6

安排課程介紹（包括綜一的考核要求，命題原則，考試題型舉例及各種題型做題方法的技巧點撥）重點語法（包括定語從句，虛擬語氣，反意疑問句，強(qiáng)調(diào)，倒裝，非謂語動詞，時態(tài)，語態(tài)等高頻考點）課文重點內(nèi)容（包括重要問題，重要短語等）《綜合英語一》這門課是課程考試，不是水平考試。課程考試就是學(xué)什么就考什么，以為本。嚴(yán)格按照教學(xué)大綱去命題。具體來講，占卷面總分70%的試題是根據(jù)中出現(xiàn)的詞匯、句型、語法現(xiàn)象和課文內(nèi)容而設(shè)計的。試題的其余部分雖然不是直接引自，但其目的卻是學(xué)習(xí)所獲得的能力。這部分試題也是嚴(yán)格依據(jù)大綱的要求而設(shè)計，因此只有扎扎實實地學(xué)好，才能順利通過考試。本課程的 分為《綜合英語（一）》上冊和《綜合英語（一）》下冊。包含32篇精選的課文。這32篇課文是教學(xué)內(nèi)容的核心，是語言的范例，用以示范英語的基本性質(zhì)，要求學(xué)生讀懂、讀透。通過課文，不斷擴(kuò)大并不斷鞏固常用詞匯，吸收各種短語和習(xí)語，接觸新的語法現(xiàn)象。教學(xué)活動圍繞課文的內(nèi)容和課文中所出現(xiàn)的語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行。每課還包含語音練習(xí)、詞匯練習(xí)、語法練習(xí)和口筆頭作業(yè)。這些項目是提供具體活用機(jī)會，訓(xùn)練相關(guān)技能不可忽視的教學(xué)內(nèi)容。一、課程的基本要求與考核目標(biāo)語音能按國際音標(biāo)正確讀出生詞;能用正確和比較自然的語音和語調(diào)朗讀比課文容易的短文。語法較好地掌握基本語

則，能運用上述語

則以及有關(guān)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識、填空、造句或翻譯句子。能運用句子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識，解決一般閱讀理解問題。詞匯認(rèn)知詞匯3600~4000(其中包括中學(xué)階段所學(xué)詞匯約兩千,見入學(xué)基本詞匯表);熟悉掌握其中1500~2000個詞及其最常用的搭配和短語,并能在口語和寫作中正確使用這些詞匯。閱讀能讀懂詞匯量略低于認(rèn)知詞匯的淺易材料,要求了解其中心思想、文章細(xì)節(jié)和作者態(tài)度，并能根據(jù)其內(nèi)容進(jìn)行一定的推理。寫作能筆頭回答問題；用100~200個詞簡單復(fù)述課文的全部或部分內(nèi)容。則,將內(nèi)容較為簡單的漢語句子翻譯1.能運用所學(xué)的詞匯和語譯成英語,無重大語法錯誤;2.能將與課文難度相仿的100詞左右的文章譯成漢語,理解正確,譯文較為通順。,訓(xùn)練通過聽課文和有關(guān)課文回答的段考核。。此項不在本階口語通過回答有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容的問題，以及簡單的有關(guān)課文的口頭作文，提高口頭表達(dá)能力，養(yǎng)成良好的口語，為口語課打下基礎(chǔ)。此項不在本階段考核。1、合理安排測試項目的能力層次。每份試卷中測試各種能力層次的項目所占的分?jǐn)?shù)比例一般為：識記10%，

30%。簡單運用40%，綜合運用20%。二、命題原則2．合理安排測試項目的難度結(jié)構(gòu)。題目難易程度分為：易、比較易、比較難、難四個等級。每份試卷各種難易程度題目所占比例為：易占20%，比較易占30%，比較難占30%，難占20%。試題的難易程度和能力層次是兩個不同的概念。在每個能力層次的項目中都包含難易程度不同的問題。命題過程中同時兼顧這兩種不同結(jié)構(gòu)的問題。3.

合理安排由于參加題與客觀題的比例的人數(shù)多，閱讀量大，客觀題應(yīng)占一定的比例。但由于客觀題難以反映考生實際運用語言的能力，又必須設(shè)計一定量的題，兩者之間所占分?jǐn)?shù)的比例為主觀題占40%，客觀題占60%。4.

