2022屆高考英語(yǔ)實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練專題閱讀理解（71-75）《附詳析》(第71篇)Mankindisstillevolving(進(jìn)化),accordingtoarecentstudybyateamofscientistsledbyaYaleUniversityevolutionarybiologist.Butresearchsuggeststhatthenaturalselectionprocessisnolongerdrivenbysurvival,perhapsbecauseofdifferencesinwomen’sfertility(能生育性)．Theteamexamined2,238womeninFramingham,Massachusetts,theUSandstudiedthemedicalhistoriesofsome14,000residentssince1948.Theyfoundthatstrong，slightlyfatwomentendtohavemorechildren.Andifthistrendweretocontinueforthenext10generations,by2409theaveragewomanwouldbe2cmshorter,1kgheavier,andhaveahealthierheart.Thatrateofevolutionisprettysimilartowhatweseeinplantsandanimals.Humans_don’_t_seem_to_be_any_exception,_theteamsaid.Otherrecentgeneticresearchbacksupthatbelief.OnestudybyJohnHawks,ananthropologistattheUniversityofWisconsinatMadison,foundthatsome1,800humangenevariations(變異)arecommoninrecentgenerationsbecauseofevolution.Amongthechangesaremutations(突變)thatallowpeopletodigestmilkorresistmalaria(瘧疾)andothersthatgovernbraindevelopment.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,modernhumanshavegrowntallerandstronger.It’seasytoassumethatevolutionismakinghumansfitter.ButaccordingtoanthropologistPeterMcAllister,thecontemporarymalehasevolvedphysicallyinto“thesorriestexampleofmaleeverontheplanet”.AnaverageNeanderthalwoman,McAllisternotes,couldhavebeatArnoldSchwarzeneggerinanarmwrestling(腕力)match.AndearlyAustralianAboriginescouldeasilydefeatUsainBoltina100-mdash.However,DouglasEwbank,oftheUniversityofPennsylvania,saysthatculturalfactorstendtohaveamuchgreaterimpactthannaturalselectiononfuturegenerations,sopeopletendtoignoreevolution’seffects.And,despiteevidenceindicatingevolutionstillworks,SteveJones,anevolutionarybiologistatUniversityCollegeLondon,thinksthattheimpactofevolutiononhumansisnotthemostimportant.“Whatmakeshumanswhatweareisinourminds,inoursociety,andnotinourevolution，”saidJones.[語(yǔ)篇解讀]科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)人類還在不斷地進(jìn)化，但是他們認(rèn)為自然選擇對(duì)人類進(jìn)化的影響已經(jīng)沒(méi)那么大了1．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Humansdon’tseemtobeanyexception”imply?A.Plantsandanimalsareevolvingfasterthanhumans.B.Evolutiondoesn’tworkinhumansanylonger.C.Therateofevolutioninplantsandanimalsalsoappliestohumans.D.Humansareuniqueintheirevolution.[解析]推理判斷題根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知，人類的進(jìn)化速度和動(dòng)植物的很相似，人類并不例外，由此可判斷動(dòng)植物的進(jìn)化速度也適用于人類[答案]C2．Whyistherecentgeneticresearchquotedinthefifthparagraph?A.Tosupportthebeliefthatmankindisstillevolving.B.Toshowhumangenevariationsarecommoninrecentgenerations.C.Toprovemodernhumanshavegrownfitter.D.Tosuggestthatthenaturalselectionprocessisnolongerdrivenbysurvival.[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第五段中的Otherrecentgeneticresearchbacksupthatbelief可知最近的其他基因研究也支持“人類還在進(jìn)化”這一觀點(diǎn)，和文章開(kāi)頭的主題句照應(yīng)[答案]A3．Accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthatArnoldSchwarzenegger________.A.usedtobeafamousactorB.isanAmericangovernorC.isveryweakD.isverystrong[解析]推理判斷題第六段中舉施瓦辛格的例子是為了證明在人類越來(lái)越健壯的進(jìn)化中，男性成為最令人遺憾的例子由對(duì)施瓦辛格的了解和文段內(nèi)容可判斷阿諾德·施瓦辛格很強(qiáng)壯，力氣很大[答案]D4．AccordingtoDouglasEwbank,whichofthefollowingfactorsplaysagreaterpartinthefuturegenerations?A.Culture. B.Evolution.C.Naturalselection. D.Geneticmutations.