書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-開封文化藝術(shù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Whatissodepressingaboutthiswaristhe_____hatredthatbothsidesfeelforeachother.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.impartial

B.implacable

C.imploring

D.immune

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。impartial“公正的”；implacable“不能安撫的，難和解的”；imploring“懇求的”；immune“免疫的”。句意：這場戰(zhàn)爭最讓人壓抑的是雙方之間無法和解的仇恨。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.單選題

BenjaminFranklin,tactlessinhisyouth,becamesodiplomatic,so（

）athandlingpeoplethathewasmadeAmericanAmbassadortoFrance.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shrewd

B.foxy

C.considerate

D.adroit

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)shrewd“精明的，敏銳的”，指有頭腦，善于判斷分析，精明過人；B選項(xiàng)foxy“狡猾的”；C選項(xiàng)considerate“考慮周到的，體貼的”；D選項(xiàng)adroit“（尤指待人接物）精明的，干練的，機(jī)敏的”。根據(jù)空格處前后句意，可知空格處與tactless（得罪人的，不圓通的）表示的意思相反，因此選D。句意：本杰明?富蘭克林，年輕時(shí)并不圓滑，后來變得很有外交手腕，善于與人打交道，因此被任命為美國駐法國大使。

3.單選題

OnJanuary,11th,2009,aremarkablelegalcaseopensinaSanFranciscocourtroom—onitsway,itseemsalmostcertain,totheSupremeCourt.Perryv.SchwarzeneggerchallengestheconstitutionalityofProposition8,theCaliforniareferendumthat,inNovember,2008,overturnedaStateSupremeCourtdecisionallowingsame-sexcouplestomarry.Itsleadlawyersareunlikelyallies:TheodoreB.Olson,theformersolicitorgeneralunderPresidentGeorgeW.Bush,andaprominentconservative;andDavidBoies,theDemocratictriallawyerwhowashisopposingcounselinBushv.Gore.Thetwoaremountinganambitiouscasethatpointedlycircumventstheincremental,narrowlycraftedlegalgambitsandthecarefulstate-by-statestrategythatleadinggay-rightsorganizationshavechampionedinthefightformarriageequality.TheOlsonBoiesteamhopesforarulingthatwilltransformthelegalandsociallandscapenationwide,somethingontheorderofBrownv.BoardofEducationin1954,orLovingv.Virginiathelandmark1967SupremeCourtrulingthatinvalidatedlawsprohibitinginterracialmarriage.

Olson’sinterestinthiscasehaspuzzledquiteafewpeople.What’sinitforhim?Ishesincere?DoeshereallythinkhecanswaythecurrentCourse?ButwhenIspokewithOlson,whoissixty-nine,inearlyDecember,hesoundedconfidentandimpassioned;thecaseclearlyfascinatedhimbothasanintellectualchallengeandasawaytomakehistory.“Thelovingcasewasforty-twoyearsago.”hesaid,perchedontheedgeofhischairinthelawofficesofGibson,Dunn&CrutcherinWashingtonDC,whereheisapartner,“It’sinconceivabletoustheredaystosaythatacoupleofadifferentracialbackgroundcan’tgetmarried.”O(jiān)lsonworeabrightlystripedshirtandapaisleytie,withoutajacket;therewassomethingfolksyinhisspeech,whichremindedmethathe’saWesterner,whogrewupandwaseducatedinNorthernCalifornia.Hesaid,“Separateisnotequal.Civilunionsanddomesticpartnershipsarenotthesameasmarriage.We’renotinventinganynewright,orcreatinganewright,oraskingthecourtstorecognizeanewright.TheSupremeCourthassaidoverandoverandoveragainthatmarriagesisafundamentalrightandalthoughouropponentssay,‘Well,that’salwaysbeeninvolvingamanandawoman.’WhentheSupremeCourthastalkedaboutitthey’vesaidit’sanassociationalright,it’salibertyright,it’saprivacyright,andit’sanexpressionofyouridentity,whichisallwrappedupintheConstitution.”TheJusticesoftheSupremeCourt,Olsonsaid,“areindividualswhowillconsiderthisseriously,andgiveitgoodattention,”andhewasoptimisticthathecouldpersuadethem.(ThelosingsideinSanFranciscowilllikelyappealtotheNinthCircuit,andfromtherethecasecouldproceedtotheSupremeCourt.)Olson’sself-assurancehasasoundbasis:hehasarguedfifty-sixcasesbeforethehighcourt—hewasoneofthebusiestlawyersbeforetheSupremeCourtbenchlastyear—andprevailedinforty-fourofthem.JusticesSandraDayO’ConnorandAnthonyKennedyattendedhisweddingthreeyearsago,inNapa.Olsonsaidthathewantedthegay-marriagecasetobea“teachingopportunity,sopeoplewilllistentoustalkabouttheimportanceoftreatingpeoplewithdignityandrespectandequalityandaffectionandloveandtostopdiscriminatingagainstpeopleonthebasisofsexualorientation”.