合理確定與試卷考核有關(guān)部分所占比例內(nèi)容的分?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)在60%~70%之間，考核綜合運用能力的分?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)在30%~40%之間。試題題型共10類,試卷由其中6-7種形式組成。1.選擇正確的語法形式和單詞或詞組填空(30分)考查學(xué)生對所學(xué)語法現(xiàn)象及詞匯的掌握。語法題涵蓋要求掌握的所有語法現(xiàn)象，詞匯題限制在課文中出現(xiàn)的單詞及其搭配。語法和詞匯的考查各占一半。此項為選擇題。三、試題題型例1：Couldyoupleaseaddsomemoresugar

mycoffee?A.

to B.in C.for D.

on例2：Threepounds

too

much

for

suchameal.A.

are B.

take C.

is D.

takes答題技巧：這部分包括30個小題，考核語法和詞匯。所考核的語法題涵蓋《綜合英語（一）》所講述的所有語法現(xiàn)象?？忌趶?fù)習(xí)語法時，可以采取這樣的辦法：把語法集中在一起復(fù)

復(fù)習(xí)每一個語法現(xiàn)象時，抓著自己掌握差的方面，或感覺難的重點復(fù)習(xí)。在詞匯方面，從考卷的分析來看，大致有下列幾種情況。考常用動詞的短語動詞搭配。要求考生在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中盡量多聯(lián)想一下某一動詞常用的搭配。如:pull

off/pull

in/pull

out/pull

through考查形近詞辨析。如:

literal/literary/litera

iberal近義詞辨析。如:

amply/sufficiently/adequa

y/enough考詞組的搭配.考生一定要把

中的usefulexpressions牢牢記住。如：The

arrival

of

the broughtanend

the

fightin

the

street.A．withC．overB．intoD．to2.標(biāo)出單詞的國際音標(biāo)考查對國際音標(biāo)的掌握情況,要求對課文中出現(xiàn)的20個單詞，標(biāo)出劃線部分的字母或字母組合的音標(biāo)。例如：prayerbench技巧點撥：把課后word

list

部分的單詞讀準(zhǔn)，同時每課后面的語音部分也是重點。字母組合“oo”發(fā)音是難點，可以根據(jù)下面的口訣記牢。t前長foot

短d

前短food

長k前全短，其余全長短音不商量如boot如good

woodhood如cook

look

tookbook如classroom

bedroom3.將所給單詞轉(zhuǎn)換成正確的詞類形式填空A重點考查詞匯練習(xí)中所介紹的構(gòu)詞 則,采用單句形式，共10題。例如：Theoldmanlookedatthegirlwith

a

s

.(friend)Be

when

you

cross

the

streets.

(care)4.將所給單詞轉(zhuǎn)換成正確的詞類形式填空B考查構(gòu)詞 則,采用成段形式,在一篇短文中留有10個空處,每處在括號內(nèi)提供一個單詞，要求考生根據(jù)短文的意思，將此單詞轉(zhuǎn)換成同一詞根的另一種詞類,其中也可能有一個詞不必改變其詞類。題型舉例見下頁。When

Benjamin

Franklin wentto

France

he

was(1)

able

(ability)

to

speak

or

understand

a

word

of

(2)

French

(France).One

day

he

was

at

a

(3)

dinner

(dining)

with

many(4)important

(importance)

men

ofFrance.

There

were

severalspeeches,

and

everybody

applauded

after

each

speech.

Franklin

didnot

understand

a

word

of

these

speeches,

but

he

applauded

likeeverybodyelse.

After

one

of

the

speeches,

everybody,

includingFranklin

himself,

got

up,

and

applauded

(5)

cheerfull_y

(cheerful)

and(6)loudly(loud).

Then

everybody

began

to

(7)

laugh

(laughter).Franklinasked

the

man

next

to

him:

“What

are

they

laughing

for?”“They

are

laughingat

you,”

said

the

man.

“In

the

last

speechthe(8)

speaker

(speaking)spoke

about

you.

He

said

that

France

was(9)proud

(pride)

of

you;

and

that

you

were

a

very

(10)good

(goodness)man

and

an

excellent

ambassador.”技巧點撥：根據(jù)所填詞在句中所作的成分確定詞性。然后考慮要填的詞的正確形式，如果是名詞應(yīng)該是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，如果是動詞是用第三人稱單數(shù)還是 還是應(yīng)該用分詞形式。填入后看看該句意思是不是講得通。5.完形填空A考查學(xué)生對語法和詞匯的運用以及簡單的閱讀理解能力。試題的短文中有10個空格，要求考生從所提供的12~15個詞中選擇正確答案，填入空格中。本題的短文選自

以外的文章，其難易程度參閱

中的完形填空題練習(xí)。and

sum

choice

caught

when

getnight

mistake

bank

but

for

wasIt

was

late

(1)when

my

train

pulled

into

the

station.

(2)

For

several

minutes

I

sat

in

the

waiting

room,

not

knowing

what

to

do.

Iknew

it

wasa

(3)mistake

to

be

carrying

such

a

large

(4)

sum

ofmoney

onmy at

that

time

of

(5)night,but

I

had

no

(6)

choicein

the

matter.

