住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-外交學(xué)院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Tenyearsoflivingwithamyotrophiclateralsclerosis,orA.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle;Dr.JulesLodishtypeswithtwitchesofhischeek,detectedbyasensorclippedtothisglasses.Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:“Istilllookforwardtoday.”

A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.Theprospectofbeingtrappedinaninertbodyandbeingtotallydependentonothersdrivesmanysuffererstosuicide.

WhenAttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftattackedanOregonlawallowingdoctor-assistedsuicidein2001—acasethatisstillworkingitswaysthroughthelegalsystem—patientswiththediseasewereamongthosewhosupportedthelawincourt.

Butwhilethelegalcaseandmuchofthenationalattentionhavefocusedontheissueoftherighttodie,lessisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.

Withadequatemedicalcare,patientsoftencanliveforyearsrelativelyfreeofphysicalpainfromthediseaseitself.“It’smoreasortofexistential,psychicsortofpain,”saidDr.LeoMcCluskey,aneurologistinPhiladelphiawhotreatsmanypeoplewiththedisease.

Asaresult,patientsandtheirfamiliesareforced,onadailybasis,totakestockofthemeaningandqualityoftheirlivesandtomakerepeateddecisionsabouthowmuchistoomuch.

“WithA.L.S.,youhaveachoiceaboutwhentostoptreatment,lettingnaturetakeitscourse.”saidDr.LindaGanzini,aprofessorofpsychiatryatOregonHealthandScienceUniversityinPortland,whohasstudiedpatientsmakingend-of-lifedecisions.

Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness—perhapsamilestone“l(fā)ikegettingthelastkidofftocollege”saidDr.MellarP.Davis,aprofessorhematologyandmedicaloncologyattheClevelandClinic.

Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.

Manypatients,Dr.Ganzinisaid,havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem,andtheyareable,“tofindhopeinthefuture,findmeaningandtoleratethedailyongoinglossesthattheyareexperiencing.”

Dr.Lodish’sbodysitslimpinawheelchairandhistonguelolls;amachinebreathesforhimthroughatracheostomytubeinhisthroat.Helosttheabilitytotalkmorethanthreeyearsago,hesays,thenjokes,“Butnottheabilitytobeannoying.”

TherearenohalfmeasuresforDr.Lodish,ahematologistwhodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.Hewrotea30guideforhisnursesthatsetsstandardsforasterileenvironmentthatgobeyondhospitalpractices,rulesthathavehelpedhimavoidtheinfectionsthatkillmanypatients.Whenhecouldnolongereat,hedidtheresearchtocomeupwitharecipeforthenutrientblendthatflowsdownhisfeedingtube—evendeterminingthattheingredientswerekosher—andhetypedthetwoguidetoitspreparation,twitchbytwitch,withaspecialprogramonthelaptopthathelpshimtochoosewholewordsorphrasesfromscrollinglists.

Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation,andnowadvisespatientswithA.L.S.andtheirfamiliesonhowtoorganizetheirowncareandusethecommunicationdeviceshehasmastered.

“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell,”Dr.Lodishsaid.

Byholdingon,hesaid,hehasbeenabletoseemanyoflife’smilestones,includingthemarriagesoftwoofhisthreechildren.

Whenhisolderdaughter,ElizabethLester,becamepregnantwiththefirstgrandchild,sheaskedherfathertomaketheofficialfamilyannouncement.

“Hestillplaysthesameroleforme”shesaid,“Istillconsulthimonfinancialmattersandotherkindsofthings.”

Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.

1.A.L.S.isadiseasethat（）.

2.JulesLodish（）.

3.AllthefollowingarepossiblereasonswhythepatientswithA.L.S.canliveabetterlifeEXCEPT

（）.

4.Dr.LodishmanagestolivewithA.L.S.mainlybecausehe（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingtasksisNOTundertakenbyDr.JulesLodish?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.causespeopletoparalyzeinstantly

B.makeseverymusclestopmovinggradually

C.ishighlycontagiousintheUnitedStates

D.isgeneticallydeterminedandcannotbecured

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.wantstocommitsuicide

B.supportsanOregonlaw

C.determinedtolivelonger

D.isbecomingunconscious

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theyhaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare

B.theyhaveasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness

C.theyhavestrongreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem

D.theyhavegotastrongmentalsupportfrompeoplearound

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.ishavingexperthelp

B.knowshowtocopewiththedisease

C.iswell-equippedwithadvanceddevices

D.oftencommunicateswithotherpeople

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Treatingalotofcancerpatients.

