書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山西工程技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Wehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectis（

）ournewCEO.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ontheagendaof

B.inthepowerof

C.undertheguidanceof

D.withtheguidanceof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)ontheagendaof“列入會(huì)議議程的”；B選項(xiàng)inthepowerof“受……支配，在……的控制下”；C選項(xiàng)undertheguidanceof“在……的指導(dǎo)下”；D選項(xiàng)withtheguidanceof“在……的指導(dǎo)下”，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)表原因。由project（項(xiàng)目）與CEO（執(zhí)行總裁）之間的關(guān)系可知項(xiàng)目應(yīng)處于CEO的控制下較符合邏輯搭配。句意：我們已經(jīng)竭盡所能，現(xiàn)在我們珍視的項(xiàng)目掌握在新任CEO的手中。

2.單選題

Melissaisacomputer（）thatdestroyedfilesincomputersandfrustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.genius

B.virus

C.disease

D.bacteria

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。genius“天才”；virus“病毒”；disease“疾病”；bacteria“細(xì)菌”，根據(jù)destroyedfilesincomputers“破壞電腦中的文件”，可知此處說(shuō)的是電腦病毒。句意：米麗莎是一種電腦……，它能夠摧毀電腦中的文件，困擾了成千上萬(wàn)的全球用戶。故正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。

3.單選題

Researchuniversitieshavehelpeddriveinnovationfordecades,（

）developmentofeverythingfromjetenginestotheInternet.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.spurting

B.crediting

C.insinuating

D.preserving

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。spurt“噴射；噴出”；credit“相信，歸因于，記在……的賬上，給……記學(xué)分（或?qū)W時(shí)）”；insinuate“暗示，使?jié)撊?，使逐漸產(chǎn)生”；preserve“保護(hù)；保持；腌制”。由句中“developmentofeverythingfromjetenginestotheInternet從噴氣式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一切的開發(fā)”確定C選項(xiàng)“使逐漸產(chǎn)生”符合句意‘研究型大學(xué)在數(shù)十年里已幫助推進(jìn)了革新，從而逐漸產(chǎn)生了從噴氣式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一切的開發(fā)?！?/p>

4.翻譯題

人的發(fā)展和物的發(fā)展是社會(huì)發(fā)展的兩大基本形態(tài)，這兩大形態(tài)的發(fā)展是既相互依存又相對(duì)獨(dú)立的。以人為本的價(jià)值理念在對(duì)待人與物的關(guān)系上，要求以人為中心，以物為工具和手段，堅(jiān)持用人的發(fā)展來(lái)規(guī)范和控制物的發(fā)展，使物的發(fā)展適合和滿足人的需要。

【答案】Humandevelopmentandthedevelopmentofthingsarethetwobasicformsofsocialdevelopment,thedevelopmentoftwoformsisbothinterdependentandindependent.Regardingtherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandthings,thepeople-orientedvalueconceptrequiresthatpeopleshouldbethecenter,andthingsshouldbethetoolsandmeans.Thedevelopmentofpeopleshouldbeadheredtoregulateandcontrolthedevelopmentofthings,soastomakethedevelopmentofthingsfitandmeettheneedsofpeople.

5.單選題

Inthemid-nineteenthcentury,workbeganonacrucialsectionoftherailwaylineconnectingBostontotheHudsonRiver.Theadditionwould（1）fromGreenfield,Massachusetts,toTroy,NewYork,anditrequiredtunnelling（2）HoosacMountain,a（3）impediment,nearlyfivemilesthick,thatblockedthe（4）betweentheDeerfieldValleyandatributaryoftheHudson.

JamesHayward,oneofNewEngland’sleadingrailroadengineers,estimatedthatpenetratingtheHoosacwouldcost,（5），averymanageabletwomilliondollars.ThepresidentofAmherstCollege，（6）geologist，saidthatthemountainwascomposedofsoftrockand（7）tunnellingwouldbefairlyeasy（8）theengineershadbreachedthesurface.“TheHoosacisbelievedtobetheonlybarrierbetweenBostonandthePacific，”theproject’spromoter,AlvahCrocker,（9）.