[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，在未來(lái)的后代中，起更大作用的是文化因素[答案]A5．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Mankindisstillevolving.B.Womenwillgetfatter.C.Thehistoryofhumanevolution.D.Futurewomentendtohavemorechildren.[解析]主旨大意題本文第一句就是主題句，后面都是圍繞著“人類還在不斷地進(jìn)化”這一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論述的[答案]A[長(zhǎng)難句解讀]thechangesaremutations(突變)thatallowpeopletodigestmilkorresistmalaria(瘧疾)andothersthatgovernbraindevelopment.本句主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡進(jìn)行了倒裝主句的主語(yǔ)是mutationsandothers，定語(yǔ)從句thatallowpeopletodigestmilkorresistmalaria修飾mutations，定語(yǔ)從句thatgovernbraindevelopment修飾others2．And,despiteevidenceindicatingevolutionstillworks,SteveJones,anevolutionarybiologistatUniversityCollegeLondon,thinksthattheimpactofevolutiononhumansisnotthemostimportant.本句的主語(yǔ)是SteveJones,anevolutionarybiologistatUniversityCollegeLondon是SteveJones的同位語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句despiteevidence為介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，后面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作evidence的后置定語(yǔ)(第72篇)THURSDAY,July9(HealthDayNews)—Anewstudythatfoundthatalowercaloriedietslowedtheagingprocessinmonkeyscouldbethebestproofyetthatrestricteddietsmightdothesameforhumans.“Thebigquestioninagingresearchis,‘Willcaloricrestrictioninspeciescloselyrelatedtohumansslowaging？’”saidRichardWeindruch,seniorauthorofapaperappearingintheJuly10issueofisthefirstcleardemonstrationthat,inaprimatespecies,we’reinducingaslowdownoftheagingprocess—showingincreasedsurvival,resistancetodisease,lessbrainatrophyandlessmuscleloss.“Thispredictshumanswouldrespondsimilarly，”addedWeindruch,professorofmedicineattheUniversityofWisconsinandaninvestigatorattheVeteransHospitalinMadison.Anotherexpertnotedthat,despitesomehighlypublicizedstudiesincertainspecies,thelinkbetweenrestrictedeatingandlongerlifespanhasbeenfarfromproven.“Theideathatdietaryrestrictionextendslifespaninallspeciesisnottrue.Manystrainsofratsandmicedonotrespond.Insomestrains,it’sactuallydeleterious，”explainedFelipeSierra,directorofthebiologyofagingprogramattheUSNationalInstituteonAging(NIA),whichsupportedthenewstudy.“Thefactthatitdoesn’tworkinsomemicebutitdoesseemtoworkinmonkeysissurprisinganditgivesushope.”Butthere’salargerquestion:howtochangehumans’increasinglylaxeatinghabits.“This_finding_doesn’t_give_me_hope_that_humans_are_going_to_go_into_dietary_restriction，”addedMarianneGrant,aregistereddietitianatTexasA&MHealthScienceCenterCoastalBendHealthEducationCenterinCorpusChristi.[語(yǔ)篇解讀]這是一篇新聞報(bào)道，研究人員通過(guò)對(duì)動(dòng)物的研究證明低熱量的飲食可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)人的壽命1．Theunderlinedword“restricted”means“________”．A.limited B.satisfiedC.reserved D.fascinated[解析]詞義猜測(cè)題根據(jù)第一段可知，低熱量的飲食可以延長(zhǎng)猴子的壽命，這一試驗(yàn)證明有節(jié)制的飲食可能同樣會(huì)延長(zhǎng)人的壽命[答案]A2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutWeindruchistrue?A.Thisexperimentindicatesrestricteddietscouldextendhumans’lifespan.B.Adequatesleepisanotherwaytoreducethespeedofagingprocess.C.Theexperimentwasafailureinsomespeciessuchasmice.D.Theexperimentwhichhadbeentestedonhumansgotagreatsuccess.[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第三段第一句話可知答案為A[答案]A3．