I

had

hoped

to

get

to

my

Paris(7)

bankbeforeit

closedfor

the

day,

(8)

but

my

train

hadbeen

(9)behinda

wreck(10)

and

Iwas

delayed.技巧點撥：對于這種選詞填空題型中的每一個空白處來說,所提供的

12個備選單詞都有可能是正確答案.而在答題時,每對一個空白處選定一個單詞,就意味著接下來要解答的那個空白處的選擇范圍會少一個.也就是說,如果做錯一個選擇就會產(chǎn)生連鎖反應(yīng)。做好該題的方法很簡單—根據(jù)上下文和文章內(nèi)容逐步減小可選范圍,最終確定正確答案。6.完形填空B考查學(xué)生對所學(xué)課文的熟悉程度及對詞匯和語法的熟練程度。試題從所學(xué)課文中選出長度為150~200個詞的片段，每7~9個詞抽掉一個，留出空處，要求考生填入與課文一

致的詞。技巧點撥：做好這個題關(guān)鍵是要熟讀綜一上下冊的32篇課文。7.根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容完成句子考查學(xué)生對課文的熟悉程度和理解程度,要求學(xué)生能根據(jù)每題所提供的線索,按照課文內(nèi)容，用正確的語法形式完成

10個句子。所給線索可以是總結(jié)歸納性的，也可以是課文原文，其比例一般為2比1。題型舉例見下頁。Tracy’s

liver

was

transplanted

into

David,

who

was

sufferingfrom

.Key:

an

incurable

liver

disease8.用一句話回答有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容考查學(xué)生對課文的熟悉和理解程度,問題可以是有關(guān)課文的大意、故事的內(nèi)容、人物、時間、地點等，但要避免不重要的細(xì)節(jié)。問題應(yīng)針對課文內(nèi)容而設(shè)計，考生不必進(jìn)行發(fā)揮；各類問題要搭配適當(dāng)。題型舉例見下頁。How

did

Mr.

Budd

hit

upon

an

idea

to

help

catch

themurderer?Key:

He

remembered

the

words

“Knowledge

is

power.”

andhe

decided

to

use

his

skill

of

hair-dyeing

to

put

a

markonthe

man.技巧點撥：做好這個題關(guān)鍵是要熟讀綜一上下冊的32篇課到課文內(nèi)容的融會貫通。9.中譯英重點考查學(xué)生對課文句型、詞匯和語法的掌握及其運用能力，共10題；出題時應(yīng)參考課后詞匯、句型翻譯練習(xí)題和語法翻譯練習(xí)題，嚴(yán)格按照考試大綱附表所列的范圍命題。例如：他伸出手，但是這位 和他握手。He

reached

out

his

hand,

but refusedto

shake

handswithhim.10.閱讀理解考查綜合的閱讀理解能力，要求考生在閱讀完短文后，從選擇項目中,找出正確答案。此項包括長度為300個詞左右的兩至三篇短文,基本沒有生詞,個別生詞,要用漢語標(biāo)出。每篇短文各有若干選擇題,內(nèi)容涉及詞和短語的意義、文章主題思想或大意、句子表達(dá)的內(nèi)容或相互之間的聯(lián)系、作者的態(tài)度、單句或全文的內(nèi)在含義或推理等。綜合英語（一）?？嫉谜Z法為：名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，定語從句，虛擬語氣，反意疑問句，非謂語動詞，時態(tài)，名詞性從句，形容詞副詞的 ，主謂一致，倒裝等等。下面我們把這些語法項目進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的有重點的講解。有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的，如:child-children

，foot-feet

，goose-geese

，mouse-mice

，man-men

，ox-oxen

，tooth-teeth

，woman-women

等。有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一樣的,如:Chinese

，Japanese,Spanish(西班牙人)，Lebanese(黎巴嫩人)，Portuguese(

葡萄牙人

)

，

Swiss(

人

)，

sheep，

deer

，swine(豬)，fish

，means

，series

，species，aircraft

，spacecraft

等。名詞在表示一類事物時，介詞of

后的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。She

is

one

of

the

good

students

who

are

always

praised

bythe

teachers.大多數(shù)集體名詞可作單數(shù)，也可作復(fù)數(shù)，如：

army

，audience

，

class

，

committee

，

crew

(全體船員，乘務(wù)員

)

，crowd

，

faculty

，

family

，

ernment

，

group

，orchestra，

team

，

union等。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時謂語動詞用單數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)

時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The ernment

ispaying

close

attention

to

economicdevelopment.The ernment

are

having a

heated

discussion

on

thismatter.有些雖然是單數(shù)形式，卻用作復(fù)數(shù)，如

:cattle(牲畜

)

，militia(

民兵

)