Everyonewaswrong.DiggingthroughtheHoosacturnedouttobea（10）Theprojectcostmorethantentimesthebudgeted（11）Ifthepeopleinvolved（12）thetruenatureofthechallengestheyfaced，theywouldneverhavefundedtheTroy-Greenfieldrailroad.（13），hadtheynot，thefactoriesofnorthwesternMassachusettswouldn’thavebeenabletoshiptheirgoodssoeasilytotheexpandingWest,the（14）offreightwouldhaveremainedstubbornlyhigh,andthestateofMassachusettswouldhavebeen（15）poorer.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.spread

B.run

C.derive

D.range

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.beyond

B.over

C.around

D.through

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.miraculous

B.massive

C.redundant

D.collective

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.framework

B.partition

C.interaction

D.passage

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.atpresent

B.atleast

C.atmost

D.inparticular

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.anideal

B.afulfilled

C.adelighted

D.anaccomplished

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.whether

C.how

D.where

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.once

B.while

C.since

D.lest

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.declined

B.detected

C.declared

D.denied

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.fantasy

B.possibility

C.nightmare

D.feat

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.estimate

B.finance

C.operation

D.clearance

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.haveknown

B.hadknown

C.wouldknow

D.knew

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.And

B.Or

C.But

D.Thus

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.storage

B.maintenance

C.delivery

D.cost

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.incurably

B.immeasurably

C.impossibly

D.immediately

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:A

第9題:C

第10題:C

第11題:A

第12題:B

第13題:C

第14題:D

第15題:B

【解析】（1）考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。spread“傳播”；run“經(jīng)營(yíng)；奔跑；使延展”；derive“源于；獲得”；range“（在一定范圍內(nèi)）變動(dòng)”。文章第一句提到”19世紀(jì)中期，連接波士頓和哈德遜河的一段重要鐵路開始動(dòng)工”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息Greenfield,toTroy可知該鐵路是從格林菲爾德延伸至特洛伊，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（2）考查介詞詞義辨析。beyond“超過(guò)，越過(guò)”；over“在……上面”；around“在……周圍”；through“穿過(guò)，通過(guò)”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐切藿ㄟ@段鐵路需要穿過(guò)Hoosac山的隧道，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（3）考查形容詞詞義辨析。miraculous“不可思議的”；massive“大量的”；redundant“多余的，過(guò)剩的”；collective“集體的，共同的”。前面提到修建鐵路需要穿過(guò)Hoosac山，a______impediment是HoosacMountain的同位語(yǔ)，因此四個(gè)形容詞中只有選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（4）考查名詞詞義辨析。framework“框架；結(jié)構(gòu)”；partition“劃分，分開”；interaction“相互作用，相互影響”；passage“（建筑物）通道；路段”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐荋oosac山阻礙了DeerfieldValley與哈德遜河一個(gè)支流的連接，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（5）考查介詞詞組辨析。atpresent“目前，現(xiàn)在”；atleast“至少”；atmost“至多”；inparticular“尤其，特別”?？崭裉幩诰渥又饕v述了工程師JamesHayward認(rèn)為打通Hoosac山的花費(fèi)至多兩百萬(wàn)美元，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（6）考查形容詞詞義辨析。ideal“理想的”；fulfilled“滿足的”；delighted“高興的；令人愉快的”；accomplished“完成的；熟練的”?？崭裉幦笔У膯卧~作為名詞geologist(地質(zhì)學(xué)家)的定語(yǔ)，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（7）考查連接詞的使用。空格處后是一個(gè)完整的句子，且不缺成分，所以可以判斷空格處需要填入一個(gè)連接詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句，連接詞不做任何成分，做said的賓語(yǔ)，所以是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。再根據(jù)句意可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（8）考查連詞詞義辨析。once“一旦”；while“與……同時(shí)”；since“自……以來(lái)；因?yàn)椤保籰est“唯恐，以免”。空格處所在句子的大意是一旦工程師們打通了山體表面，穿過(guò)Hoosac山的隧道就變得容易了。因此可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（9）考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。decline“下降；謝絕”；detect“察覺(jué)；發(fā)現(xiàn)”；declare“宣布；聲明”；deny“否認(rèn)；拒絕”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐氰F路的贊助者AlvahCrocker宣稱Hoosac被認(rèn)為是波士頓和太平洋之間唯一的阻礙，根據(jù)句意可知選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（10）考查名詞詞義辨析。fantasy“幻想；幻覺(jué)”；possibility“可能性”；nightmare“噩夢(mèng)”；feat“功績(jī)，壯舉”。前面提到開通隧道是件容易的事情，但是根據(jù)everyonewaswrong可知事情進(jìn)行得并不順利，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意：開鑿Hoosac山非常艱難，像噩夢(mèng)一般。