AccordingtoFelipeSierra’sidea,weknowthat________.A.therestricteddietsexperimentreallyhadnodistincteffectonratsandmiceB.humansarefindingnewwaystoslowdowntheagingprocessofallthespeciesC.theexperimentisunnecessarytobecarriedonbecauseoftheresponseofthemiceD.theexperimentconfirmedthatrestricteddietsextendlifespaninallspecies[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題從第四段的第二句“Manystrainsofratsandmicedonotrespond.”可知答案[答案]A4．Itcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentencethat________.A.theresultoftheexperimentshowsthathumansarenotpiggingoutnowadaysB.nowadayshumansareturningunhealthydietsintolowercaloriedietsC.howtochangehumans’carelesseatinghabitsisalongwaytogoD.theexperimentchangedhumans’increasinglycarelesseatinghabits[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題由畫線句子可知人們目前并沒(méi)有進(jìn)入到控制飲食的狀態(tài)中，也就是說(shuō)要改變?nèi)藗兟唤?jīng)心的飲食習(xí)慣還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走[答案]C5．Theauthormostlikelywrotethistextto________.A.comparethetwoexperimentsonratsandmonkeysB.illustratethedatafromtheresearchC.callonpeopletopayattentiontotheirdailydietsD.introducealivelydebatetoamusethereader[解析]寫作目的題作者的目的是通過(guò)介紹試驗(yàn)”低熱量的飲食可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)人的壽命”，呼吁人們注意控制飲食[答案]C[長(zhǎng)難句解讀]Anotherexpertnotedthat,despitesomehighlypublicizedstudiesincertainspecies,thelinkbetweenrestrictedeatingandlongerlifespanhasbeenfarfromproven.本句的主句為Anotherexpertnotedthat，其中that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句從句用despite表示讓步關(guān)系，后面的farfromproven意為”遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有得到證明”(第73篇)Thetreadlepumpisbasedonadesigndevelopedinthe1970sbyNorwegianengineerGunnarBarnes.Itcanbemadelocally.Thetreadlepumpiseasytobuildfrombambooorotherwoodandtwometalcylinders(圓筒)withpistons(活塞).Thepistonsgoupanddownasapersonstandsonleverdevices—treadles—andusesanaturalwalkingmotion.Howmanyhoursadaythepumpneedstobeoperateddependsontheseasonandhowmuchwaterisneededforcrops.Itcouldbetwohoursaday.Itcouldbesevenhoursaday.Smallchildrensometimesstandwiththeirparentsonthetreadles.Everyoneinthefamilycantaketurnsoperatingthepump.TheAcumenFundisanonprofitgroupthatinvestsinbusinessprojectstofightpoverty.ItstudiedtheeffectsoftreadlepumpsintheIndianstateofUttarPradesh.UttarPradeshhasthreetreadlepumpmanufacturersandmorethanseventythreethousandpumps.Acumenreportedthatfamiliesusingthematemorevegetables,becausetheywereabletogrowmoretoeatandtosell.Manyofthesefamiliesalsodrankmoremilk,becausetheyboughtacowwiththeiraddedearnings.Menwithtreadlepumpsoftennolongerhavetoleavethefarmtoseekextraworkincities.Thepumpcanalsoimproveeducation.Farmersoftenusetheirextraearningstobuybooksfortheirchildrenortopayforschooling.AfarmerinZambiasaidhehopedtohaveenoughmoneyinthreeyearstobuyadieselpoweredpump(柴油泵).Thenhecouldgrowmorecropsoveralargerarea.Buttheworldeconomiccrisishashadaneffectonsomefarmers.IDEexecutivedirectorZeniaTatasayssomewhowereabletobuydieselpumpsnowdonothaveenoughmoneytobuyfuel.Sotheyareusingtheirtreadlepumpsagain.[語(yǔ)篇解讀]腳踏泵因其簡(jiǎn)單、易行、實(shí)用之特點(diǎn)，正在世界的廣大貧困地區(qū)被推廣，以幫助農(nóng)民脫貧致富，且已取得了顯著的效果1．Thetreadlepump________.A.isinventedbyanAmericanengineerB.ismainlymadeofmetalC.consistsoftwocylinderswithpistonsD.consistsoftwocylinderswithanengine[解析]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題根據(jù)第二段第一句可知答案為C[答案]C2．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusaboutthetreadlepumpinthesecondparagraph?A.Itshistory.B.Itsworkingprinciple.C.Itsstructure.D.Itsusageandeffects.[解析]作者意圖題A和D顯然不對(duì)，C有一定干擾性，但其不能概括第二句，介紹工作原理時(shí)，一般要同時(shí)介紹其結(jié)構(gòu)，故選B[答案]B3．