IfthePerrycasesucceedsbeforetheSupremeCourt,itcouldmeanthatgaymarriagewouldbepermittednotonlyinCaliforniabutineverystate.And,iftheCourtrecognizedhomosexualsasindistinguishablefromheterosexualsforthepurposesofmarriagelaw,itwouldbehard,ifnotimpossible,toupholdanyotherlawsthatdiscriminatedagainstpeopleonthebasisofsexualorientation.

However,alossforOlsonandBoiescouldbeamajorsetbacktothemovementformarriageequality.SoonafterOlsonandBoiesfiledthecase,lastMay,someleadinggay-rightsorganizations—amongthemtheA.C.L.U.,HumanRightsCampaign,LambdaLegal,andtheNationalCenterforlesbianRights—issuedastatementcondemningsuchefforts.Theoddsofsuccessforasuitweren’tgood,thegroupssaid,becausethe“SupremeCourttypicallydoesnotgettoofaraheadofeitherpublicopinionorthelawinthemajorityofstates.”Thelegalprecedentthatthesegroupswerefocusedonwasn’tLovingv.Virginiabut,rather,Bowersv.Hardwick,the1936SupremeCourtdecisionthatstunnedgay-rightsadvocatesbyupholdingGeorgia’santiquatedlawagainstsodomy.ItwasseventeenyearsbeforetheCourtwaswillingtorevisittheissue,inLawrencev.Texas,thoughbythenonlythirteenstatesstillhadanti-sodomystatutes;thistime,theCourtoverturnedthelaws,witha6-3voteandanacerbicdissentfromJusticeAntoninScalia,whodeclaredthattheCourthadaligneditselfwiththe“homosexualagenda,”adding,“ManyAmericansdonotwantpersonswhoopenlyengageinhomosexualconductaspartnersintheirbusiness,asscoutmastersfortheirchildren,asteachersintheirchildren’sschools,orasboardersintheirhome.Theyviewthisasprotectingthemselvesandtheirfamiliesfromalifestylethattheybelievetobeimmoralanddestructive.”

Seventeenyearswasalongtimetowait.“Alossnowmaymakeithardertogotocourtlater,”theactivists’statementread.“ItwilltakeusalotlongertogetagoodSupremeCourtdecisioniftheCourthastooverruleitself.”Besides,thegroupsargued,“WelosttherighttomarryinCaliforniaattheballotbox.That’swhereweneedtowinitback.”Plentyofgay-marriagesupportersagreedthatitwassmartertowaituntilthemovementhadbeensuccessfulinmorestates—and,possibly,thecompositionoftheSupremeCourthadshifted.(DuringthelastyearofasecondObamaterm,Scaliawouldbeeighty-one.)

1.ThefirstsentenceofParagraph1means（）.

2.Theword“unlikely”inthesentence“ItsleadlawyersareunlikelyalliesofParagraph1means（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

4.Someleadinggay-rightsorganizationsdidnotsupportthecasebecause（）.

5.Themostsuitabletitleofthepassagewouldbe（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theSanFranciscocourtcannotmakethefinaldecision

B.onlytheSupremeCourthastheauthoritytorulefororagainstthecase

C.it’sveryhardtowinthecaseforsame-sexmarriageintheSanFranciscocourtandprobablytheywouldhavetofieldthecaseintheSupremeCourt

D.theywouldcertainlywinthecaseforsame-sexmarriageintheSupremeCourt

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.dissimilar

B.unreliable

C.unimaginable

D.unthinkable

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theodore

B.OlsonwasconfidentaboutthecasebecausetheSupremeCourtonceinvalidatedlawsprohibitinginterracialmarriage.B.TheSupremeCourthassaidoverandoverandoveragainthatmarriageisafundamentalright，whichshouldberespected.