（11）考查詞義辨析。estimate“估算”；finance“供給經(jīng)費(fèi)”；operation“操作”；clearance“清除”。前面提到這個(gè)項(xiàng)目估計(jì)花費(fèi)200萬(wàn)美元，但實(shí)際上比估算的要多出十倍，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（12）考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)后半句話theywouldneverhavefundedtheTroy-Greenfieldrailroad（他們絕不會(huì)資助這個(gè)項(xiàng)目），可知這句話表示的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（13）考查邏輯關(guān)系。前面一句提到假如這些人知道這個(gè)項(xiàng)目如此艱難，他們就不會(huì)投資這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，而此句提到如果沒(méi)有這些人提供資金，馬薩諸塞州西北部的工廠就不可能如此輕易地將貨物運(yùn)送到西部，這兩句話前后是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（14）考查名詞詞義辨析。storage“存儲(chǔ)，倉(cāng)庫(kù)”；maintenance“維護(hù)，維修”；delivery“遞送”；cost“費(fèi)用，成本，代價(jià)”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息remainedstubbornlyhigh此處講述的是運(yùn)輸成本非常高，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（15）考查副詞詞義辨析。incurably“治不好地”；immeasurably“無(wú)限地，廣大無(wú)邊地”；impossibly“不可能地”；immediately“立即；立刻”。前面提到如果沒(méi)有那些人的資金支持，馬薩諸塞州西北部的工廠就不可能如此輕易地將貨物運(yùn)送到西部，而當(dāng)?shù)乜隙ㄒ矔?huì)變得越來(lái)越窮，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

6.單選題

（）2.6millionpeoplestartingdietsonNewYear’sDay,researchsuggeststhatbytheendoftheweek92percentofdietersgaveup，shunningexerciseandgorgingoncomfortfood.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Inspite

B.Although

C.While

D.Despite

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞語(yǔ)辨析。inspite應(yīng)與of搭配；although“盡管”，連詞；while“然而，連詞；當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”；despite“盡管”，介詞?？崭窈笫敲~短語(yǔ)，因此前面只能是介詞。句意：年底前的研究表明，盡管2.600萬(wàn)人元旦開始節(jié)食，92%的節(jié)食者在一周后就放棄了,然后回避運(yùn)動(dòng)并大吃安慰食品。因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

Onhowtheworldhaschangedoverthelast50years,notallofithasbeengood.Asyouarelookingfororganicfoodinformation,youhaveobviouslybecomeawarethatabetteralternativeexistsandyouaretakingacriticallookatthesourceandproductionpracticesofthecompaniesproducingtheworld’sfoodsupplies.

Thepurposeoforganicfoodinformationistogiveyouanunderstandingofwhatisgoingintoyourfood.Youwillseethattherearemanybenefitstoorganicfoodthatyoudidn’tknowbefore.Thebasisbehindknowingaboutorganicfoodinformationisthefactthatfarmersareresortingtousingartificialfertilizersandpesticides（殺蟲劑）tocontroldiseaseandinsectattackinordertoproducemorecropstosatisfygrowingdemand.Theseartificialfertilizersleavesomethingpoisonousinandonthefruitandvegetablesweconsumewhichinturnisabsorbedandstoredbyourbodies.

Eventhequalityoffoodhasgonedowninrecentyears.Today’sfruitshavenowhereneartheVitaminClevelstheydidatonetime.However,withorganicfoodinformationyoulearnthatorganicfoodhasfiftypercentmorenutrients,mineralsandvitaminsthananyotherformofproducethathasbeengrownunderintensivefarming.Ifyouareeatingnon-organicproduceyouwillhavetoeatmorefruitinordertomakeupforthisdeficiency.Butthenthedangerouscyclecontinuessinceyouwillbeeatingmorechemicalsthatareworseforyourhealththantheyaregoodforyou.

Anotheraspectoforganicfoodinformationistheproductionofmeatandpoultry（家食）.Mostonlyconsiderproducewhenitcomestoorganicfoodinformationdisregardingtheantibioticsandhormonesthataregiventobothcattleandpoultrythatarebeingforcefed.Askyourselfwhathappenstoalltheseantibioticsandhormoneswhentheanimaliskilled,theremainingoftheseantibioticsandgrowthhormonesresideinthemeatwhicharethenconsumed,digestedandstoredinhumanbodies.Thereisnowaythatananimalthatisn’tkeptinhealthyconditionscanproducehealthyfoodforhumanstoeat.

Youhavenothingtolosebytryingorganicproduct,notonlywillitbehealthyforyoubutyouwillalsobeabletoeatproduceandmeatthewaytheyaresupposedtobe.Youwilllikelybesoimpressedwiththetasteoforganicfruitthatyouwillneverreturntothemass-producedfruitagain.Whilecostandavailabilitycanbeabigissueforsome,youcandoabitofresearchonlineandfindalocalstorethatstocksorganicproduceforareasonableprice.