B.Devisinghisowntreatmentplan.

C.Providingmedicalconsultation.

D.Communicatingwithmanypeople.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“A.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle（A.L.S是一種漸進(jìn)性的麻痹性疾病，幾乎使每一塊肌肉都停止活動(dòng)）”和第二段“A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.（肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化癥或盧伽雷氏癥，常被描述為一種活死人。身體會(huì)變得松弛，而頭腦卻保持完整和敏銳的意識(shí)。）”，由此可推斷出肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化癥使肌肉病變會(huì)有一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過程。A選項(xiàng)“使人立即癱瘓”說法錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“使每一塊肌肉逐漸停止活動(dòng)”符合題意；C選項(xiàng)“在美國(guó)是高度傳染性的”和D選項(xiàng)“是由基因決定的，不能治愈”文章都沒有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:Istilllookforwardtoday.（但當(dāng)人們問洛迪什對(duì)自己的生活有何感想時(shí)，他的眼神流露出了身體所沒有的那種強(qiáng)烈感，他回答說：我仍然期待著。）”和第四段“l(fā)essisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.（但對(duì)于那些像洛迪什醫(yī)生一樣想要活下去的病人，人們卻知之甚少。）”，由此可推斷出Dr.Lodish雖然被肌肉萎縮性側(cè)索硬化癥折磨，但他仍不失積極樂觀的心態(tài)，對(duì)生活充滿期待，決定好好生活與病魔抗?fàn)幍降住選項(xiàng)“想自殺”說法錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“支持俄勒岡州一項(xiàng)（允許醫(yī)生協(xié)助自殺的）法律”文章沒有提到；C選項(xiàng)“決心活得更長(zhǎng)”符合題意；D選項(xiàng)“正在變得失去意識(shí)”說法錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第八段“Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness…（專家說，讓許多病人活下來的，是一種未完的事業(yè)感……）”；第九段“Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.（那些做得最好的病人是那些擁有涵蓋護(hù)理和醫(yī)療護(hù)理的保險(xiǎn)，使他們能夠避免一些與疾病相關(guān)的主要健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人，以及那些家庭成員在得不到專家?guī)椭鷷r(shí)可以支付時(shí)間的人。）”以及第十段“havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem（許多患者都有深刻的宗教信仰，這些信仰幫助他們維持生命）”，因此A選項(xiàng)“他們有涵蓋護(hù)理和醫(yī)療的保險(xiǎn)”；B選項(xiàng)“他們有一種未完的事業(yè)感”以及C選項(xiàng)“他們有強(qiáng)烈的宗教信仰來支持他們”在文中都有提到，只有D選項(xiàng)“他們從周圍的人那里得到了強(qiáng)大的精神支持”文章沒有提及，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十三段“Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.（這條與世界相連的線讓他與家人和朋友保持聯(lián)系，讓他成為他們生活中重要的一部分。）”以及第十四段“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell（具有諷刺意味的是，我現(xiàn)在和很多人交流的次數(shù)比我健康時(shí)還多）”，由此可知Dr.Lodish與病魔作斗爭(zhēng)是通過經(jīng)常與他人溝通交流，分享生命中的點(diǎn)滴。A選項(xiàng)“正在接受專家的幫助”；B選項(xiàng)“知道如何對(duì)付這種疾病”；C選項(xiàng)“配備了先進(jìn)的設(shè)備”都不是主要原因，只有D選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常與他人交流”符合題意，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十二段“whodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.（他設(shè)計(jì)了自己復(fù)雜而詳細(xì)的治療方案。）”；第十三段“Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation…（這條與世界相連的線讓他與家人和朋友保持聯(lián)系，讓他成為他們生活中重要的一部分。他繼續(xù)提供醫(yī)療咨詢……）”，由此可知B選項(xiàng)“制定自己的治療方案”；C選項(xiàng)“提供醫(yī)療咨詢”和D選項(xiàng)“與許多人交流”說法正確，文章都有提及，而A選項(xiàng)“治療了很多癌癥患者”可定位到文章最后一段“Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.（洛迪什說，他自己想活下去的決心，在一定程度上來自于他長(zhǎng)期治療癌癥患者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這些患者常常覺得確診就等于判了死刑。）”，該段落只說了Dr.Lodish想活下去的決心來自治療癌癥患者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并沒有直接說他治療了很多癌癥患者，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意，A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thetroopssleptincrampedconditions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.untidy