C.Therightforsame-sexmarriagehasbeenwoninotherstatesexceptforCalifornia.

D.Thereareotherlawsthatdiscriminatedagainstpeopleonthebasisofsexualorientation.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.itwasimpossibletowinthecase

B.theywouldhavetowaitforlongerifthecasewaslostthistimeasit’shardforthesupremeCourttooverruleitself

C.theydidnotbelievetheabilityoftheleadinglawyers

D.unlikeinterracialmarriageit’shardertogetsupportforsame-sexmarriage?

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ARiskyProposal

B.GayMarriageNo

C.AmonumentalMovement

D.FightforEqualRights

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:文章第一段第一句提到同性婚姻的案件很有可能（almostcertain）提交到最高法院,說明之前這類的案件在下一級的法庭審理過，但是沒有勝訴。所以選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第2題:參與此案件的兩位律師TheodoreB.Olson和DavidBoies分別是共和黨和民主黨派人士，按照常理來推斷這兩位政見完全不同的人是不可能為了同一個(gè)目的而統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的，所以用了unlikely來說明這個(gè)組合是多么讓人難以想象。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第3題:文章第三段第一句IfthePerrycasesucceedsbeforetheSupremeCourt,itcouldmeanthatgaymarriagewouldbepermittednotonlyinCaliforniabutineverystate提到同性結(jié)婚只有在加利福尼亞是合法的，在其他州還沒有合法，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第4題:文章倒數(shù)第二段Theoddsofsuccessforasuitweren’tgood,thegroupssaid,becausethe“SupremeCourttypicallydoesnotgettoofaraheadofeitherpublicopinionorthelawinthemajorityofstates.”提到這些支持同性戀的機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為這次訴訟的勝算很小，因?yàn)樽罡叻ㄔ簳鹬卮蟊姷囊庖姾痛蟛糠种莸囊庖?，所以選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第5題:文章主要講述了各方，包括律師、同性戀組織等對這次案件勝算的預(yù)計(jì)，盡管以O(shè)lson為代表的律師對這次案件很有信心，但是從后文可以看出這是場有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的訴訟，所以選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.單選題

ThemanI’mseekingtofillthispositionmustbe______sincehewillberepresentingusbeforethepublic.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.personable

B.pedant

C.hypocritical

D.snobbish

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)personable表示“品貌兼優(yōu)的，英俊瀟灑的”，B項(xiàng)pedant表示“學(xué)究，書呆子，賣弄學(xué)問的人”，C項(xiàng)hypocritical表示“虛偽的，偽善的”，D項(xiàng)snobbish表示“勢利的”。根據(jù)hewillberepresentingusbeforethepublic（他將在公眾面前代表我們）可知，“品貌兼優(yōu)的”符合語境。句意：我要找來填補(bǔ)這個(gè)職位的人必須是品貌兼優(yōu)的，因?yàn)樗麑⒃诠娒媲按砦覀儭Ｒ虼?，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th（

）thebirthofJesusChrist.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inaccordancewith

B.intermsof

C.infavorof

D.inhonorof

【答案】D

【解析】句意:圣誕節(jié)是基督教祌圣的日子，通常在12月25日舉行慶祝，以紀(jì)念耶穌基督的誕辰。

短語辨析。inaccordancewith依照,與…一致;intermsof就…而言,根據(jù)；infavorof贊成;inhonorof向…表示敬意,為慶祝…。故D符合句意。

6.單選題

Obviouslyhehasdoneaveryterriblethingtoday,but（

）,hecan’tbeheldresponsibleinthecriminaljusticesystem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.justifiably

B.legally

C.reasonably

D.understandingly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：很明顯他今天做了件非常恐怖的事，但是法律上他無法被刑事司法制度判為有罪。justifiably“公平地”；legally“法律地”；reasonably“合理地”；understandingly“有理解力地”。根據(jù)句意，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

7.單選題

Therehavebeendemonstrationsonthestreets（）therecentterroristattack.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inthewakeof