1.ItisstatedinParagraph1thatorganicfood（）.

2.Farmersuseartificialfertilizersandpesticidesto（）.

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.AccordingtoParagraph3,organicfood（）.

5.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutmeatandpoultry?

6.Inthelastparagraph,peopleareadvisedto（）.

7.Thispassageismainlyabout（）.

8.Whatwillbeprobablyaddressedifthereisanotherparagraphafterthelast?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.isconsideredasabetterchoice

B.ismostlysuppliedbyworld-famouscompanies

C.hasbecomepopularoverthelast50years

D.reflectsthechangeofproductionpractices

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.satisfypeople’scriticaldemand

B.developbetterfarmingtechnology

C.getahighercropyield

D.keeppeopleinbetterhealth

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.FruitsnowadaysdonotcontainVitaminC

B.FruitsnowadayscontainmoreVitaminCthanbefore

C.FruitsnowadayscontainlessVitaminCthanbefore

D.FruitsnowadayscontainVitaminCasmuchasbefore

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.hasgonedowninquality

B.hasmorenutrients

C.canreplacemass-producedfood

D.lacksVitaminC

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Organicmeatandpoultryishardlyavailable

B.Agreatamountofmeatisconsumedeveryyear

C.Mercilesskillingoftheanimalslowerstheirquality

D.Theymaycontainantibioticsandgrowthhormones

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.eattraditionalproduceandmeat

B.returntomass-producedfruits

C.dothecostandavailabilityresearch

D.tryorganicproductforbetterhealthandtaste

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.thebenefitsoforganicfoodinformation

B.thechallengesfacingtheworldfoodindustry

C.changesinfoodproductionpractices

D.agrowingdemandhighqualityfood

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.Howfarmersuseartificialfertilizersandpesticides.

B.Howtofindorganicproduceinlocalstoresforareasonableprice.

C.Theproductionofmeatandpoultry.

D.Thefutureoforganicproduce.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出：你在尋找有機(jī)食品的信息時(shí)，你顯然已經(jīng)意識(shí)到存在更好的選擇，并且在用批判地眼光看待食品公司的原產(chǎn)原料和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐，他們?yōu)槭澜缣峁┲Z食供應(yīng)。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“（有機(jī)食品）被認(rèn)為是更好的選擇”正確。

2.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出：Thebasisbehindknowingaboutorganicfoodinformationisthefactthatfarmersareresortingtousingartificialfertilizersandpesticidestocontroldiseaseandinsectattackinordertoproducemorecropstosatisfygrowingdemand.（了解有機(jī)食品信息背后的基礎(chǔ)是這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：農(nóng)民正在使用人工化肥和殺蟲劑來(lái)控制病蟲害，以便生產(chǎn)更多的作物，以滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的需求），因此C項(xiàng)“獲得更高的作物產(chǎn)量”正確。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出：Eventhequalityoffoodhasgonedowninrecentyears.Today’sfruitshavenowhereneartheVitaminClevelstheydidatonetime.（近年來(lái)，食品的質(zhì)量都下降了?，F(xiàn)在水果的維生素C含量遠(yuǎn)不如以前）。因此C項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在的水果所含的維他命C比以前少”正確。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出：However,withorganicfoodinformationyoulearnthatorganicfoodhasfiftypercentmorenutrients,mineralsandvitaminsthananyotherformofproducethathasbeengrownunderintensivefarming.（然而，通過(guò)了解有機(jī)食品的信息，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)食品的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分、礦物質(zhì)和維生素比密集農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都要高50%），因此B項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。第四段指出：Askyourselfwhathappenstoalltheseantibioticsandhormoneswhentheanimaliskilled,theremainingoftheseantibioticsandgrowthhormonesresideinthemeatwhicharethenconsumed,digestedandstoredinhumanbodies.（捫心自問(wèn)，當(dāng)動(dòng)物被殺時(shí)，所有這些抗生素和激素都去哪兒了，這些殘留的抗生素和生長(zhǎng)激素保留在所食用的肉里，然后被消化和儲(chǔ)存在人體內(nèi)）。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“它們可能含有抗生素和生長(zhǎng)激素”正確。

6.【試題解析】判斷推理題。最后一段大意是：食用有機(jī)食品很有益處，只是價(jià)格和購(gòu)買是個(gè)問(wèn)題。但可以做一些調(diào)查以找到當(dāng)?shù)睾线m的地方購(gòu)買。因此可看出，作者在最后一段建議人們嘗試食用有機(jī)產(chǎn)品。故選D項(xiàng)“為健康和口感而嘗試有機(jī)產(chǎn)品”。