B.makeshift

C.dirty

D.crowded

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)untidy“不整潔的，凌亂的，懶散的，不干凈利落的”；B選項(xiàng)makeshift“臨時(shí)的，權(quán)宜之計(jì)的”；C選項(xiàng)dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，骯臟的，惡劣的，暗淡的”；D選項(xiàng)crowded“擁擠的，塞滿的”。句意：軍隊(duì)在擁擠的條件下睡覺。Cramped“狹窄的，難懂的，難辨的”，D選項(xiàng)與該詞意思最相近，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Somedonors,batteredbysomanyappealsforhelp,mayfindthemselvesbattlingcompassion

（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.indolence

B.fatigue

C.vacuum

D.leave

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)indolence“懶散，懶惰，無痛”；B選項(xiàng)fatigue“疲勞，疲乏，雜役”；C選項(xiàng)vacuum“真空，空缺，空白，真空吸塵器”；D選項(xiàng)leave“離開，許可，同意，休假”。compassionfatigue“同情疲勞”。句意：一些捐助人，在如此多的求助面前不堪一擊，可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正在與同情疲勞作斗爭(zhēng)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Hewashere（）thestroke.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.in

B.on

C.with

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。onthestroke“準(zhǔn)時(shí)地”。句意：他準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了這里。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Gethimtosignthecontractbeforehehassecond（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.idea

B.ideas

C.thought

D.thoughts

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。secondthought“（單數(shù)）重新考慮”；secondthoughts“（復(fù)數(shù)）反復(fù)考慮”。句意：在他猶豫之前讓他簽合同。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Oftenthedifficultiesofgrowingupinthepubliceyecausechildprodigiesto（）theworldofachievementbeforereachingadulthood;happily,theysometimeslaterreturntocompetitionandsucceedbrilliantly.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ridicule

B.retirefrom

C.examine

D.conquer

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ridicule“嘲笑，奚落”；B選項(xiàng)retirefrom“退休；退出；從……退休”；C選項(xiàng)examine“檢查；調(diào)查；檢測(cè)；考試”；D選項(xiàng)conquer“戰(zhàn)勝，征服；攻克，攻取”。句意：在公眾的目光下成長(zhǎng)的困難往往導(dǎo)致神童在成年之前就從成就的世界中退休；令人高興的是，他們有時(shí)會(huì)在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲勝。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Idon’tbelieveyouaregoingtohavethematterlookedintotoday,（）?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.areyou

B.doyou

C.aren’tyou

D.don’tyou

【答案】A

【解析】考查反義疑問句用法。題干屬于陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句的反義疑問句。一般有兩種情況：當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句“主語+從句”時(shí)，疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句保持一致，如HeknowsthatwhereIlive,doesn’the？；當(dāng)陳述部分為Ithink（believe,suppose）that...等時(shí)，疑問部分通常與從句保持一致，如Idon’tthinkhewillcome,willhe?題干陳述部分為Idon’tbelieve(that)...從句部分為youaregoingtohave...，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

WhilehewasinBeijing,hespentallhistime（）someimportartmuseumsandbuildings.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.visiting

B.traveling

C.watching

D.touring

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)visit“訪問，拜訪，看望，參觀，訪問”，指短期行為，更多用于動(dòng)作，目的性較強(qiáng)；B選項(xiàng)travel“長(zhǎng)途旅行，經(jīng)過（某地區(qū)），（非正式）經(jīng)受得住旅行，（物體，放射線）移動(dòng)，行進(jìn)，傳送”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從某處過到另一處，或者已經(jīng)完成的旅行；C選項(xiàng)watch“觀看，注視，守候，看守”，強(qiáng)調(diào)專注地看/注視移動(dòng)著的物體，如看電視，看球賽等；D選項(xiàng)tour“旅行，旅游，作巡回演出”，常用來形容整個(gè)旅行，強(qiáng)調(diào)旅行的過程。句意：當(dāng)他在北京的時(shí)候，他把所有的時(shí)間都花在參觀一些重要的藝術(shù)博物館和建筑上。