B.inthecourseof

C.inthecontextof

D.inthelightof

【答案】A

【解析】考查介詞詞組辨析。inthewakeof“伴隨而來，緊緊跟在……的后面”；inthecourseof“在……過程中；在……期間”；inthecontextof“在……情況下，在……背景下”；inthelightof“鑒于，根據(jù)”。句意：恐怖襲擊后，他們在大街上游街示眾。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Davos2013isshapinguptobetheyearwhentheforum'sbankparticipantstrytofadeintothebackgroundandfinallyputthefinancialcrisisbehindthem.Publicpanelsincludeonlytwoorthreedevotedtofinancialservices.Atthemoreproductiveprivatemeetingsatthefringes,bankerssaydiscussionismoreupbeatthanithas-beensincethecrisisbeganhalfadecadeago.Improvingeurozonesentimentandaslowlybrighteningmoodamongbanks'corporateclientsishearteningforbankers.Allthesamenoonecanletgoofthetopicthathasmostvexedthemforyears:ever-increasingregulation.

Onthecoreeurozonediscussion,thetoneisofcautiousoptimism.“Thesystemisslowlycomingbacktolife,”saidoneinvestmentbankboss,pointingtosteadysignsofeurozonerecovery,mostrecentlyevidentinthisweek’sSpanishsovereigndebtauction.“There’sdefinitelyachangeoftone,”addedtheboardmemberofaUSbank.“Ourclientsaredefinitelymoreupbeat.”Aroundthataveragesentimentviewsrangedwidely,stretchingfromthecomplacenttothedoomladen.“It’shardtoseewhatcouldgowrong,”saidoneinvestmentbankboss.ThatwasinstarkcontrastwithawarningfromAxelWeber,chairmanofUBSandformerpresidentofGermany’sBundesbank,whosaidthatpatchworkfixesbycentralbankswerejustdisguisingproblemsthatwillreturn."We’reJivingabetterlifenowattheexpenseoffuturegenerations,”Mr.Webersaid.

AsatrecentDavosforums,theregulatoryagendahasprovidedafocus.Bankersthisyearhavebemoanedthebreakdowninaninternationalregulatoryframework.Mr.Webersaid:“Youneedaglobalstandard.Butthisisnothappening."Hewarnedthat,withoutaharmonizedrulebook,thedangersintheglobalbankingsystemwouldincrease.Hecontrastedthe“Alpine”capitalrequirementsinSwitzerlandwiththediversestructuralreformsunderwayintheUS,theUKandpotentiallytheEU.

Worsestillwasthefailureofpolicymakerstolookacrossthefinancialservicesindustryandjoinupthethinkingonhowbanksandinsurersshouldberegulated,criticssaid.OnechiefexecutiveofalargeUSfinancialgroupsaidtheregulatorysituationwas"reallyhorrific"."Ifyoutakeanicebusinessliketheinsurancebusiness,"thechiefexecutivesaid."Here'sanindustrythatwentthroughthecrisisandhadalmostnoproblems.They'veputinawholenewregulatoryregimetomakesuretheycan'tmakemoney.It'sastonishing."Anotherbankbosssaidprivatelyhewas"extremelyworried"abouttheinabilityofEuropeaninsurancecompaniestofinancebanks,undertheprospectiveSolvencyIIrules.TidjaneThiam,chiefexecutiveofUKinsurerPrudential,said:"Thereisalackofjoined-upthinking.TheinsuranceindustryistraditionallythebiggestinvestorinthebankingindustrybutSolvencyIIsayswecan'tinvestinbanks."

Frictionwasalsoevidentbetweeninvestorsandcompanies,particularlyfinancialgroups.PaulSinger,headofElliottCapitalManagement,slammedbanksfor"completelyopaque’’disclosuresthatmadeitimpossibletoknowwhethertheywere“riskyorsound”.Mostperniciousofallamongtheregulatoryinitiativeswasthecontinuing-andarguablyworsening-senseofuncertaintyoverwhatregulatorsandpoliticianshaveinmindnext,particularlyinEurope.

1.HowwouldyoucharacterizetheatmosphereatDavosforums2013?

2.AxelWeberwouldmostprobablyarguethat（

）.

3.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

4.Theregulatorysituationisinabadshapeinthat（

）.

5."Completelyopaquedisclosures”inthelastparagraphreferstothefactthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Transitional.

B.Proactive.

C.Frictional.