7.【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章大意是：有機(jī)食品信息的目的是讓人們知道食物中含有什么物質(zhì)：有機(jī)食品不含化學(xué)肥料和殺蟲劑，所含有的對(duì)人體有益成分較高。但近年來(lái)食品質(zhì)量下降了。總之，有機(jī)食品健康口感好，只是價(jià)格和購(gòu)買是個(gè)問(wèn)題。但可以做一些調(diào)查以找到當(dāng)?shù)睾线m的地方購(gòu)買。因此，A項(xiàng)“有機(jī)食品信息的好處”比較符合文章主旨。

8.【試題解析】判斷推理題。最后一段最后一句提出人們可以做一些調(diào)查而選擇從當(dāng)?shù)貎r(jià)格合理的商店購(gòu)買。由此推測(cè)，如果后文還有一段，可能會(huì)繼續(xù)闡述這個(gè)話題，故選B項(xiàng)“如何在當(dāng)?shù)厣痰暾业絻r(jià)格合理的有機(jī)產(chǎn)品”。

8.單選題

Manyscientistsremainskepticalaboutthevalueofthisresearchprogram.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conscious

B.doubtful

C.novelty

D.obscure

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)conscious“意識(shí)到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；B選項(xiàng)doubtful“可疑的；令人生疑的；疑心的；不能確定的”；C選項(xiàng)novelty“新奇；新奇的事物；新穎小巧而廉價(jià)的物品”；D選項(xiàng)obscure“昏暗的，朦朧的；晦澀的，不清楚的；隱蔽的；不著名的，無(wú)名的”。句意：許多科學(xué)家對(duì)這個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目的價(jià)值仍持懷疑態(tài)度。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞skeptical“懷疑的”，得知B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Abuildinghastwomainstructuralfunctions.Itmustshelterpeoplefromtheelementsanditmusttransmitallloadssafelytotheground.Loadsareoftwokinds,deadandlive.Deadloadsarethoseofthebuildingitself.Theyvaryindifferentpartsofthebuildingaccordingtotheheightsandmaterialsused.

Engineerscaneasilycalculatetheseloads,becausetheyknowtheweightsandpositionsofallthepartsofthebuilding.Liveloadsaretheweightsofthepeopleandthingsinthebuilding.Engineershavedoneresearchintoliveloadingsandhaveproducedstatisticsforallkindsofloads.Theyknow,forexample,thatthenormalfloorloadingofanofficebuildingisabout40poundsforeverysquarefoot.

Inmanycountries,thegreatestloadingsallowedarestatedinregulations.Whenauthoritiesapprovethedesignofanewbuilding,theymakesurethatthebuildingwillsafelytaketheloadsstated.Thecalculationsincludeasafetyfactorofthreeorfour—thatis,thestructureisthreeorfourtimesasitneededbetoavoidcollapse.Theextrastrengthallowsforoccasionaloverloadingandforsmallheavyloads,suchasanofficesafe.Theextrastrengthalsoallowsfordeteriorationofthestructure.

Thearchitectmustdesignthebuildingtostanduptowindpressures.AndinsomecountriessuchasJapan,thebuildingmustalsowithstandearthquakes.Earthquakescauseabnormalstressesinabuilding'sstructure,especiallyatthejointsbetweenbeamsandcolumns.

Themaintypesofstructureusedtosupportbuildingincludeload-bearingwalls,framesandtheshellstructures.Architectsmayusespace-framesandshellsforlargeone-flooredbuildings,suchasaircrafthangars,exhibitionhallsandswimming-pools.Thesestructurescanformwide-spanroofswithoutanycentralsupportpillars.Aspaceframeconsistsofarigidnetworkofmetalgirders.Ashellmaybeofconcreteorwood,formingahigharchedroof.Manyshellstructureshavebeautifulgeometricalshapes.

1.Anappropriatetitlefortheabovearticleshouldbe（

）.

2.Oneofthemainstructuralfunctionsofabuildingis

（

）.

3.Thesafetyfactorofabuildingmustbe

（

）.

4.arethemaintypesofstructuresusedtosupportbuildings

（

）.