，

people

， ，

poultry(

家畜

)

，

staff(

全體職員

)等。有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而且也只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如:clothes

，glasses,spectacles

，pants

，arms(belongings(

所有物)，customs()

，)，goods(貨物)，suburbs(

郊區(qū))，papers(

文件)，shorts

等7.有些名詞形式為復(fù)數(shù)，卻用作單數(shù)，如:electronics(電子學(xué))，mathematics(

數(shù)學(xué))，optics(光學(xué))，politics

，statistics(

統(tǒng)計學(xué)),economics

（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)）,physics

等。例如:Linguistics

is

a

difficult

subject

to

study.8.名詞作定語時，除了man和woman要和中心詞一起變成復(fù)數(shù)之外，其它修飾詞不能變成復(fù)數(shù)。例如：a

woman

teacher

-

two

women

teachersa

man

doctor

-

two

men

doctorsa

girl

student

-

five

girl

studentsa

boy

student

-six

boy

students復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)只把其中所包含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。如:looker(s)-on

，

runner(s)-up

，sister(s)-in-law

，

editor(s)-in-chief

，

passer(s)-by

，

grand-child(ren)

，shoe

lace(s)

，blood

type(s)

等。如果沒有主體名詞，就在最后一個詞上加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。如:go-between(s)

，

drawback(s),

grown-ups“Of+抽象名詞”相當(dāng)于形容詞Of

interestinterestingOf

importance---importantOf

valuevaluableOf

necessitynecessaryOf

possibilitypossibleOf

great

importance---

greatly

important/very

importantOf

no

valuevalueless切記invaluable=priceless這里主要講一下不定代詞some和any。通常some用于肯定句，any

用于疑問句和否定句。但在下列情況下例外：（1）在表示請求、建議時，some及其派生詞可以用于疑問句。如：Would

you

like

some

coffee?Can

somebody

come

and

helpme?Could

you

lend

me

some

books?Why

don’t

you

buy

some

flowers

for

her

birthday?代詞（2）any及其派生詞用于肯定句時，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，意思是

“任何的……”.如：You

can

come

any

day

you

like.你哪天來都行He

istaller

than

any

of

the

other

boysin

the

class.

(anyof

theother

boys=any

other

boy)注意“any+單數(shù)名詞”和“any

other+單數(shù)名詞”的區(qū)別?，F(xiàn)在用兩個例子進(jìn)行說明。China

is

largerthan

any

other

country

in

Asia.

(China

belongsto

Asia.)China

is

larger

than

any

country

in

Africa.

(Chinadoes

notbelong

to

Africa.)以下情況形容詞常用于后置定語:形容詞短語，即形容詞十副詞/介詞短語或不定式。一些表語性形容詞要后置，如:present(到場的，出席的），available

，involved

，concerned

，etc

。形容詞修飾不定代詞something

，anything

，everything時要后置。例如:There

was

something

wrong

with

her.I

came

across

a

tricky

question

hard

toanswer.I

wondered

ifthere

was

a

room

available.形容詞和副詞副詞的位置：系動詞后，助動詞和實義動詞中間，實義動詞前如：His

parents

are

bothteachers.He

hardly

studies

atschool.We

will

always

be

friends.注意enough的位置：enough修飾名詞時放在名詞前后均可，修飾形容詞或副詞時要放在后面。如：enough

water

/water

enoughcareful

enough/

well

enough形容詞和副詞的原級比較由“as+形容詞或副詞原級(或后跟名詞或短語)+as”

構(gòu)成，“as…as”前可加not

，just

，almost

，nearly

，quite，twice

，several

times等詞修飾。否定式中not

后面的as

可改為so

。如：He

isas

tall

as

I.Heis

not

as/so

careful

as

his

brother.形容詞與副詞的

形式為

:“

形容詞

(

副詞

)+than+…”，應(yīng)注意than前后相比較的人或物要一致（否則沒有可比性）。a

lot

等副詞修飾前可以跟even

，much

，stilI,

far,，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。Youvoiceis

more

beautiful

than

your

classmates’/that

ofyour

classmates.The

population

in

Chinaismuch

larger

than

that

in

America.The

values

of

the

young

differ

from

thoseof

their

elders.不可數(shù)名詞或名詞單數(shù)，后面用that代替，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)后面用those代替。注意一些以-ior結(jié)尾的來自于拉丁語的單詞，雖表示比較的含義，但后面要用to而不是than。常用的有七個：be

juniorto

be

younger

thanbe

seniorto

be

older

than

be

posterior

tobe

later

thanbe

anterior

to

---be

earlier

thanbe

prior

to

be

earlierthan/be

more

important

thanbe

inferior

to

beworse

thanbesuperior

to

be

better

than還要注意the

+重要結(jié)構(gòu)：，the+

(越……就越……)，常考選擇或翻譯。如：The

more

careful

you

are,

the

fewer

mistakes

you

make.The

earlier

you

come,

the

better

(it

is).形容詞與副詞的的形式分別為

:“the+

形容詞

+名詞十范圍表達(dá)”和“副詞十名詞+范圍表達(dá)”，副詞的

和

不需要加

the

。例如

:We

are

the

happiest

whenstaying

with

friends.I

carried

out

the

task

moresuccessfully

than

he

had

expected.most

有時并不都是正式。如：形式，相當(dāng)于very，該用法比較It

isa

most

touching

film.

