UNIT1TuYouyouisawardedtheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinemostlybecauseshehasdiscoveredartemisinin,acrucialdrugformalaria.Infact,artemisininhasbecomeavitalpartofthetreatmentformalaria.Aftergraduatingfromuniversity,TuYouyouworkedattheChinaAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicine.Shecommittedherselftotheobjectiveofdiscoveringanewtreatmentformalaria.Sheandherscientificresearchteamtriedtofindtraditionalbotanicaltreatmentsforthedisease.Theyevaluated280,000plantsandtested380distinctancientChinesemedicaltreatments.Tu'steamtriedboilingfreshwormwood,andusingtheliquidobtainedfromthistotreatmalaria,butthisdidnotwork.TuYouyouwouldneveracknowledgedefeat.Sheinsistedonanalysingthemedicaltextsagainanddrewaconclusionthatboilingthesweetwormwoodapparentlydestroyeditsmedicalproperties.Byusingalowertemperaturetodrawouttheextract,shediscoveredtheeffectivesubstance-artemisinin.Scientistsdiscoverandinventnewthingsthroughacademicresearchandexperiment,hopingwhattheyhaveinventedcanstandwearandtear.AlexanderFlemingwasthediscovererofpenicillinandhefoundthisdrugundercertaincircumstances.Afterdoingmanyexperimentsandanalysingtheflowchart,hedrewaconclusionthatitwasaveryeffectivedrugtokillbacteria.Novelistsinspirepeople'spassionmostlybywritingnovels,usingtheirextraordinarycreativegenius.ThereisanovelcalledHome,whichtellsthestoryofayoungmanwhofleesfromhishomebecauseheisdissatisfiedwithhismarriage.Samuelisaprofessorandinventor,andhehasmadenumerousinventionsinhislife.Manyofthedevicesheinventedcanstandwearandtear.Hehopestomakeremarkableachievementsandhavemoreinventionsandpatents.Robertisapoliticianwhohasapassionforpoliticsandhehasextraordinarytalent,tryingtofoundhisowntheoriesinordertocometopower.Hehasafirmwillandnevermournsforanything.Hecaninferwhatothersarethinking.Nowlet'stalkaboutAlbertEinstein.HisgreatestcontributionsarethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandthefamousformulaE=mc2.Heearnedadoctorateinphysicsin1905andgraduallybecamefamousasthenewIsaacNewton.Circumstanceschangedin1933,whenHitlercametopowerinGermany.Einstein,whowasJewish,foundthedoorsofacademicinstitutionsclosedtohim.Asaconsequence,hehadtofleeGermany.HefinallytookupapositionasaresearcherattheInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton,USA.Einsteinwasnotonlyagenius,butalsoaverygentleman.Hehadathickmoustacheandlongwhitehair.Butdespitehispeculiarities,hewaslovedbyhisfriendsandneighbourswhomheencountered.Nowlet'swriteadrafttosumupEinstein'slife.UNIT2Ihaveapreferencefortraditionalthings,butrealityhaspersuadedmetousethesewordsandphrasestodescribemydailyroutineinthefuture.IfIforgettoswitchoffmyelectricalapplianceslikemyairconditionersandI'minadistantplace,myintegratedsensorsinmysmarthomesystemwilldoitformeinsteadofremotecontrolsorautomaticknobs.Thesesensorsareveryefficientandsendinstantcommands.Thehomesystemwillobeytheordersandgiveconstantwarningsuntiltheappliancesenterthesecuremode.Inaddition,mysmarthomecanwarnmeearlyonwhetherthereissomethingabnormalorwhetherIhaveacriticalillness,likecancer,andpotentiallysavemylife.Ifsomethinggoeswrongwiththeelectricalstructureorthewiringstartsleakingelectricity,mysmarthomewilldetectitandprovidemewiththerelevantinformation.Inthissense,Iwilltakepreventivemeasuresbeforemyhomecatchesfire.Nevertheless,thissmarttechnologyisnotafantasy.Manyofthesenewinnovationsarealreadyavailableandbeingusedinsomehomes.Weshouldtakesecuritymeasurestopreventcrimeandcombinecrimepreventionwithcrimefighting.Artificialintelligencecanbeusedtoguardagainstpotentialcrimes.Forexample,thecityofMelbourneisplanningtobuildalibrary,whichyoucanfindbyfollowingthesignpost.Hencethedesignengineeradvocatesinstallingmonitorsandnanobotsinthelibrary,whichisalsothewishofthedeceasedlibrarian.Nooneisopposedtothissuggestionbecausetheyareanecessity,notaluxury.Thesedevicescanpreventbooksfrombeingstolen.Nowlet'stalkaboutourfutureoccupationsandcareers.Weshouldlearntopredictormakeapredictionaboutthefuture,becausewecan'tresistthedevelopmentofsociety.Sowemustkeepintouchwiththelatesttechnology,andplaceemphasisonthesenewtechnologies,suchascloning,nanobotsandsatelliteweatherforecast.Eachofusisrequiredtowriteanessaywithseveralparagraphstogiveanaccuratedescriptionofourfuturecareers.Ithinktheprospectofruraldevelopmentisveryattractive.Therecan'tbeanabsenceofruraltalents.Mypreferenceisfarming.EvenifIencounterresistance,Iwillneverceasetogoandworkinthecountryside.UNIT3Agroupofjournalistssetoutforthepolararea.Theycametoasplendidvalleyneartheboundary,wheretheywouldcamp.Thenorthwindwasbuffetingtheclothoftheirtent.