5.Allthestressesarementionedinthepassageexcept（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheMethodsofConstruction

B.TheContractingSystem

C.ThePrinciplesofBuilding

D.ConstructingaLargeBuilding

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.toprovideshelterforpeopleatnight

B.totransmitallloadssafelytotheground

C.tostanduptowindpressure

D.toserveasakinddecorationinthecity

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.twiceasstrongasthewindpressuretoavoidcollapse

B.threeoffourtimesasstrongasitneededbetoavoidcollapse

C.explainedtotheresidentswholiveinthebuilding

D.reportedtothegovernmentuponcompletionofthebuilding

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Wide-spanroofsandshellstructures

B.Pillarsandcolumns

C.Concretewallsandframes

D.Load-bearingwalls,framesandshellstructures

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.windpressures

B.stressescausedbyearthquakes

C.rainpressure

D.stressesofthebuildingitself

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。原文第一段指出建筑有兩個(gè)主要的結(jié)構(gòu)功能以及兩種負(fù)載能力。下文接著講到了建筑承重的問(wèn)題，由此可以推斷，本文主要講的是建筑原則，選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Itmustshelterpeoplefromtheelementsanditmusttransmitallloadssafelytotheground.它必須為人們提供躲避惡劣天氣的場(chǎng)所，并且必須將所有的貨物安全運(yùn)送到地面?！敝挥羞x項(xiàng)B符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第三句“thestructureisthreeorfourtimesasitneededbetoavoidcollapse.（建筑）結(jié)構(gòu)是避免倒塌所需的三到四倍?！庇纱丝芍x項(xiàng)B與原文表述一致，所以正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Themaintypesofstructureusedtosupportbuildingincludeload-bearingwalls,framesandtheshellstructures.支撐建筑物的主要結(jié)構(gòu)類型包括承重墻、框架和殼體結(jié)構(gòu)?！边x項(xiàng)D符合原文。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第四段的一二句“Thearchitectmustdesignthebuildingtostanduptowindpressures.AndinsomecountriessuchasJapan,thebuildingmustalsowithstandearthquakes.建筑師必須設(shè)計(jì)出經(jīng)得起風(fēng)壓的建筑物。在日本等一些國(guó)家，建筑物還必須經(jīng)受起地震?！庇纱丝芍?，選項(xiàng)A和B均有提及；根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句“Deadloadsarethoseofthebuildingitself.靜載荷是建筑物本身的負(fù)載?！庇纱丝芍?，選項(xiàng)D在文中也有提及。只有選項(xiàng)C沒(méi)有提及，所以本題選C。

10.單選題

Thepoliticianisshrewdanddeep;hewas（）seldomonwhatheexpectedotherstodoforhim.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.transparent

B.explicit

C.prominent

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A:transparent“透明的”；B:explicit“明確的；直言的”；C:prominent“突出的，顯著地”；D:conspicuous“顯著的”。句意：這位政治家相當(dāng)精明，城府深，他很少明確表示希望其他人能為他做些什么。根據(jù)句意，B項(xiàng)最符合。

11.單選題

Becauseofvariousburdens,the1980sinEcuadorbecameadecadeof().Itwasmadeworsebybadfloodsin1983,thecollapseofworldoilpricesin1985and1986,andadevastatingearthquakein1987.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.collapse

B.stagnation

C.stop

D.reduction

【答案】A

【解析】collapse衰竭；stagnation停滯。句意：由于各種負(fù)擔(dān)，1980年對(duì)于厄瓜多爾來(lái)說(shuō)是衰竭的十年。1983年的特大洪水、1985年和1986年的世界石油價(jià)格暴跌，以及1987年的毀滅性地震，使情況變得更糟。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

12.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Theword“biodiversity”isatermheardwithincreasingfrequencyintheongoingdebateoverhowbesttoprotecttheworld’senvironment,andmorespecifically,howtopreserveitsrapidlydwindlingnumbersofplantandanimalspecies.Inverygeneralterms,“biodiversity”referstothenumberofplantandanimalspeciesthatcanbefoundinaparticularhabitatorecosystem.Thisisapparentlyaverysimpleconcept,butthesimplicityofitbeliesitssignificance.Abetterpopularunderstandingoftherealmeaningofbiodiversityandofitsimportancetothecircumstancesinwhichwepresentlyfindourselvesiscriticaltothesuccessofeffortstoprotecttheenvironment,andthereforeessentialtoourownsurvival.

Globalbiodiversity,whichisthetotalnumberofplantandanimalspeciesexistingontheplanetatanyonetime,canonlybeestimated;andonlyveryroughlyestimatedatthat.Undoubtedly,manyspeciesremaintobediscovered.Someofthese,suchasinsectsandmicroscopiclife,aresmallenoughtohaveescapedournotice,whileothersdwellinareaswehaveonlybeguntoexplore;thespeciesinhabitingthedeepestoceandepths,forexample.Itmustalsoberememberedthatweareinthemidstofamassextinctionevent.Speciesarenowdisappearingatarateestimatedtobebetween1,000and10,000timesfasterthantheaverageforthehistoryoflifeonearth.Takentogether,thesetwouncertainelementspreventtheglobalbiodiversityestimatefrombecomingmuchmorethananeducatedguess.Thecurrentbestestimateissomewhereintheneighborhoodof100to200millionspecies.