9.單選題

Theproposedchangeinthefederalestatetax,inthedealworkedoutwithPresidentObamaandCongressionalRepublicans,hasramificationsfortheCaliforniaestatetax.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.outcome

B.projections

C.recommendations

D.prospects

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)outcome“結(jié)果，結(jié)局；成果”；B選項(xiàng)projections“投射；規(guī)劃；突出；發(fā)射；推測(cè)”；C選項(xiàng)recommendations“推薦；建議；推薦信”；D選項(xiàng)prospects“前景；預(yù)期；潛在顧客；遠(yuǎn)景展望”。句意：根據(jù)與奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)共和黨人達(dá)成的協(xié)議，聯(lián)邦遺產(chǎn)稅的擬議修改對(duì)加州遺產(chǎn)稅有影響。ramifications“衍生物；分支，分叉；支流；（衍生的）結(jié)果、影響”，A選項(xiàng)與該詞意思最相近，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Hehadafallandhavea（）fractureinabone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hairgrip

B.hairpiece

C.hairline

D.hairstyle

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)hairgrip“發(fā)夾”；B選項(xiàng)hairpiece“假發(fā)”；C選項(xiàng)hairline“發(fā)際線，極細(xì)的線，細(xì)縫”；D選項(xiàng)hairstyle“發(fā)型”。hairlinefracture是一醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語，“骨裂”，即一種如頭發(fā)般的單處骨折裂痕。句意：他摔了一跤，骨裂了。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Iamtoinformyou,thatyoumay,ifyouwish,attendtheinquiry,andattheinspectorsdiscretionstateyourcase（）orthroughanentrustedrepresentative.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.indepth

B.insecret

C.inperson

D.inexcess

【答案】C

【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)indepth“深入地；全面地”；B選項(xiàng)insecret“秘密地；私下地”；C選項(xiàng)inperson“本人；親自”；D選項(xiàng)turnup“出現(xiàn)；發(fā)生；開大；發(fā)現(xiàn)；卷起；使仰臥”。句意：我要通知你，如果你愿意，你可以參加調(diào)查，并根據(jù)調(diào)查人員的決定親自或委托代表陳述你的情況。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Justastheauthor’sbookoneelsisoftenakeytextforcoursesinmarinevertebratezoology,theirideasonanimaldevelopmentandphylogeny（）teachinginthisarea.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.prevent

B.defy

C.replicate

D.inform

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)prevent“預(yù)防，防止；阻止；妨礙，阻止”；B選項(xiàng)defy“藐視；公然反抗；挑釁；使落空”；C選項(xiàng)replicate“復(fù)制；折疊；重復(fù)；折轉(zhuǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)inform“通知；告訴；報(bào)告；告發(fā)；告密”。句意：就像作者關(guān)于鰻魚的書經(jīng)常是海洋脊椎動(dòng)物學(xué)課程的關(guān)鍵文本一樣，他們關(guān)于動(dòng)物發(fā)展和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的觀點(diǎn)也影響著這一領(lǐng)域的教學(xué)。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Itonlytookafewsecondsforhertosize（）thesituation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.over

B.up

C.on

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。根據(jù)題干可知考查sizeup“打量；估計(jì)……的大小；判斷”，其他的選項(xiàng)都沒有這種搭配。句意：她只花了幾秒鐘審時(shí)度勢(shì)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Professionalphotographersgenerallyregardinadvertentsurrealisminaphotographasacurseratherthanablessing;magazinephotographers,inparticular,considerthemselves（）totheextentthattheycan（）itspresenceintheirphotographs.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.skillful,enhance