這是一部非常感人的

。They

shallmost

certainly

come.他們很可能回來。國 的考試重點是完成時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在態(tài)的用法。詳細(xì)將完成時時態(tài)關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成1.現(xiàn)在完成時表示對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作，常與already,

yet,

recently,

la

y或頻度副詞often,

never,

ever,seldom,

twice等連用，如：We

have

been

to

the

Great

Wall

many

times.He

hasn’t

translated

the

novel

yet.請注意have/has

been

to

和have/has

gone

to

的區(qū)別。下面用例子來說明其區(qū)別：A:

Do

you

know

where

Tom

is?B:hehas

gone

to

the

airportto

meet

his

friend.

（去了某地，在 或已到目的地）I

havebeen

to

the

Great

Wall

several

times.

（去過某地，已經(jīng)回到說話的地方）2.表示一個從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，常與for+一段時間,since,in

recent

years,

so

far等詞或詞組連用；He

has

lived

in

Beijing

for20

years.The

essence

of

music

has

not

changed

since

the

beginning

oftime.注意：只有延續(xù)性動詞可以和時間段連用,瞬間動詞要改為相應(yīng)的持續(xù)性的表示狀態(tài)的短語。die-be

deadleave/go-be

awaybuy/borrow-keep/havestart/begin-be

on注意重要句型：It

is(has

been)…since…這一結(jié)構(gòu)也常用于現(xiàn)在完成時。It

has

been(也可用is)a

long

time

since

they

last

met

eachother.“This/It/That

bethe句常用完成時態(tài)。(second)time

that…”句型中，從Isthis

the time

that

you

have

visited

?This

will

be

the

secondtime

that

I

have

broken

a

cupthisweek.That

was

the

third

time

he

had

been

interruptedthat

afternoon.可用于if,unless,

when,as,

until等引導(dǎo)的條件和時間狀語從句中，表示將來完成的動作。Come

here

when

you

have

finished

your

work.關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時They

have

been

watchin for

twohours.He

has

been

workingon

this

essay

since

this

morning.由have

(has)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去，通常與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如for

hours,

since

this

morning….現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的第二種（即表示動作延續(xù)）的用法相似，并常?？梢曰Q。它們的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成

進(jìn)行時比現(xiàn)在完成時更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性，前者可以說是后

者的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。**現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示一種不間斷的動作，因此在提到做某事的次數(shù)或所做事情的種類時，不能用該時態(tài)，而只能用現(xiàn)在完成時．I

haveknocked

at

the

doorfive

times,

but

I’m

afraid

nobody

isin.The

pop

singerhas

sung

three

songs.關(guān)于過去完成時1.

由had+過去分詞構(gòu)成，表示在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動作，常與由by,before，until等介詞或連詞引起的表示到過去某一時間為止的時間狀語連用。The

girl

had

learned

a

lot

of

English

wordsbefore

she

went

toschool.By of

last

month,

wehad

finished

half

of

the

work.2.這一時態(tài)也常用于賓語或定語從句中。He

found

the

bookthat

he

hadlost.She

thought

she

had

locked

the

door.3.用在表示與過去情況相反的虛擬句的從句中。If

he

had

studied

hard

last

term,

he

would

have

passed

theexamination.I

wish

I

had

gone

to

the

partylast

night.關(guān)于過去完成進(jìn)行時由had

been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，主要表示過去某時以前一直在進(jìn)行的一個動作。It

had

been

raining

for

two

days.

The

fields

were

all

under

water.At

last

they

got

the egram

they

had

been

expecting.關(guān)于將來完成時由shall(will)+have+過去分詞構(gòu)成，表示將來某個時間之前會發(fā)生或可能完成的事情，常與by,before,when等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的表示將來的時間短語或從句連用。When

we

getthere

they’ll

probably

have

left.By of

this

century

China

willhave e

one

ofthestrongest

and

wealthiest

country

in

the

world.情態(tài)動詞+完成式(1)could+have+過去分詞有時表示過去的時間，說明某事可能已發(fā)生，有時也表示與事實相反，表示本來有能力做某事，但卻未做。例What

happened

in

the

airport

could

have

been

true.The

director

could

have

produced

a

betterfilm.He

could

have

helped

me,

but

he

didn’t.下面

要講的是語法中的重中之重：(2)

might/may+have+過去分詞表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行揣測，但語氣相當(dāng)不肯定，表示近乎未實現(xiàn)的行為.例：Youmight

have

done

the

workbetter.你本來可以把工作做得更好一些。(3)

must+have+過去分詞是對發(fā)生在過去的一種行為的推測，表示過去必定發(fā)生過的事情，語氣相當(dāng)肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。例：It

must

have

rainedlast

night.