Thisnumber,whileitmaybeofsomeinteresttononscientists,isn’tofmuchrealvaluetoresearchers.Theyaregenerallymoreconcernedwithlocalbiodiversity.Despitetheapparentenormityofthenumberofspeciesthatinhabittheearthasawhole,localbiodiversity—thenumberofspeciesfoundinanyonehabitat—fluctuatesgreatlyaswecrosstheboundariesseparatingtheecosystemsthatmakeuptheEarth’sbiosphere.Itreachesitshighestlevelsonthecoralreefsandinthetropicalrainforestswheretheremaybethousandsofspeciesperacre.

Ofcourse,itisthisvalue—themeasureoflocalbiodiversity—thatismostusefulforanyoneconcernedwithassessingthehealthofanecosystemorprotectingitfromdestruction.Inmeasuringthebiodiversityofaparticularecosystem,biologistsareusuallyquiteimpartialwhenweighingtherelativesignificanceofeachspecies.Mostareassignedavalueofone,thetotalnumberofspeciesthenrepresentingthetargetvalue.However,therearetwoconditionsunderwhichonespeciesmaybeweightedmoreheavilythanothers.Thiswouldcertainlybethecaseforanyspeciesthatbyvirtueofitsgeneticuniquenesswouldconstituteaspeciallosstotheglobalgenepoolintheeventofitsextinction.Thetuataraisagoodexampleofjustsuchaspecies.Astheonlysurvivingmemberofafamilyofreptilesthat,exceptforit,diedout60millionyearsago,thetuataraqualifiesongroundsofgeneticuniquenesstobeweightedmoreheavilyincalculatingthebiodiversityofitshabitat.

Aspeciesmaybeaccordedbonuspointsinthebiodiversityequationforanotherreasonaswell;itmaybedeemedmoresignificantbyvirtueoftheroleitplaysintheecosystem.AnexampleofthiswouldbetheCaliforniaseaotter.[A]Thepreferredfoodofthisspeciesofmarinemammalistheseaurchin;amarineinvertebrate,whichfeedsonacertaintypeofseagrassknownaskelp.[B]Wereitnotfortheotter’scontributionincontrollingtheseaurchinpopulation,theunderseakelpforestwouldsurelybedecimatedbyadramaticincreaseinthepopulationofseaurchins.[C]Thiswouldremoveakeysupportingelement—thekelp—fromthehabitatofmanyfishandinvertebratespeciesthatdependonit.[D]This,inturn,wouldfundamentallyalteranentireunderseahabitatandundoubtedlyputariskanumberofdifferentspeciesthathaveadaptedtoitspeculiarcharacteristics.Therefore,thebehavioroftheotterinactivelymaintainingthelocaldiversityofspeciesdictatesthatitshouldbeassignedahigherbiodiversityvalue.

13.Whatwastheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage?

14.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwedon’thaveanaccuratemeasureofglobalbiodiversitybecause（）.

15.Thewordenormityinthepassageisclosestinthemeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,thelargestnumberofspecieswouldbefound（）.

17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTimportantinassessingbiodiversity?

18.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

19.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Theeffectofthiswouldbeadramaticlossoflocalbiodiversity.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheitalicizedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Toexplainwhybiodiversityisessentialtooursurvival.

B.Toexplaintheconceptofbiodiversity.

C.Toshowwhylocalbiodiversityismoreimportantthanglobalbiodiversity.

D.Toclarifythedangersthatresultfromdecliningbiodiversity.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thenumberofspeciesisconstantlychanging

B.populationsofanimalsmovefromplacetoplace

C.wedon’tknowtheecologicalroleplayedbyallspecies

D.thedefinitionofbiodiversityisnotclearenough

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.important

B.quality

C.vastness

D.accuracy

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.onthecoralreefs

B.intheboundaryareasbetweenlocalecosystems

C.intheunderseakelpforests

D.infreshwaterlakesandstreams

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thespecialfunctionaparticularspeciesplaysinanecosystem.

B.Thenumberofspeciespresentinanecosystem.

C.Thegeneticuniquenessofthespecieswithinanecosystem.

D.Thesizeoftheareaanecosystemcovers.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Localbiodiversitymaychange,butglobalbiodiversitydoesnot.

B.Allspecieshavethesamesignificancewhenconsideringbiodiversity.