B.inadequate,eliminate

C.original,demonstrate

D.fortunate,minimize

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞與動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)skillful,enhance“熟練的；巧妙的”，“提高；加強(qiáng)；增加”；B選項(xiàng)inadequate,eliminate“不充分的，不適當(dāng)?shù)摹?，“消除；排除”；C選項(xiàng)original,demonstrate“原來的；開始的；首創(chuàng)的，新穎的，創(chuàng)新的；原作的”，“證明；展示；論證”；D選項(xiàng)fortunate,minimize“幸運(yùn)的；僥幸的；吉祥的；帶來幸運(yùn)的”，“使減到最少；小看，極度輕視；最小化”。句意：一般而言，專業(yè)攝影家將攝影作品中由疏忽而致的超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義視作一種災(zāi)禍而非幸事；尤其是雜志攝影家，只要能在攝影作品中將它的存在減少到最低程度，他們便視自己為相當(dāng)幸運(yùn)的了。因此D答案正確。

15.單選題

Thereislikelytobetensionbetweenlandlordandtenant,betweenlargelandownersandimpecuniouspeasants.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.petty

B.modicum

C.impoverished

D.frolicsome

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)petty“瑣碎的；小氣的；小規(guī)模的”；B選項(xiàng)modicum“（n.）少量，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)”；C選項(xiàng)impoverished“窮困的；用盡了的，無創(chuàng)造性的”；D選項(xiàng)frolicsome“嬉戲的，愛鬧著玩的”。句意：地主和佃戶之間、大地主和貧窮的農(nóng)民之間可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)緊張關(guān)系。impecunious“沒有錢的；貧窮的”。C選項(xiàng)與該詞意思最相近，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Caruthers’slatestliterarycriticism（）herreputationfortrenchantcommentary;despiteitsintriguingtitleandthefulsomepraiseonitsdustjacket,itisnothingmorethanacollectionof（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.reinforces,pronouncements

B.advances,aphorisms

C.belies,platitudes

D.undermines,judgments

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞和名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)reinforces,pronouncements“加強(qiáng)，加固；強(qiáng)化；補(bǔ)充”，“聲明；宣告；公告；判決”；B選項(xiàng)advances,aphorisms“提出；預(yù)付；使……前進(jìn)；將……提前；前進(jìn)；進(jìn)展；上漲”，“格言；警句”；C選項(xiàng)belies,platitudes“掩飾；與……不符；使失望；證明……虛假錯(cuò)誤”，“陳詞濫調(diào)；平凡；陳腐”；D選項(xiàng)undermines,judgments

“破壞，漸漸破壞；挖掘地基”，“判斷；裁判；判決書；辨別力”。句意：卡拉瑟斯最新的文學(xué)批評(píng)掩蓋了她犀利評(píng)論的名聲；盡管書名引人入勝，書皮上也有溢美之詞，但這本書不過是陳詞濫調(diào)的集合。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yetarchaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation,resultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.

Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientificarcheologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegalexcavatorsgriponthemarket,therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But,youmightreplyeverythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclaimingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.

Irefertothethousandsofpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.Evenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownasmelekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance—morethan4,000examplessofar.

Thebasementofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds;asaresult,theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.

Indeed,withthehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbephotographedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.

Itwouldbeunrealistictosuggestthatillegaldicingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket.Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowouldwantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailablewhoseprovenancewasknown,andthatwasdatedstratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologistwhoexcavatedit?

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopropose（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseumbasements?

3.Theauthor’sargumentconcerningtheeffectoftheofficialsaleofduplicateartifactsonillegalexcavationisbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

4.Theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowinginitialobjectionstotheadoptionofhisproposal?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwouldoccurifduplicateartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket?

I.Illegalexcavationwouldeventuallyceasecompletely.

II.Cypruswouldbecometheprimarysourceofmarketableduplicateartifacts.

III.Archaeologistswouldbeabletopublishtheresultsoftheirexcavationsmorefrequentlythantheycurrentlydo.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.analternativetomuseumdisplayofartifacts

B.awaytocurbillegaldicingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalprofession

C.awaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvaluefromthosethathavenosuchvalue

D.thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeologicalsites

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Museumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccesstosuchartifacts.

B.Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.

C.Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.

D.Suchartifacts’oftenremainuncataloguedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinstorage.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Prospectivepurchaserswouldprefertobuyauthenticatedartifacts.