The

groundis

wet.昨夜一定下雨了，地上濕乎乎的。(4)

should/oughtto+have+過去分詞表示該做而未做到的事，表示“本應(yīng)”例：They

should

have

madea

goodjob

ofit.他們本來可把工作做好。(5)

shouldnot/ough

to+have+過去分詞表示做了不該做的事，例：You

should

not

have

done

suchthings.你不該干出這種事情來。(6)

can’t（couldn’t）+have+過去分詞表示對過去的動作進(jìn)行否定 測。意為“肯定沒有，肯定不是”例：The

poem

can’t

have

beenwritten

by

the

little

girl;

she

isonlyfour.這首詩肯定不是這個小 寫的，她才剛四歲(7)

would+have+過去分詞經(jīng)常用于虛擬條件句中，表示與過去事實相反的猜測。例：If

she

had

known

about

it, d

havetalked

about

it.她要是知道這件事的話，早就對此說東道西了(8)needn’t+have+過去分詞表示不必做的事情卻做了，可譯為“原本不必”“其實不必”。例：You

needn’t

have

done

all

these

calculations.

We

have

acomputer

to

deal

with

that

sort

of

thing.exercisesTheroomisinaterriblemess;it

cleaned.can’t

have

beenshouldn’t

have

beenmus have

beenwouldn’t

have

been答案為A.整句翻譯：房間亂極了，不可能有人打掃過。You

her

in

the

town

last

Friday,

for

she’s

been

out

oftownfor

two

weeks.needn’t

have

seenmust

have

seenmight

have

seencan’t

have

seen答案為D.整句翻譯：上周五你不可能在小鎮(zhèn)見過她，她離開鎮(zhèn)子已有兩周了。Research

findingsshow

we

spend

about

two

hours

dreamingevery

night,

no

matter

what

we

during

the

day.should

have

donewould

havedonemay

havedonemust

have

done答案為C.

整句翻譯：

結(jié)果表明

每晚上都會做2小時的夢，

無論 白天可能做了什么。Somewomen

a

good

salary

in

a

job

instead

of

stayinghome,

but

they

decided

not

to

work

for

the

sakeof

the

family.would

makemust

makecould

havemadeshould

have

made答案為C.

整句翻譯：如果不呆在家里，有些婦女本來能獲得相當(dāng) 的工作，但考慮到家庭，她們決定不出去英語分為主動詞態(tài)和是動作的執(zhí)行者，而詞態(tài)。主動語態(tài)是指句中的主語語態(tài)的主語是動作的承受者。英語中只有及物動詞、動詞短詞和某些成語才能構(gòu)成

語態(tài)。語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式為

“be+

動詞的過去分詞

”

。另外，“be/get+

動詞過去分詞

”

是特殊形式。語態(tài)語態(tài)的各種形式：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時將來完成時be

being

donewas/were

being

donewill

have

been

done過去將來完成時

would

have

been

done非謂語動詞to

be/

have beendonebeing/having

beendone情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+be/have

been

done主動形式表示

含義：A.need/require/want/deservetobe

doneng=need/require/want/deserveB.

smell

/sound

/taste

/feel

/prove

+adj.The

story

proved

quite

false.The

flowerssmell

sweet.C.

Can’t,

won’t…+vi.

(move,

lock,

open,…)The

door

won’t

shut.D.

read,

write,

wash,

clean,

draw,

burn,

cook,

wear…+adv.(well,

easily….)下面請看幾個例子：This

kind

of

rice

cooks

morequickly.The

cloth

washes

easily.His

blue

jeans

havewornthin.還要注意一些主動形式表示

be

to

blame:be

responsible

fordon’t

know

who

is

to

blame.sinkin:

be

understoodcome

out:

be

published含義的短語：重點短語：have/has

sth.done

（考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率極高）該短語有三個意思：（１）請／讓

做某事I

will

have

my

hair

cut

tomorrow.He

has

just

had

his

bicycle

repaired.（２）某物

到某一消極動作He

had

his

fingerburntyesterday.He

had

his

face

cut

when

hewas

shaving

hisface.（３）主語自己做某事We’ll

have

all

the

dishes

cleared

away

before

seven

p.m.

every

day.國 主要 兩個意思。形式有時by要被其它介詞代替還要注意介詞的使用：be

known

to

sb.be

popular

with/among

sb.be

coveredwithsth.be

engaged

tosb.

be

marriedto

sb.接不帶to的不定式（也稱禿頭不定式）做賓補(bǔ)的詞改成被動時要加to.常用的動詞有（十個半動詞）一感feel二聽listen

to/hear三讓make/let/have四看watch/see/look

at/notice半幫助help(即可用to也可不用）Did

anyone

see

Tom

enter

the room?

