtheper-capitaGDPismuchsmallerthanthoseofadvancedcountries.Ibegtodiffer.Comparedwith30yearsago,theChineseeconomyhasdevelopedagreatdeal,andatthesametimeithasproducedalotofpollution.Itishightimewegaveenvironmentalconservationserousconsideration.Itseemstomethatifsmoreurgentforustoimprovepeople'slife.Ifwedon'tboostoureconomy,wecan'traisethelivingstandards..I'dliketodrawyourattentiontothefactthatenvironmentalproblemsarealreadyaffectingpeople'slives.Didn'tyouhearthatthepoisonoussubstancesfactoriesdumpintoriversarekillingfishandcausingcanceramongpeople?Well,youhaveapointthere,butweshouldbeawarethataneconomicallybackwardnationisalsomilitarilyweak,andthereforeittendstobebulliedbystrongercountries.IfChinawantstofollowthetrendtowardeconomicglobalization,ithastomeettheinternationalenvironmentalcriteria.Evenifyoucanmakealotofproducts,theycan'tbeexportediftheyareenvironmentallyunfriendly.OK,peoplewe'dbettercombineoutpointofviewandstrikeabalancebetweeneconomicgrowthandenvironmentalconservation.Thatcertainlymakessense.Whatweneedissustainabledevelopment.Toachievethisgoal,wehavetoburnlesscoal,petroleumandwoodbecausetheycan'tereproducedeasily.Righton,wecanrelymoreonsolarenergy.Wecanalsomakemoreuseofwaterpowerifthedamswebuilddon'tpresentgreatenvironmentalhazards.A:Also,weshouldnotbuildsomanyroadsbecausetheyoccupysomuchfarmland.B:Yeah,weshouldturnmoretowatertransportation.Bytransportingmorecargoalongriversandthecoast,wecaneasetheburdenonhighwaytransportation.VI.FurtherListeningandSpeakingTaskl:ThickCloudofPollutionCoveringSouthernAsiaScriptAUnitedNationsstudysaysthatathickcloudofpollutioncoveringsouthernAsiathreatensthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Scientistssaythepollutioncouldincreaselungdiseaseandcauseearlydeaths.Thecloudisalsodamagingagricultureandaffectingrainfalllevels.IthasaffectedmanycountriesinsouthernAsia.Thepollutioncloudisthreekilometershigh.Scientistssayitcanmovehalfwayaroundtheworldinaweek.Thecloudistheresultofforestfires,theburningofagriculturalwaste,andhugeincreasesintheburningoffuelsbyvehicles,industriesandpowerstations.Pollutionfrommillionsofbadcookingstoveshsmadetheproblemworse.Manypoorpeopleburnoffuelswoodandanimalwasteinsuchstoves.ScientistssaythiscombinationcouldbechangingwinterrainfalllevelsinAsia.TheysayrainfallhasincreasedovertheeasterncoastofAsia.ButithasdroppedsharplyoverpartsofnorthwesternAsia.ThereportsaysthecloudcouldreducerainfallovernorthwesternPakistan,Afghanistan,andwesternChinabyuptofortypercent.Harmfulchemicalsfromthecloudaremixingwithrainfall.Thisacidraindamagescropsandtreesandthreatenspublichealth.ScientistsareconcernedthatthepollutionwillintensifyduringthenextthirtyyearsasthepopulationofAsiaincreasetoanEstimated5,000millionpeople.Whatisthetrueofthecloudofpollution?WhatisNOTthecauseofthecloudofpollution?Whatdoesthecloudofpollutionbringabout?Whywillthepollutionintensifyinthenext30years,accordingtothepassage?Whatdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthepassage?Keys:1.D2.B3.A4.C5,CTask2:Mountainregionsfaceanumberofdangers.ScriptMountainpeoplearoundtheworldareingreatdangerofthenegativeeffectsoftheworseningenvironment,accordingtoaUNreport.Asglobalwarminganddeforestationaccelerateandtechnologymakeswilderplacesmoreaccessible,environmentalandsocialpressuresontheworld'sremotestregionsincreases.TheUNhasfoundthatmanymountainousregions—inhabitedbyoneoutoffiveoftheworld'speople—arebarelyrecognizablewhentheyarecomparedtowhattheyerelike60yearsago.Thisismostlybecauseforestswerecuttomakewayforcattlegrazingandagriculture.TheauthorsoftheUNstudyexpect98percentofitsmountainareastoexperiencesevereclimatechangeby2055.Biologicallossesareexpectedtobeheavy.ThemountainsofEurope,partofCaliforniaandthenorthwestAndesinSouthAmericaareamongthemostthreatenedmountainareasintheworldandshouldbegivenpriorityinconservation.TheUNisanxioustoraiseawarenessoftheproblemfacingmountainareasbecausetheyareinhabitedbysomeofthemostvulnerablepeople.Thesepeoplecouldlosetheircultureandtheirlivelihoodwitheventhesmallestshiftsinclimate.Atthesametime,manymountainregionsarelosingpeople.ThousandsofvillagesinEuropearedesertedmostoftheyear.InotherareaslikeNepal,peoplearedriftingtothecitiesinsearchofwork.Task3:DiggingaHoleScriptAfellowstoppedataruralgasstationand,afterfillinghistank,heboughtasoftdrink.Hestoodbyhiscartodrinkhiscolaadwatchedtwomenworkingalongtheroadside.Oneworkerwoulddigaholetwoorthreefeetdeepandthenmoveon.Theothe