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.itiseasytolearnhowtooperatethetreadlepumpB.itisdifficulttobuildatreadlepumpC.thetreadlepumpisusedmoreinwinterthaninsummerD.operatingthetreadlepumpcankeepfit[解析]推理判斷題B和C與文中內(nèi)容相悖，可排除易錯(cuò)選D，但文中沒(méi)有依據(jù)，無(wú)法推知根據(jù)第四段，小孩也可幫忙，家庭中每個(gè)人都可參與，可推知A為答案[答案]A4．EachtreadlepumpmanufacturerintheIndianstateofUttarPradeshhasproducedonaverageabout________.A.18,000pumps B.24,000pumpsC.37,000pumps D.73,000pumps[解析]數(shù)據(jù)推算題根據(jù)第五段第三句可知，該州共三家生產(chǎn)商，共有七萬(wàn)三千多架腳踏泵，平均每家生產(chǎn)兩萬(wàn)四千架左右，故選B[答案]B5．WhydoesthefarmerinZambiahopetobuyadieselpoweredpump?A.Becausehewantstogrowcropsonalargerscale.B.Becausehehatestoleavethefarmtoseekfortuneincities.C.Becauseadieselpoweredpumpischeaperthanbefore.D.Becauseoilismuchcheaperthanbefore.[解析]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句可知答案[答案]A[長(zhǎng)難句解讀]IDEexecutivedirectorZeniaTatasayssomewhowereabletobuydieselpumpsnowdonothaveenoughmoneytobuyfuel.該句為雙重復(fù)合句主句主語(yǔ)為IDEexecutivedirectorZeniaTata，謂語(yǔ)為says，后面為省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句該賓語(yǔ)從句的主干部分為somedonothaveenouehmoneytobuyfuel，whowereabletobuydieselpumps為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主語(yǔ)some(第74篇)Itwasneardusk,andKimCooperandherhusband,Steve,weretruckingthroughnorthernKentuckytransportationautopartsfromLouisvilletoDetroitforagoodscompany.“Steve,wakeup！”sheshouted.“There’satruckonfire！”Insidetheburningtruck,RonnieSanders,38,wasfightingforhislife.He’dbeenrunningaheavyloadoftractorsandforkliftsfromGeorgiatoIndianapoliswhenavaninfrontofhimstoppedsuddenlyintrafficontheicyroad.AsRonnieboredown,hecouldseechildreninthebackseat.Thetruck’sbulkwouldprobablyprotecthimfromtheworstoftheimpact,buttheforceof23tonswouldlikelycrush(壓碎)everyoneinsidethevan.“Ifiguredinsteadofkillingotherpeople,I’djustputthetruckintheditch.”Atthebottom,rockscutafueltank,whichcaughtfire.AtreebranchdestroyedthewindshieldandknockedRonnieunconscious.Hecametolifeacoupleofminuteslatertofindthecabinflamesandhislegsonfire.StevedashedtoRonnie,whowashangingheadfirstfromthepassengerdoor.Ronniehadusedhispocketknifetocuthimselffreefromthedriver’ssideseatbeltonlytogethisboottrappedinanotherone.Steveclimbedintotheburningcabtofreehim.HetriedthreetimestopullRonnieoutbeforefinallyfreeinghim.ButRonnie’slegswerestillburning,soStevelaidhimontheground,rippedoffhisownshirt,andbeattheflameswithit.He’dmanagedtodraghimabout20yardswhenoneofthetruck’s150gallonfueltanksexploded.BothSteveandRonniepaidapriceforriskingtheirlivesforstrangers.Ronniespenttwomonthsinthehospitalandreceivedskingraftsonbothofhislegs.Stevesufferedsmokebreathingandminorburns,andshrapnelfromthefueltankexplosionbrokeatooth.InFebruary,theCoopersreceivedaHerooftheHighwayawardfromtheOpenRoadFoundationforrescuinganinjureddriver.SteveinsistsRonnieistherealhero:“Ifhehadn’tgoneintotheditch,hewouldhavehitthatvan.Itwashisdecisiontodriveofftheroad.”“Ifeelprettygoodaboutit，”saysRonnie.“Alotofpeoplecouldhavebeenhurt.”解讀：本文為記敘文，主要講述了theCoopers途中遇到Ronnie開(kāi)的大卡車著火了；Ronnie為了不造成更大的傷害，不顧自身的安危，將卡車開(kāi)進(jìn)水溝里，而Steve則竭盡全力救助Ronnie1.Accordingtothepassage,Ronnie’sputtingthetruckintheditchcontributesto________.A.hisconcernforhisownsafetyB.hispoordrivingskillC.theicyroadD.hisconcernforothers’lives[解析]細(xì)節(jié)推斷題由文章的第三段第一句話“Ifiguredinsteadofkillingotherpeople，I’djustputthetruckintheditch.”