→Was

Tom

seen

to

entertheroom?The

teacher

makes

us

do

a

lotof .

→

we

are

made

todoa

lot

of by

the

teacher.hope,think,

intend,

mean,

want,

expect等動詞用過去完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的打算、希望或意圖。如：I

had

hoped

to

come

to

see

you

yesterday,

but

couldn’t

get

awaybecause

my

friendcame.I

hadn’t

thought

he

would

finish

the

job

on

time.

So

I

wasn’tworried

atall.exercisesA.

will

teachC.

will

have

taughtB.hadtaughtD.

has

taughtA.

to

have

injuredC.injuredB.

to

have

been

injuredD.injuringA.hopedC.hopeB.

have

hopedD.

had

hoped1.Jack

C

English

in

the

university

for

30

years

byof

next

month.

(2003/10)2.Eighty-two

peoplewerereported

B

in

the

plane

crash.(2003/10)3.I

D

to

go

on

a

holiday

but

wasn’t

able

to

get

away.(2003/10)從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個成分。狀語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句從句考點分析1.由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1）能引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who(whom,whose)

指人whichthat指物即指人也指物e.g-The

woman

who

is

speaking

to

the

class

is

your

teacher.The

train

which

has

just

left

is

a

new

one.Thewoman

whom

you

are

talking

to

is

ateacher.定語從句2)注意關(guān)系代詞that的使用A．先行詞為all

everything

nothing

something

anythinglittle much

等不定代詞時用thatlikesto

ne.g-A

hobby

can

be

almost

anything

that

ahis

sparetime.A

hobby

is

something

that

we

like

ton

our

sparetime.B.先行詞被all

every

no

some

any

little much

修飾時用thate.g-I’ve

read

all

the

books

that

you

gave

me.C.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞

修飾時用thate.g-This

is

the composition

thathehas

written

in

English.This

is

the

best

novel

that

I

haveever

read.D.先行詞被the

only thevery thesame the

last

修飾時用thate.g-The

last

place

that

we

visited

was

the

chemical

works.The

white

flower

is

the

only

one

that

I

reallylike.This

isthe

very

bookthatI

wanttofind.E.當(dāng)有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人或物的先行詞時用thate.g.He

talked

about

the

teachers

and

school

that

he

hadvisited.F.當(dāng)主句是who或which開頭的特殊問句時，定語從句要用thate.g-Who

is

the that

is

standing

at

the

gate?-Which

of

us

that

know

something

about

physics

does

notknowthis?3)關(guān)系代詞除連接句子外，一般在從句中做主語，賓語或定語2.由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1）能引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有

when=in

which,on

which,

atwhichwhere=in

which,

at

which,on

whichwhy=for

whiche.g-That

isthe

reason

why

I

didit.Theschool

whereI’m

studying

is

a

key

school.Thetime

has

come

when

ordinary

people

canuse

computer.3.帶介詞的定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以作介詞的賓語，形成帶介詞的定語從句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種：從句由“介詞+which”（表示事和物）從句由“介詞+which”（表示人）e.g-The

manto/with

whomhe

is

talking

is

a

teacher.-The

school

in/at

which

I

am

studying

is

a

key

school.解題要訣：掌握常用介詞的基本用法掌握常用動詞，形容詞與介詞之間的固定搭配非限定性定語從句當(dāng)指物時，不能用that只能用whichwhich有時用來指整個句子或句子的一部分。e.g.