Attheedgeofthevalley,theyfoundasmallcottage.Avisibleglacierfromthetopofthemountainflowedthroughthevalley.Thevastterritorystretchedasfarastheeyecouldsee.Aherdofreindeerwereonthemove,accompaniedbysomelocalpeople.Thesereindeerliveoffthegrassthere.Thelocalgovernmenthasadoptedaseriesoflaws:illegalhuntingisbannedhere.Allthejournalistsfeltblessedandrewardingwhentheywitnessedsuchasplendidplace.Nevertheless,therewasonlyoneunpleasantthing.Awomanjournalistwentintothebushesalone,whichwasprohibited.Therewasawarningsignwhichwaslabeled“prohibition”.Suddenlyaleopardstretchedandranoutofthebushes,soshefeltveryfrightened.Inaddition,shehadacoldandsneezedallthetime,causingalungdisease.Thecreamshehadputintheteapotturnedsour,too.Sheturnedtheteapotupsidedownandpouredoutthesourcream.Butforallthis,shethoughtitwasarewardingtrip.Iwaswanderingalongthecorridoroftheamusementpark.Asplendidfountainaheadappealedtome.Behinditwasthesuperbaquarium.Ipedalledacyclealongtheoriginalroutetovisittheaquarium.Iwasverymuchamusedtoseesomeadorablefishswimmingandanenormouswhaleondisplay.Therewereupto20,000fishthere.ThenIvisitedapirateship,hadaswingwithsomechildrenandtookarideontherollercoaster.IfeltasifIwasbeingturnedupsidedown.Inthispark,thereweremanyentertainmentsthatarousedmyappetite.Icouldwatchfashionshows,ironworkshops,andararesteamengine.Atlast,Iexperiencedapolartripthere.Thatwasanincrediblethemeparkthatappealedtoeveryone.Afterthevisit,myteacheraskedmetodescribetheparkwithadjectivesandthentolabeltheseadjectivesandputthemintheleftcolumn.UNIT4Inourinteractionswithotherpeople,thewayweexpressourselvesneedstovarywiththesituation.Bodylanguageisimportantandreliable.Bycontrast,itissometimesmoreappropriatethanspokenlanguage.Asmileisalwaysapprovedofinallculturesbecauseitdemonstratespolitenessandcanbreakdownbarriers.Afakesmileisalsonecessaryifyouwanttohidefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,orwhenyoufeelashamedorembarrassed.Ofcourse,wecanmakeinferencesaboutthetruthofthesmile.Bodylanguagediffersaroundtheworld.Differentculturesmayemploydifferentgesturestoexpresstheidenticalfeelings.Insomecultures,peoplefavourshakinghandsorbowingfromthewaistwhentheymeet.Bycomparison,elsewhere,peoplemaykisstheirfriendsonthecheek.YoucanalsowitnessthatsomepeopleinterpretthegestureforOKaszero.Once,Imadeatrialwiththetwinbrothersaboutnonverbalgestures.Thetwinshadtheidenticalappearance.Icouldgiveanaccurateassessmentoftheirinternalworldbyhowtheyposed,slumped,straightenedupandbentover.Thedifferencesbetweentheseactionscouldrevealtheirrealthoughts.Eachonereactedtomyquestionsandvariedslightlyintone,poseandattitudeaboutaslightincident.Finally,IwouldinviteexpertstoidentifywhatIhadassessed.Asaneducator,Ishouldlearntointerpretmystudents'bodylanguageandknowwhatmakeseachstudenttick.Inotherwords,Ioughttounderstandwhatmystudentsthinkthroughtheirgestures.Iwouldalsoliketotakethisopportunitytoclarifysomeofmyownviews.Ifastudenthashisheadloweredtolookathiswatch,itimpliesheisbored.Iftheireyescanbarelymove,staringoutofthewindoworattheceiling,withtheirchinsontheirhands,itrevealsthesestudentsaredistractedfromclass.Icanalsoperceiveanddistinguishthereasonwhysomestudentsputtheirarmsacrosstheirchests.Girlshaveatendencytoweepiftheyhavefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,orwhentheyfeelashamedorembarrassed.Thiscanbejudgedfromthetoneinwhichtheyreacttomyquestions.IknowIneedtoinquireandassesswhatisgoingon.Ultimately,Icallonmystudentstooccupythemselveswiththeirstudy,adjusttheirlearningstateandnottobebotheredbytheoutsideworld.Atwork,ifthereisaconflictbetweentheirbehaviourandlearning,Iwillinterveneintime.Thisismerelyonecomponentofthesolution.UNIT5Knownasthe“fatherofhybridrice”,YuanLongpingdevotedhislifetoChineseagriculture.TherewasatimewhenChinahadaseriousshortageoffood.Totacklethiscrisis,alleviatehungerandgetridofpoverty,Yuanwasconvincedthatfarmerscouldboosttheyieldofriceinthesamefield.Onecharacteristicofhybridsshowedthattheycouldattainahigheryieldthanconventionalcrops.Throughintenseeffort,Yuanovercameenormousdifficultiestodevelopthefirsthybridricethatenabledfarmerstoexpanditsoutputgreatly.Itisestimatedthatabout60percentofdomesticriceconsumptioninChinaiscomprisedofcropsgeneratedfromYuan'shybridstrains.Deepdown,Yuanwasstillverymuchafarmer.Asamanofthesoil,hecaredlittleforcelebrityormoney.Despitehiswealth,YuanLongpingdidn'tlivealeisurelife.Hisassumptionwasthatheenvisionedriceplantsastallassorghum,witheachearofriceasbigasabroom,andeachgrainofriceashugeasapeanut.Hisvisionforricegrowinginsaltylandalsobecameareality.RiceandwheatarethemainfoodofChinesepeople,