D.Sanguine.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.futuregenerationswillhavetopayforthelifewelivetoday

B.wearelivingabetterlifethanfuturegenerations

C.centralbankswillcomebackwithsolutionstothefinancialproblems

D.measurestakensofarhavenotbeeneffectiveenough

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thereisalackofconsensusamongbankerswithregardtowhoshouldbeheldresponsibleforthefinancialcrisis

B.bankparticipantsatrecentDavosforumsbelievethattheyneedmoreprivatediscussionsofthefinancialissuesthanpublicones

C.problemswouldcomebacktohaunttheworldfinancialsectorwithoutaunifiedregulatoryregime

D.expertsarguethatabookshouldbewrittenandpublishedthatdiscussesthevariousstructuralreformsbeingundertaken

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.comprehensivestudyofthefinancialsectorisabsent

B.aregulatoryframeworkisabsent

C.financialsectorregulationlacksfocus

D.banksandinsurancecompanieshaveconflictinginterests

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.banksfailtodiscovertherealcausesofthecrisis

B.banksfailtounveiltheirfinancialconditions

C.banksdonothavesufficientinformationonthemarket

D.banksdonotfullyoperatewiththecompanies

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Atthemoreproductiveprivatemeetingsatthefringes,bankerssaydiscussionismoreupbeatthanithas-beensincethecrisisbeganhalfadecadeago.”，可知銀行家們表示，在會議間隙更富有成效的私人交談上，討論的氣氛比5年前危機(jī)爆發(fā)以來的任何時(shí)候都要樂觀?？赏茢喑?013年達(dá)沃斯論壇的氣氛是樂觀的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“ThatwasinstarkcontrastwithawarningfromAxelWeber,chairmanofUBSandformerpresidentofGermany’sBundesbank,whosaidthatpatchworkfixesbycentralbankswerejustdisguisingproblemsthatwillreturn.”，可知AxelWeber對于金融業(yè)的問題提出了警告，并且表示各國央行的零零碎碎的修補(bǔ)措施只是在掩蓋將會重現(xiàn)的問題。所以他認(rèn)為目前采取的措施還不夠有效。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段開頭，“AsatrecentDavosforums,theregulatoryagendahasprovidedafocus.Bankersthisyearhavebemoanedthebreakdowninaninternationalregulatoryframework.Mr.Webersaid:‘Youneedaglobalstandard.Butthisisnothappening.’”，可知監(jiān)管議程成為了關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)，銀行家們紛紛哀嘆監(jiān)管框架的崩潰，Weber表示全球是需要一個(gè)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，擔(dān)這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還沒出現(xiàn)。可推斷出如果沒有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的監(jiān)管體制，問題將再次困擾全球金融業(yè)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Worsestillwasthefailureofpolicymakerstolookacrossthefinancialservicesindustryandjoinupthethinkingonhowbanksandinsurersshouldberegulated.”，可知更糟糕的是，政策制定者未能放眼整個(gè)金融服務(wù)業(yè)，并就如何監(jiān)管銀行和保險(xiǎn)公司的聯(lián)合監(jiān)管開展思考。根據(jù)文段“…theregulatorysituationwas‘reallyhorrific’”，可知最終的結(jié)果為監(jiān)管形勢真的很糟糕。所以監(jiān)管形式糟糕的原因在于對整個(gè)金融業(yè)的監(jiān)管缺乏重心和重點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Frictionwasalsoevidentbetweeninvestorsandcompanies,particularlyfinancialgroups.”，可知投資者和企業(yè)之間的摩擦很明顯，尤其是一些金融集團(tuán)。下文用ElliottCapitalManagement作為例子進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的說明，可知埃利奧特資本管理公司對銀行不透明的信息披露表示不滿，導(dǎo)致投資者難以判斷處境是危險(xiǎn)的還是安全的，可見銀行并沒有給投資者帶來有效的信息以及相應(yīng)的合作和幫助。所以這里的“Completelyopaquedisclosures”就是指銀行并沒有完全和企業(yè)合作。

9.單選題

Musclesmay（）orlosetheirtone,buttheywon’tturntofat.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.concentrate

B.atrophy

C.condense

D.astrogate

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)concentrate“集中；濃縮”；B選項(xiàng)atrophy“萎縮；虛脫”；C選項(xiàng)condense“使?jié)饪s；使壓縮”；D選項(xiàng)astrogate“操縱；航天”。句意：肌肉可能萎縮或失去彈性，但是它們不能變成脂肪。并列連詞or連接空格處和“失去彈性”，因此此題選B。

10.單選題

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,ofeventheearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ofourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitandit’srecord-keeping,istrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.

Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.

1.Theword“paradox”(Para.1)means（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”andthesocialsciencesas“soft”because（）.

3.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause（）.

4.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause（）.

5.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.implicationt

B.contradictiont

C.interpretationt

D.confusiont

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.areverseorderingwillhelppromotethedevelopmentofthephysicalsciencest

B.ourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorereliablethanthatofsocialsystemst

C.ourunderstandingofthesocialsystemsisapproximatelycorrectt

D.wearebetterabletoinvestigatesocialphenomenathanphysicalphenomenat

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itisnotbasedonpersonalexperiencet

B.newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciencest

C.itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityofdatat

D.therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliablet

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetimet

B.newinformationisconstantlycomingint

C.thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredictt

D.ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccuratet

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevariedt

B.ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecuret

C.onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobservedt

D.fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:語義推測題。題干意思是“第一段的‘paradox’意思是……”。Paradox本意是“似是而非的觀點(diǎn)，悖論，反論”；根據(jù)題干定位到文章第一句Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.（我們認(rèn)為物理科學(xué)是“硬科學(xué)”，社會科學(xué)是“軟科學(xué)”，而生物科學(xué)則介于兩者之間，這是一個(gè)奇怪的悖論）可知，這句話說的是一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即科學(xué)的類別，而不是一個(gè)事物的正反兩面，所以這不能稱為“悖論”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)“暗示，含義”符合這一語境。B項(xiàng)“否認(rèn)，反駁”、C項(xiàng)“解釋”和D項(xiàng)“困惑”均不符合。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，我們應(yīng)該顛倒自然科學(xué)的‘硬’分類和社會科學(xué)的‘軟’分類，因?yàn)椤薄５谝欢蔚谌涮岬絀ntermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.（然而，就我們對相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究能力以及我們對這些領(lǐng)域的想象至少大致正確的可能性而言，有人懷疑顛倒順序更合理），由此我們可知，之所以認(rèn)為顛倒這三類學(xué)科的排序更具合理性是基于我們對相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究能力和認(rèn)知大致正確性；C項(xiàng)“我們對社會制度的理解大致正確”中的社會制度屬于“軟科學(xué)”領(lǐng)域，故C項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)“逆向排序?qū)⒂兄诖龠M(jìn)物理科學(xué)的發(fā)展”和D項(xiàng)“我們能更好地調(diào)查社會現(xiàn)象而不是物理現(xiàn)象”未提及；B項(xiàng)“我們對物理系統(tǒng)的知識比社會系統(tǒng)的知識更可靠”，文章最后一句話指出Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.（我們對物理進(jìn)化的認(rèn)識是不完整的，也是高度不安全的），B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者認(rèn)為我們對社會系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識比物理系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識更安全，因?yàn)椤薄５谝欢蔚谒木渲赋鯳eareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.（我們能夠?qū)ι鐣到y(tǒng)進(jìn)行有一定可信度的抽樣調(diào)查，因?yàn)槲覀儗φ麄€(gè)調(diào)查領(lǐng)域都有合理的樣本；因此我們的社會系統(tǒng)知識即使在很多方面還非常不準(zhǔn)確，但卻不容易被新發(fā)現(xiàn)徹底推翻），由此可知，盡管我們對社會系統(tǒng)知識有不準(zhǔn)確性，但是我們有合理的樣本，即使有新發(fā)現(xiàn)也不容易被推翻，所以D項(xiàng)“社會制度的記錄更可靠”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“它不是基于個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，第一段最后一句提到eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience（即使它是建立在非常不完善的個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)上）可知，社會系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識是基于個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“新發(fā)現(xiàn)不太可能出現(xiàn)在社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域”和C項(xiàng)“它是基于相當(dāng)有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)”文中未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“物理科學(xué)發(fā)生巨大變化的可能性最大，因?yàn)椤?。第二段第一句指出Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,ofeventheearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.（相比之下，我們對天文宇宙的認(rèn)識，甚至地球的地質(zhì)歷史，都很容易隨著新數(shù)據(jù)的加入和新理論的提出而發(fā)生革命性的變化），由此可以推斷，如果有新數(shù)據(jù)和新理論那么我們對天文宇宙的認(rèn)識和地球的地質(zhì)歷史都會發(fā)生巨大的變化，即物理科學(xué)上的變化，所以A項(xiàng)“矛盾的理論層出不窮”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“新信息不斷地傳入”，原文說的是新數(shù)據(jù)而不是新信息；C項(xiàng)“它們的發(fā)展方向很難預(yù)測”文章未提及；D項(xiàng)“我們對物理世界的認(rèn)識是不準(zhǔn)確的”，文章最后一句提到Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincomplete（我們對物理進(jìn)化的認(rèn)識是不完整的），可知我們對物理世界的認(rèn)識是incomplete（不完善的），而不是不準(zhǔn)確的。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“我們對宇宙的了解比我們對任何社會系統(tǒng)的了解都要少，因?yàn)椤薄８鶕?jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitandit’srecord-keeping,istrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.（我們對宇宙的印象是最不安全的僅僅因?yàn)槲覀冇^察到的是如此小的一個(gè)樣本和它的保存記錄，這與豐富的社會系統(tǒng)記錄相比，甚至和生物系統(tǒng)有限的記錄相比，它都是微不足道的）可知，我們對宇宙的了解比我們對任何社會系統(tǒng)的了解都要少是因?yàn)槲覀冇^察的樣本太小，有關(guān)的記錄太少，而記錄通常是來自科學(xué)家的研究結(jié)果，所以可推斷是因?yàn)樘煳膶W(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的科學(xué)家很少，故D項(xiàng)“很少有科學(xué)家參與天文學(xué)的研究”正確。A項(xiàng)“關(guān)于它的起源和歷史有各種各樣的理論”，這是我們在天文宇宙方面研究記錄少和安全性低的具體說明，不是原因；B項(xiàng)“我們對它的了解是非常不可靠的”，這是結(jié)果，也不是原因；C項(xiàng)“只有一小部分樣本被觀察到”，這是對天文學(xué)知識感覺不安全的原因，而非對天文學(xué)了解很少的原因。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Journalistsusuallyrefertowhattheywriteasstories.Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories.Thisdoesnotapplyonlytoreportersbuttoeverybodyintheeditorialchain,fromdeskeditors,copyeditors,specialistandsportswriterstotheeditorhimorherself.Wordspublishedinnewspapers,onairoronlinearestories.