He

died

suddenly,

whi ade

her

very

sad.he

saidlast

night

he

went

to

sleep

with

his

clothes

on,

whichwasvery

fortable.關(guān)系詞的使用一看先行詞，二看關(guān)系詞在從句中的作用，在此基礎(chǔ)上熟記幾個常用的固定句式，如：the

same…as,

such…as…The

film

is

the

same

as

wehave

expected.關(guān)系詞在句中做定語–whose應(yīng)該熟悉關(guān)系詞做定語時的各種變體。the

officewhose

windows

are

brokenthe

office

the

windows

of

which

arebroken“介詞+which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)做關(guān)系詞A．介詞是句中短語搭配的一部分,如pay

attention

to,

takecare

of

等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。This

is

the

boy

whom

she

has

taken

care

of.B．“部分+of+整體名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)做關(guān)系詞也就是“部分名詞+of

which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)。Her

two

brothers,

both

of

whom

work

in

Scotland,

ring

her

upeveryweek.We

will

have a

party

in

the

room,

the

window

ofwhich

hasbeenbroken.C．另一種介詞是表示范圍的介詞He

has

composed

many

pieces

of

music

popular

with

youngpeople,

of

whichthisisanexample.D．有時介詞與先行詞構(gòu)成短語It

isusefultobeabletopredictthe

extent

C

which

a

pricechange

will

affect

supply

and

demand.A.

from

B.

with

C.

to

D.

foras/which引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別位置不同：as可置于句首，也可置于句中，而which只能放在句中。指代不同：as引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其先行詞為整個主句。

which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其先行詞也可以是主句或主

句中的一部分。與主動動作先后不同：as從句表示的行為經(jīng)常是在主

句行為之前，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示的卻在主句之后，表示連續(xù)發(fā)生的事情或結(jié)果等。As

was

expected,

the

Englandteam

won

the

footballmatch.He

promised

to

help

me,

which

he

did.He

was

often

late

forwork,

which

cost

him

his

job.注意先行詞為時間、地點或原因時，關(guān)系詞的選用如果用when,

where

或why，關(guān)系詞在從句中應(yīng)該是做狀語,否則的話則應(yīng)該用which/that等。例如：I

will

never

forget

the

days

that/which/

\

I

spent

with

my

friends

inthe

country.exercises定語從句專項練習(xí)Hertwobrothers,bothof

C

work

in

Scotland,

ring

her

upeveryweek.A.

them B.

those C.

whom D.whichThesizeoftheaudience,

C

wehaveexpected,waswellover

onethousand.A.

whom B.

who C.as D.

whichI’llneverforgetthetenyears

D

we

both

spent

in

the

littlevillage.A.

of

which B.when C.ofwhat D.

thatAll

C

isacontinuoussupplyofthe

basicnecessitiesoflife.A.

what

is

needed B.

which

isneeded C.

thatis

needed

D.who

needsThe industry

is

develo so

rapidly

that

almost

anything

A

isrecordedwillbeoutofdate.A.

that B.

which C.

as D.

thereA.

that B.

which C.

which D.

as6.Ihopethatthelittle

A

Ihave

beenable

to

do

doesgoodtothem

all.Hetookasquaregreen

bottle,

D

hepouredintoadish.A.

itscontent B.

which

content C.

the

content

of

it

D.whose

contentDuring

the

rushhours

everyone

is

n o

men’s

work,is

impossible

withoutnoise

and

quarrelling.A.which B.that C.it D.

for

thatTheyounggirl

A

we

all

thought

should

have

been

electedof

the

society

came

in

the

third

in

the

election.A.

who B.

whom C.of

whom D.asSusanspentalleveningtalkingaboutherlatestbook,

D

none

of

us

have

ever

heard.A.which B.

that C.

of

what D.

of

whichA用作狀語的從句叫狀語從句(adverbial

clause)．狀語從句根據(jù)其用途可分為時間狀語從句，地點狀語從句，原因狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，程度狀語從句，目的狀語從句，條件狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，方式狀語從句九種．AdverbialClauses狀語從句的位置比較靈活，可置于句首，句末，句中．狀語從句位于句首時，常用逗號隔開；位于句末時，其前一般不用逗號．例:1.When

it

rains,I

usually

go

to

the

officeby

bus.2.

I

come

hereevery

month

since

I

was

a

child

to

see

mygrandfather.1.時間狀語從句，關(guān)聯(lián)詞有as,

after,

before,

once,

since,

till,until,

when,

whenever,

while,

as

long

as,

as

soon

as,

now

(that),immedia

y,

directly

等．表示“一……就……”的連詞：once,as

soon

as,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,

no

sooner…than,

the

minute,

themoment,

the

instant,

immedia

y,

directly,

instantly其他表示時間的短語還有：every

time,

next

time,

theday

等。The

day

he

returned

home,

his

father

was

already

dead.As,when,while

雖然都表示時間，但是有區(qū)別的．As

多用于口語，強(qiáng)調(diào)“同一時間”或“一先一后”．例:1.As

I

was

going

out,

it

begantorain.(as強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生）2.

Asspring

warms

the

good

earth,

all

flowersbegin

tobloom.（在這里是“伴隨”的意思）When

強(qiáng)調(diào)特定時間例:1.When

he

was

eating

his

breakfast,he

heard

the

doorbellrang.While

也表示同一時間，但表示的不是一點，而是一段,所以謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞形式．例：While

he

was

e