C.Theconceptofbiodiversityisoflittlevaluetoecologists.

D.Theearthisexperiencingareductioninglobalbiodiversity.

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.Asthelastofa60millionyearoldfamilyofreptilestodieout,thetuatarawassogeneticallyspecialthatitwouldhaveraisedthecalculatedbiodiversityvalueofthehabitatinwhichitlived.

B.Thetuataradeservesaheavierbiodiversityweightingbyvirtueofthefactthatallothergeneticallysimilaranimalsvanished60millionyearsagoandtherefore,itaddsanunusualamounttothelocalbiodiversityvalue.

C.Thetuatarasgeneticuniquenessmakesitmorelikelytodieoutliketheothermembersofitsfamilywhichdisappeared60millionyearsago,andthereforeitshouldbegivenahigherbiodiversityvalue.

D.Becauseofthehigherbiodiversityvaluecontributedbythetuataratoitshabitat,thetuataraqualifiesforspecialstatustopreventitfromvanishingliketheothermembersofitsfamilydid60millionyearsago.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:D

第7題:D

第8題:B

【解析】13.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章首先引出“生物多樣性”的定義，介紹了全球大概的物種數(shù)量，接著介紹了研究生物多樣性的意義，說(shuō)明本文的主要目的是介紹生物多樣性的概念。因此B選項(xiàng)“解釋生物多樣性的概念”正確。A選項(xiàng)“解釋為什么生物多樣性對(duì)我們的生存至關(guān)重要”，原文只提到生物多樣性對(duì)我們的生存至關(guān)重要，沒(méi)有具體闡述，所以A錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明為什么當(dāng)?shù)氐纳锒鄻有员热虻纳锒鄻有愿匾敝皇窃牡囊徊糠謨?nèi)容，不能概括全文主旨，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“闡明生物多樣性的減少所帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)”，原文沒(méi)有講到生物多樣性減少的危害，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

14.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中說(shuō)到Undoubtedly,manyspeciesremaintobediscovered…Itmustalsoberememberedthatweareinthemidstofamassextinctionevent…Takentogether,thesetwouncertainelementspreventtheglobalbiodiversityestimatefrombecomingmuchmorethananeducatedguess.（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，還有許多物種有待發(fā)現(xiàn)……還必須記住，我們正處于大規(guī)模滅絕事件之中……綜合來(lái)看，這兩個(gè)不確定因素使全球生物多樣性的估計(jì)不能成為一個(gè)有根據(jù)的猜測(cè)。），說(shuō)明物種的數(shù)量有增有減，在不斷的變化中，所以不能準(zhǔn)確衡量生物的多樣性。因此A選項(xiàng)“物種的數(shù)量在不斷變化”正確。B選項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物的種群從一個(gè)地方移到另一個(gè)地方”，C選項(xiàng)“我們不知道所有物種在生態(tài)方面的作用”在文中沒(méi)有提及，所以B，C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“生物多樣性的定義還不夠明確”，原文明確給出了生物多樣性的定義，即在一個(gè)特定的棲息地或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物和動(dòng)物物種的數(shù)量，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

15.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“enormity”可以定位到文章第三段第三句Despitetheapparentenormityofthenumberofspeciesthatinhabittheearthasawhole,localbiodiversity—thenumberofspeciesfoundinanyonehabitat—fluctuatesgreatlyaswecrosstheboundariesseparatingtheecosystemsthatmakeuptheEarth’sbiosphere.（盡管存在于整個(gè)地球上的物種數(shù)量明顯很龐大，但當(dāng)我們跨越分隔地球生物圈的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的界限時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)氐纳锒鄻有浴谌魏我粋€(gè)棲息地中發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種數(shù)量都會(huì)極大地波動(dòng)。），說(shuō)明“enormity”在文中是指“數(shù)量龐大”的意思。因此C選項(xiàng)“大量”準(zhǔn)確。A選項(xiàng)“重要”，B選項(xiàng)“質(zhì)量”，D選項(xiàng)“準(zhǔn)確”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

16.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Itreachesitshighestlevelsonthecoralreefsandinthetropicalrainforestswheretheremaybethousandsofspeciesperacre.（它在珊瑚礁和熱帶雨林中達(dá)到最高水平，那里每英畝可能有數(shù)千種物種。），說(shuō)明物種數(shù)量最多的地方在珊瑚礁和熱帶雨林。因此A選項(xiàng)“珊瑚礁”正確。B選項(xiàng)“在當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的邊界地區(qū)”，C選項(xiàng)“在海底的海藻林中”，D選項(xiàng)“在淡水湖泊和溪流中”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

17.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由A選