B.Thepriceofillegallyexcavatedartifactswouldrise.

C.Computerscouldbeusedtotracesoldartifacts.

D.Moneygainedfromsellingauthenticatedartifactscouldbeusedtoinvestigateandprosecuteillegalexcavators.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Museumofficialswillbecomeunwillingtostoreartifacts.

B.Anoversupplyofsalableartifactswillresultandthedemandforthemwillfall.

C.Artifactsthatwouldhavebeendisplayedinpublicplaceswillbesoldtoprivatecollectors.

D.Illegalexcavatorswillhaveanevenlargersupplyofartifactsforresale.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Ionly

B.IIIonly

C.IandIIIonly

D.IIandIIIonly

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。由題干定位到文章第二段“Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.（我想提出一個(gè)令人發(fā)指的建議，政府應(yīng)為考古學(xué)提供資金，并減少非法挖掘的數(shù)量。）”。A選項(xiàng)“博物館文物陳列的替代品”；B選項(xiàng)“在有益于考古行業(yè)的同時(shí)遏制非法挖掘的方法”；C選項(xiàng)“區(qū)分有科學(xué)價(jià)值和沒有科學(xué)價(jià)值的文物的方法”；D選項(xiàng)“政府對(duì)考古遺址的管制”。聯(lián)系全文可知B選項(xiàng)更符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章第四段“Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds;asaresult,theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.（甚至沒有足夠的錢來整理這些發(fā)現(xiàn)；結(jié)果，它們?cè)僖舱也坏搅?，變得像從未被發(fā)現(xiàn)過一樣難以接近。）”。A選項(xiàng)“博物館官員很少允許學(xué)者接觸這些文物”；

B選項(xiàng)“占用了可以更好地用于展示的空間用于存儲(chǔ)”；C選項(xiàng)“在發(fā)掘中發(fā)現(xiàn)的文物往往彼此分離”；D選項(xiàng)“這類工件通常保持未編目狀態(tài)，因此一旦放入存儲(chǔ)中就無法定位”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章第二段“Iwouldproposethatscientificarcheologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.（我建議，科學(xué)的考古考察和政府當(dāng)局在公開市場(chǎng)上出售發(fā)掘出來的文物。這種銷售將為挖掘和保存考古遺址以及公布結(jié)果提供大量資金。）”。A選項(xiàng)“潛在購買者更愿意購買經(jīng)過認(rèn)證的文物”；B選項(xiàng)“非法挖掘文物的價(jià)格會(huì)上漲”；C選項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)可以用來追蹤出售的文物”；D選項(xiàng)“出售經(jīng)過鑒定的文物所得的錢可以用來調(diào)查和起訴非法挖掘者”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章最后一段“Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.（但對(duì)這種秘密產(chǎn)品的需求將大大減少。）”由此可知復(fù)制的工件會(huì)供過于求，于是這些工件會(huì)大量涌現(xiàn)，最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)這些暢銷品的需求下降。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文章第三段“InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard…（在塞浦路斯的一次小型發(fā)掘中，考古學(xué)家最近在一個(gè)院子里發(fā)現(xiàn)了2000個(gè)幾乎無法辨認(rèn)的小陶罐。）”，由此可推斷出塞浦路斯可能會(huì)成為復(fù)制品的主要市場(chǎng)來源。A選項(xiàng)“非法挖掘最終將完全停止”說法太過絕對(duì)化，文章并未提到完全終止。B選項(xiàng)“考古學(xué)家將能夠比現(xiàn)在更頻繁地公布他們的發(fā)掘成果”，如果復(fù)制工件合法化，考古學(xué)家會(huì)更愿意公開他們的挖掘成果。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.

Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.

Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.

Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.

Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.

Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.

Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.

Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.

Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.

Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is

（）.

3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.

4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.

5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Acascadingfailure.

B.Anelectricalcontagion.

C.Asevereallergicreaction.

D.Anattackbyviruses.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.positive

B.negative

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplants

B.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitive

C.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplants

D.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.welcomedbyallenergycompanies

B.unattractivetoenergycompanies

C.uselesstopreventsuchablackout

D.harmfultonationalsecurity

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.mu