Storiessoundinteresting;reportssounddull.Tosome,storiesmeanfiction:"Tellmeastory,mummy”.Storiesaretallandshort,madeupandtrue.Truestoriesareaboutwhathappened.Wetellstoriesinconversation,recountingexperiencesandeventsinwhichwetookpartorobserve.Thecrucialthingaboutastoryisthatotherpeoplewanttohearit,becauseitisinterestingorentertaining.Otherwisethestorytellerisabore.

Sojournalistswritestoriesfortheirreaderstotellthemwhatisgoingon,toinformthem,engagethem,entertainthem,shockthem,amusethem,disturbthem,upliftthem.Thesubjectmatterwillvaryaccordingtothenatureofthepublicationandtheintendedaudience.Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices.Andthepaperwillincludethatvitalingredientserendipity-thestoryyoudidn’texpect,the"justfancythat",theabsurditiesaswellasthetravailsofthehumancondition.

Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.Itisaboutfindingthingsoutandtellingotherpeopleaboutthem.Thefindingoutrequiresavarietyofskillsbecausethoseinpoweroftenpreferthatweknowonlysomuch.Journalismisaboutholdingsuchpeopletoaccount,exposingtheirhumbugandhypocrisy,theabuseoftheirpower.Thisincludesthecontrolitgivesthemovertheflowofinformation,theabilitytoburythebadnews,tospinandobfuscate.Goodjournalistsmustasktheawkwardquestionsandquestiontheanswers,mustdigtounearthandthenexplain,makingcomprehensiblethatwhichauthority,byintentorverbalinadequacy,hasleftconfused,incompleteorplainmendacious.Incomprehensiblejournalismisquitesimplybadjournalism,andthereforepointless.

Ultimatelythereisonlyonepurpose:tomakethereaderreadthestory.Iftheydon't,whatwasthepointoffindingitoutandtellingit?Thisbookletpicksupthestorywhenthereaderhasreachedthestageofdecidingtoaddressthestory.Thatisnotthesameasreadingit,ore