可推斷出[答案]D2.WhatprobablymadeRonniecometolifeafterdrivingthetruckintheditch?A.Thenoisefromthehighway.B.ThecallfromtheCoopers.C.Thepainfromtheburninglegs.D.Theheatofthefire.[解析]細(xì)節(jié)推斷題根據(jù)文章的第三段最后一句話Hecametolifeacoupleofminuteslatertofindthecabinflamesandhislegsonfire.利用排除法[答案]C3.HowdidSteveputouttheflamesinRonnie’slegs?A.HebeattheflameswithRonnie’sshirt.B.Hebeattheflameswithhisownshirt.C.Heputoutthefirewithatankofwater.D.Heputoutthefirewithabagofsand.[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)文章第五段第二句話，Steve撕下自己的襯衫，用它來(lái)?yè)錅?Ronnie雙腿上的)火焰[答案]B4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shrapnel”inParagraph6mean?A.Abranchofatree.B.Asmallpieceofmetal.C.Awaveoftheexplosion.D.Theheatoftheexplosion.[解析]詞義猜測(cè)題根據(jù)下文shrapnelfromthefueltankexplosionbrokeatooth可知是“油箱爆炸產(chǎn)生的金屬片打碎了一顆牙”[答案]B5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?A.Heroes:TheCoopersB.Heroes:RoadsideFlamesC.AccidentsontheIcyRoadD.AccidentsintheDitch[解析]確定文章標(biāo)題綜觀全文，A，C，D三項(xiàng)不夠全面；而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)即表明事故，也表明了事故中竭力營(yíng)救他人的英雄[答案]B(第75篇)AstronautsaboardthespacestationCelebratedaspacefirstonWednesdaybydrinkingwaterthathadbeenrecycledfromtheirurineandsweatandwaterthatcondensesfromexhaledair.Theysaid“cheers”，clickeddrinkingbagsandtoastedNASAworkersonthegroundwhoweresippingtheirownversionofrecycleddrinkingwater.TherecyclingsystemisneededforastronautstationsonthemoonandMars.ItalsowillsaveNASAmoneybecauseitwon’thavetoshipupasmuchwatertothestationbyspaceshuttleorcargo,it’simportantasthespacestationisabouttoexpandfromthreepeoplelivingonboardtosix.TherecyclingsystemhadbeenbroughtuptothespacestationlastNovemberbyspaceshuttleEndeavour,butitcouldn’tbeuseduntilsamplesweretestedbackonEarth.Sowhenitcametimetoactuallydrinkup,NASAmadeabigdealofit.Thethreemancrewstood,holdingtheirdrinksandcongratulatedengineersintwoNASAcentersthatworkedonthesystem.“Thisissomethingthathadbeenthestuffofsciencefiction，”Barrattsaidbeforetakingasmallmouthful.“Thetasteisworthtrying.”NASAdeputyspaceshuttlemanagerLeRoyCaincalledit“ahugemilestone”．Thenewsystemtakesthecombinedurineofthecrewfromthetoilet,movesittoabigtank,wherethewaterisboiledoff,andthevaporiscollected.Therestoftheurineisthrownaway.Thewatervaporismixedwithwaterfromaircondensation,andthenitgoesthroughfilters.Whensixcrewmembersareaboarditcanmakeaboutsixgallonsfromurineinaboutsixhours.“Somepeoplemayfindtheideaofdrinkingrecycledurinedistasteful,butitisalsodoneonEarthwithalotlongertimebetweenurineandthetap”saidMarybethEdeen,thespacestation’snationallabmanager.ThetechnologyNASAdevelopedforthissystemhasalreadybeenusedforquickwaterpurificationafterthe2022Asiantsunami,Edeensaid.“Wearehappytohavethiswaterworkthroughthesystem—we’rehappytohaveitworkthroughoursystems，”Barrattsaid.[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文講的是國(guó)際空間站宇航員試飲尿液循環(huán)水1．Accordingtothetext,therecyclingsystemisimportantbecause________.A.itmakestravelingtothemoonforthecommonpersonpossibleB.withitNASAwon’tneedtoshipanywateruptothespacestationC.itcanhelptomeettheneedformorewaterafterthecrewareexpandedD.itprotectstheenvironmentinspacebyreducingtheamountofwaste[解析]細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第二段中的“it’simportantasthespacestationisabouttoexpandfromthreepeoplelivingonboardtosix”可知C項(xiàng)正確[答案]C2．WhatistheRIGHTtimeorderofthefollowingeve